由土地资源的约束看未来我国城镇居民住房面积水平定位

城镇住房开发中套型面积越来越大的现象引起人们密切关注。未来我国城镇居民住房面积水平该如何定位？该文讨论了住房面积水平发展的一般规律，特别是土地资源对住房面积水平的刚性约束，进而结合住房面积水平的国际比较和我国的土地资源条件，对未来我国城镇居民住房建筑面积水平定位提出建议。     

南京城市商业空间结构变迁研究

商业是城市的重要职能之一,本文回溯了近百年南京商业内部空间结构演化的过程,基于南京城市商业发展的阶段特征,将其划分为近现代资本主义商业形成发展期、计划经济条件下城市商业波折发展阶段和改革开放后现代商业发展期,着重分析了3个阶段商业空间结构特征,总结南京城市商业中心的变迁规律和空间组织的特征,从社会制度和城市商业发展政策、城市交通、人口布局、城市商业结构等方面探讨了造成南京城市商业空间结构变迁的主要原因。     

Co-location of manufacturing and producer services in Nanjing,China

Most existing research examines the spatial patterns of manufacturing and producer services via separate investigations and from provincial and municipal perspectives. This paper, however, analyzes the co-location of manufacturing and producer services and their influencing factors from an intra-urban perspective. This empirical study is based in Nanjing and uses a 2001 basic unit census dataset and a 2008 economic census dataset at the firm level. The results show that the suburbanization process of manufacturing was much faster than that of producer services and indicate the establishment of producer services in the urban core and manufacturing in the periphery. The employment of producer services was highly concentrated in urban centers in the two interval years, but gradually expanded to surrounding new towns such as Jiangning, Pukou, and Luhe. In contrast, the employment in manufacturing was dispersed with substantial distribution in the old city and in suburban development zones. Manufacturing and producer services were largely co-located in the new towns of Jiangning and Pukou and national development zones. The spatial autoregression model indicates that the spatial distribution of manufacturing and producer services was subject to the joint effects of agglomeration economics and urban land price, which led the two sectors to retain a degree of spatial separability, even though their co-location was preferable. The distribution of manufacturing was significantly affected by land prices and constantly re-concentrated from urban centers to development zones and township industrial parks in suburban areas. Comparatively, the distribution of producer services was not significantly affected by land price and gradually occupied city centers with high land prices because the sector had a stronger capacity for bid rent.     

Density and Outer Urban Development in Melbourne

The issue of residential density is again an important issue in strategic land use planning in Australia. For decades, Australian planners generally have accepted the conventional position that increasing the density of urban settlement on the urban fringe will achieve negligible land savings because the amount of land required for non-residential purposes remains constant. This position continues to affect government policy and practice. This article analyses the role of residential density in debates about urban form, and shows the potential for land savings from different scenarios of increased residential density and urban design. The article demonstrates the capacity for increased residential densities in new outer suburbs of cities to significantly contain outward urban growth.     

美国东北部大城市带人口空间分布特征及产业变动规律

通过对美国东北部大城市带人口空间分布和产业构成的研究,揭示出以下规律(1)城市带城镇等级“金字塔”结构明显,都市区人口增长从近郊区转向远郊区,中心城区则出现不同程度的复苏.(2)以金融信息为代表的生产性服务业、以批发零售业为代表的公共服务业、以医疗救助为代表的社会保障体系成为城市经济构成的三大支柱.(3)都市区产业呈现明显的圈层结构.中心城市以服务业为主导,近郊区制造业和批发商业比重较高,远郊区产业体系较为独立和均衡.(4)受都市区多中心结构的影响,城市带内产居关系逐步分离,通勤距离增加,通勤模式多样化.     

Sub-CBD产业空间组织研究——以东京都新宿区为例

全球化和信息化加速产业空间组织的演变,推动生产性服务业与商业的集聚与扩散,形成多个Sub-CBD,促进了大都市区空间结构的多中心化。本研究选取东京都新宿为案例,探讨交通规划对Sub-CBD形成与发展的重要影响,分析生产性服务业与商业空间组织的集聚与关联。本研究认为政府高起点规划,依托交通枢纽,促进产业空间集聚,强化生产性服务业与商业一体化,发展有助于Sub-CBD功能拓展。     

交通因素影响下的城市空间形态变迁研究--以武汉为例

交通方式的发展,对城市的经济、空间格局都产生了重要的影响,同时也改变了城市的空间形态演变轨迹。对不同时期的空间形态进行研究,目的就在于解读城市与交通发展的动态关系。本文聚焦于历史视野下城市空间形态演替特征与交通因素间的关联,运用历史地图法、圈层扇区分析法对武汉城市空间形态发展进行分期,并总结每阶段发展的形态特征、主导动力。通过研究我们发现,交通方式的转变,不仅改变了城市内外部区位,带动城市工商业的迅猛发展,重塑了城市的空间发展格局,还发现交通因素的变迁改变了城市定位、影响城市产业布局、牵引城市人口分布重心,并且通过城市自组织机制重新调配城市资源和人口,促进城市的极化发展,实现了城市空间的转换和自重组。     

防火封堵对综合管廊内液氮灭火效能影响研究

摘 要：为研究防火封堵对综合管廊液氮灭火效能的影响,开展了相应的试验研究,研究封堵形式、封堵距火源距离和封堵率对于液氮灭火的影响。研究表明：液氮的隔氧窒息占主导作用,封堵的存在加速了窒息进程,进而提升了综合管廊液氮灭火效能。下部封堵对注氮灭火的促进效果比上部注氮更强,灭火效率比起无封堵分别提升了50.7%和30.4%。防火封堵距火源越近,封堵率越大,对液氮隔氧窒息效果的促进作用越显著。与距离较近时相比,防火封堵距火源较远时,灭火效率最高降低了35.2%;封堵率为75%的灭火效率与25%的相比最高提升了44.4%。因此,选用合理的封堵措施,优化封堵方式,可最大程度促进液氮灭火效果。     

