原位聚合制备聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料及其结构性能表征

首先制备MMT／MgCl2／TiCl4插层催化剂，并通过原位聚合的方法制得聚丙烯(PP)／蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合材料。XRD和TEM分析结果表明，蒙脱土在聚丙烯基体中被剥离并成纳米级分散。在低于80℃左右时，PP／MMT纳米复合材料的储能模量明显高于纯聚丙烯的储能模量。PP／MMT复合材料的玻璃化温度比纯PP提高了2℃～5℃。     

聚氨酯/蒙脱土纳米复合弹性体材料--(Ⅱ)结构及性能的表征

借助锥体磨的研磨剪切外力，将聚醚多元醇插层进入蒙脱土片层中，使其片层间距扩大并发生部分剥离，从而利用本体插层聚合法制备了综合性能优异的聚氨酯／蒙脱土纳米复合弹性体材料。当有机蒙脱土添加量仅为1％时，其拉伸强度比纯聚氨酯弹性体高30％．达到30．2MPa，断裂伸长率也略有增加。TGA及吸水实验分析表明聚氨酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料有更高的热失重温度和更低的吸水率．研究了蒙脱土含量对聚氨酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料各项性能的影响。     

紫外光固化环氧丙烯酸酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的合成与表征

利用插层聚合合成了环氧丙烯酸酯／蒙脱土复合光固化树脂，并采用紫外光固化制备了环氧丙烯酸酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料．用XRD、DSC对光固化过程中蒙脱土的插层和剥离行为进行了研究，并用FT-IR研究了蒙脱土对环氧-丙烯酸酯体系光固化速率的影响。力学试验证实，光固化后的环氧丙烯酸酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料冲击与弯曲强度比原本体树脂分别提高了54％和10％．     

PP-g-MAH/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备和性能

采用熔融插层法成功制备了接枝物(PP—g—MAH)／有机蒙脱土(Org—MMT)纳米复合材料，用X射线衍射法检测了复合材料的层间距、微晶尺寸和晶胞参数的变化，并考察了纳米复合材料的力学性能。结果发现，对于PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT=100：20的复合材料，接枝物大分子链难以插层进入有机蒙脱土片层间。增大PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT比例，接枝物大分子链能插层进入有机蒙脱土片层，形成插层型纳米复合材料。PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT=100：10时，PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT复合材料110、040、041等晶面垂直于反射方向的微晶尺寸出现最小值．且可获得较好的力学性能．说明选择适当的接枝物／有机蒙脱土比例可降低聚丙烯的微晶尺寸，改善力学性能．但对复合材料晶胞参数的影响较小。     

尼龙11/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的流变性能

使用XLY-Ⅱ型流变仪研究了尼龙11和尼龙11／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的流变行为,并对其1gηa～1／T、1gηa～1gγw、1gτw～1gγ,曲线进行了分析。实验结果表明,尼龙11和尼龙11／蒙脱土纳米复合材料均为假塑性流体,在215℃～245℃的非牛顿指数范围为0．35～0．69．其表现粘度随着蒙脱土含量的增加而升高．在高剪切速率下,蒙脱土对粘度的影响减小。荥脱土的加入使尼龙11的粘流活化能降低,故熔体流变特性受温度影响变小。     

超声波对硅树脂/蒙脱土纳米复合材料热性能的影响

采用超声波技术,原位插层聚合法制备了甲基苯基硅树脂/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)研究了复合材料内部结构以及超声波时间对蒙脱土分散性和复合材料热性能的影响。简单控制超声波时间15和30min,分别制备了不同OMMT质量分数的插层型和剥离型聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料。加入OMMT,无论是插层型还是剥离型,复合材料的起始分解温度都有所下降,但热失重速率较平缓。插层型纳米复合材料耐热性能明显优于剥离型,温度500℃时,插层型热失重均小于纯硅树脂。当OMMT含量8%时,插层型PLS复合材料500℃的热失重均10%;而剥离型PLS复合材料500℃的热失重较大,超过15%。     

苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的阻燃性

以乳液插层聚合法合成苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料。X射线衍射结果表明，聚合物能够有效地插层到经过有机化处理的蒙脱土层间，且蒙脱土片层可以均匀地分散在苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物中。TGA分析表明，苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯／有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的热稳定性有所提高．锥形量热仪测试和研究表明。复合材料的燃烧性能，包括热释放速率和质量损失，在蒙脱土含量为2％时，效果最好。     

LDPE/EVA/蒙脱土熔融插层纳米复合体系稳态剪切流变行为

用平行板和毛细管流变仪测定并研究了具有剥离结构的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)／乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)／蒙脱土纳米复合材料熔体的稳态剪切流变行为。研究结果表明,蒙脱土含量较低的复合物熔体,在低剪切速率下,即出现剪切变稀现象；而在较高剪切速率下,填充物浓度对体系熔体的剪切粘度影响较小；与基体树脂相比较,蒙脱土的加入,使其熔体的非牛顿指数降低,粘流活化能略有增加。     

蒙脱土/橡胶纳米复合材料的制备、结构及性能

采用插层复合法制备的蒙脱土／橡胶纳米复合材料显示出了优异的综合性能。蒙脱土有望成为新一代橡胶补强材料。本文对蒙脱土／橡胶纳米复合材料的制备方法、结构及性能进行了总结及评述，并展望了其在橡胶工业中的应用前景。     

聚苯胺/蒙脱土电流变液的稳定性

采用乳液共混插层法制备了高介电常数的聚苯胺／蒙脱土纳米复合材料微粒。聚苯胺／蒙脱土电流变液在外电场下的剪切强度达8.26kPa(3KV/mm DC,5s^-1)，并具有较好的温度稳定性，其剪切应力在10－100℃内随温度变化仅为6．5％（1.5kV/mm,DC,1.61s^-1)，静置60天沉降率仅为1％，IR及XRD分析表明，聚苯胺插入到蒙脱土层间，形成纳米复合颗粒，TEM标示颗粒的粒径约为100nm，在1000Hz，20℃时，聚苯胺／蒙脱土颗粒的介电常数比纯蒙脱土提高2．7倍，比纯聚苯胺提高5．5倍，电导率增加8．5倍。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.