Ti14Cu合金的定向凝固组织及相研究

研究了100、500、1000μm/s三种抽拉速率下Ti14Cu合金的定向凝固组织演变,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察微观形貌,通过X射线衍射仪测定定向凝固组织中的相。结果表明,随着抽拉速率的提高,柱状晶组织变细且数量增多,枝晶间距减小而枝晶间隙的第二相析出物量增加。当合金成分及温度梯度一定时,二次枝晶间距与抽拉速率成反比。二次枝晶间距的Furer-Wunderlin模拟结果与试验测定的数据相吻合。     

抽拉速度对高温合金DZ125定向凝固中缩松的影响

研究了不同抽拉速度下镍基高温合金DZ125定向凝固试样中显微缩松的分布、变化规律.结果表明,在一定抽拉速度范围内(≤100μm/s),随抽拉速度增加,定向凝固试样中缩松水平降低.v=50μm/s时试样中缩松水平约为v=5μm/s时缩松水平的10%,v=100μm/s时试样中的缩松水平约为v=50μm/s时缩松水平的70%～90%.随抽拉速度增大,一次枝晶间距和二次枝晶间距减小,枝晶发生细化,抽拉速度对缩松水平的影响主要由枝晶间距的变化引起.     

抽拉速率对定向凝固叶片状DZ125高温合金微观组织的影响

应用液态金属冷却(LMC)和高速凝固(HRS)定向凝固技术,对DZ125高温合金叶片状铸件在不同抽拉速率下的组织演变规律进行了研究,并对比研究了LMC和HRS法所得铸件的微观组织.结果表明,同一定向凝固方法下,随抽拉速率的提高,铸件枝晶组织及γ′析出相得到细化;应用LMC技术所制备铸件的枝晶组织和γ′析出相较相同抽拉速率HRS方法时更为细小;相同工艺参数下LMC和HRS方法所制备铸件一次枝晶间距的差异随铸件壁厚及抽拉速率的增大而更显著.通过对固/液界面前沿温度梯度进行估算发现,LMC方法可获得更高的温度梯度,且其温度梯度受抽拉速率变化影响较HRS更小.除70μm/s抽拉速率外,LMC法所得γ+γ′共晶组织的含量均显著少于HRS方法;70μm/s抽拉速率时,LMC法产生的偏析较严重,而其余凝固条件下偏析程度较相同工艺参数下HRS轻.110μm/s抽拉速率时,HRS方法较LMC方法制备铸件中MC型碳化物尺寸更大.     

抽拉速率对定向凝固Al-4％Cu合金枝晶界面特征的影响

采用Al-4%Cu合金,对不同抽拉速率下定向凝固枝晶界面特征进行了研究.结果表明,当抽拉速率从100 μm/s增至600μm/s时,一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率的增大而减小.在枝晶固/液界面存在枝晶干的凸起,其平-凸-平-凸的程度随抽拉速率的增加呈现先加强后减弱最后几乎消失的规律.随着抽拉速率的增大,枝晶尖端温度先升高而后降低.采用KGT模型和非平衡效应研究了枝晶界面温度,分析了尖端过冷度和尖端成分对枝晶界面特征的影响,得到非平衡凝固枝晶尖端过冷度的计算方程.界面平-凸-平-凸的程度与枝晶尖端成分和尖端过冷度有关.     

纵向强静磁场对定向凝固DZ417G合金枝晶形态和数目的影响

纵向强静磁场可明显影响高温合金DZ417G的定向凝固组织.为控制定向组织树枝晶数目提供了一种新手段.在抽拉速率为5μm/s时,强磁场影响了该合金组织的定向凝固生长特性,影响程度随磁场强度的加大而增加.当抽拉速率达到40μm/s及其以上时,施加强磁场使得单位面积上的枝晶数目增加,枝晶数目随磁场强度的增大而增大,增大幅度最大达到一倍左右.当温度梯度增大时,强磁场在低抽拉速率(5μm/s)下影响该合金定向凝固的效应加剧,在抽拉速率40μm/s及其以上时增加枝晶数目的效应也加大.从磁抑制对流和热电磁效应方面分析了上述现象,提出了作用机理.     

抽拉速率对连续定向凝固DZ22高温合金组织和性能的影响

采用下引式连续定向凝固装置研究了抽拉速率对DZ22高温合金连续定向凝固组织和性能的影响.结果表明:随着抽拉速率从3 mm/min增加到9 mm/min,一次枝晶间距从199μm减小到141μm,二次枝晶间距从43μm减小到32μm;合金中主要元素的微观偏析程度均减轻;碳化物呈颗粒状弥散分布,其面积分数从1.2％降低到0...     

PMO对定向凝固GCr15轴承钢枝晶臂间距的影响

为了解脉冲磁致振荡(pulse magneto-oscillation, PMO)技术对GCr15轴承钢定向凝固组织的作用，通过改变PMO参数和抽拉速率，研究了不同抽拉速率下PMO对定向凝固GCr15轴承钢枝晶臂间距的影响。结果表明：在相同抽拉速率下，PMO的峰值电流依次为150、250、350k_i A时，GCr15轴承钢的一次和二次枝晶臂间距先增大后减小。当峰值电流固定为350k_i A时，随着PMO频率从90、240、390k_f Hz依次增大，一次枝晶臂间距先减小后增大，二次枝晶臂间距逐渐变大。同时，随着抽拉速率的提高，枝晶臂间距减小幅度逐渐降低。通过测量温度梯度发现，在PMO作用下，固-液界面前沿液相中温度梯度的提高和溶质分布的变化，是枝晶臂间距减小的主要原因。     

抽拉速率对Ti-47.5Al-6Nb-2Cr-0.5Si合金定向凝固组织的影响

采用感应加热定向凝固炉对Ti-47.5Al-6Nb-2Cr-0.5Si(at%)合金在抽拉速率6、15、25、100μm/s下进行定向凝固实验。结果表明:抽拉速率为6μm/s时,固/液界面是胞枝状,片层取向与生长方向夹角为45°,初生相为β相;抽拉速率为15~100μm/s时,固/液界面以树枝状向前推进,且随着抽拉速率的增加,一次枝晶间距减小,片层取向与生长方向的夹角由45°向90°转变,初生相由β相转变为α相;抽拉速率大于6μm/s时,组织中出现硅化物析出相,且随着抽拉速率的增大,析出相越来越多,分布变密,沿生长方向逐渐成线条状。     

抽拉速率对Ti-47Al-3Nb-0.3Si定向凝固组织的影响

采用电阻加热定向凝固炉对Ti-47Al-3Nb-0.3Si合金在抽拉速率为5、15、50、100 μm/s下进行定向凝固试验,并观察和分析不同抽拉速率下的固液界面形貌、过渡区和定向生长区凝固组织.结果表明,抽拉速率为5 μm/s时,固/液界面以胞状界面向前推进,抽拉速率在15～100 μm/s时,固/液界面以树枝状向前推进,且随着抽拉速率的增大,一次枝晶间距减小.当抽拉速率为5～50 μm/s时,片层组织与生长方向夹角为45°,当抽拉速率增加到100μm/s时,片层组织与生长方向基本垂直.利用扫描电镜背散射观察定向生长区形貌发现,抽拉速率等于或大于15 μm/s时,在柱状晶内部或晶界处形成胞状Al偏析,且出现共晶γ相及Ti5(Si,Al)3相.     

抽拉速率对定向凝固镍基高温合金组织和偏析的影响

研究了抽拉速率对一种定向凝固镍基高温合金组织与偏析的影响。结果表明,随着抽拉速率的增加,固液界面由平界面向胞状,再到粗枝状,最后到细枝状的演变过程,枝晶不断细化;一次和二次枝晶间距不断变小,γ′相形貌越来越呈规则的立方体,γ′尺寸逐渐变小。元素偏析程度先增大后减小,并在100μm/s时到达峰值;共晶和碳化物尺寸均随着抽拉速率的增大而变小,碳化物和共晶体积分数随抽拉速率增大而增大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。