Understanding livable dense urban form for shaping the landscape of community facilities in Hong Kong using fine-scale measurements

Highly dense cities' livability has long been debated in the urban planning field, particularly regarding vibrancy, walkability, and day-to-day service access. However, studies on density's effects on the provision of neighborhood community amenities and services are limited. In addition, urban form's effects on community facility distribution patterns under the constraints of pedestrian access to urban road networks remain poorly understood. Hong Kong, with an average population density of 68,500 persons/km², has one of the world's densest urban environments. This study investigated community facility distribution through a comprehensive network analysis using fine-scale dataset. Results showed that highly dense urban form ensured access to certain facilities and services and that daily service and amenities provision was positively correlated to building density and performance of community spatial characteristics. The findings provide insights for planning and designing to provide better facility services to meet people's daily needs regarding amenities and services and for the configuration of a dense urban form.     

Mapping urban assemblages: the production of spatial knowledge

This paper engages with the ontology and epistemology of urban mapping. While geographical information system (GIS) and other digital technologies have long transformed the capacities for representation of urban data, this paper explores the capacity of mapping to produce new ways of seeing, understanding, planning and designing the city. With a primary focus on urban morphology, distinctions and overlaps between mapping, diagramming, planning and designing are articulated within a framework of assemblage thinking. Through cases drawn from urban design research, we analyse the mapping of political conflict, transport flows, functional mix and informal settlement. It is argued that urban mapping is a form of spatial knowledge production that is often diagrammatic, embodying a spatial logic that cannot be reduced to words and numbers. Urban mapping constructs interconnections between the ways the city is perceived, conceived and lived; and it can reveal capacities for urban transformation – the city as a space of possibility.     

以旅游集散为动力的城市旅游集聚区规划设计——以利川市城市旅游港规划设计为例

城市旅游集聚区对城市空间、功能、产业具有创新意义,但学术界的认识还不足。文章从区位特点、空间形态、资源特征等三方面对其进行分类,认为城市旅游港即是以旅游集散功能为主导的城市旅游集聚区。该类集聚区具有：①带来人气;②赋予城市旅游核心地位;③给予城市更多机遇;④使城市成为旅游组织与管理中心等4个方面的特点。结合旅游集散功能具有的①交通性、②时限性、③组织性、④聚集性等4个特征,阐述了利川市城市旅游港规划设计中发挥旅游集散优势的措施。     

大气颗粒物污染视角下的城市街区健康规划策略

城市街区是城市肌理、空间形态、功能管理与城市健康环境建设的基本单元,应对以PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)为主要污染物的大气颗粒物污染,具有较高的实操性。基于城市街区影响大气颗粒物浓度与分布的要素、作用路径,以及国外城市应对大气污染的空间规划策略的经验总结,从控源、引流、集汇三方面提出基于大气颗粒物污染改善的街区空间环境优化设计方法与规划指引内容。旨在为我国普遍的城市街区提出空间形态优化策略,塑造生态健康的城市基本单元。     

Neighborhood amenities and their impact on density gradients

The literature is replete with studies of urban population density gradients which utilize a distance variable as their only explanatory variable. This model emphasizes only the trade-off between saving on travel costs and residential space and completely ignores other neighborhood amenities which might be important to consumers' decisions regarding their residential location. While in certain cases this omission might not result in any major distortion, it will distort the estimates in other cases. This study investigates the role played by neighborhood amenities in the determination of population, residential and build area densities in the city of Tel Aviv-Yaffo in Israel. The findings clearly indicate that distance alone fails to explain much of the spatial variation of the above densities and that neighborhood amenities, indeed, play an important role in the determination of densities.     

Closed-form and numerical solutions for the probability distribution function of fracture diameters

After summarizing the available methods intended to estimate the fracture size distribution from a given trace length distribution, Santalò closed-form integral solution is used to derive a closed-form expression of the fracture size distribution for each of the most common trace length distributions, i.e. uniform, exponential, gamma, and power law. Numerical integration is used for the lognormal distribution. Expressions are given for the mean fracture diameter as a function of the mean trace length and the minimum fracture diameter. It is shown that, when the trace lengths are uniform, exponential, gamma, lognormal or power law, none of fracture diameter distributions is lognormal, exponential or gamma, as assumed in the literature. Power law trace length distribution yields a power law fracture size. The minimum fracture diameter cannot be equal to zero and plays an important role in determining the fracture diameter distribution. When the trace length distribution is defined on an interval, the diameter lower bound must be contained in the trace length interval, and the upper bound must be equal to the trace length upper bound.     

长沙市大型专业市场分布与演化对城市空间结构形态的影响研究

本文以城市规划学,城市地理学,商业地理学为理论基础,分析长沙专业市场形成机制与演变发展过程;运用城市空间理论与空间分析方法,剖析长沙市大型专业市场对长沙城市空间结构形态发展的动态影响以及所带来的城市问题;提出长沙专业市场的演变与分布的动态过程扩张了长沙城市空间,影响到城市空间结构由组团式扩展形态转变为紧凑型层圈式扩展形态,更替了城市空间结构元素。     

长三角城市群生态空间游憩服务的供需 特征及格局分析

生态空间不仅是保护区域生态环境安全的重要屏 障,也兼具重要的游憩服务功能,若孤立处理2种功能的关 系,必然会导致过度开发或被动保护。揭示区域生态空间游 憩服务的供需匹配特征及空间格局,对优化区域生态空间游 憩服务的总体布局,推动生态空间合理利用具有重要作用。 以长三角城市群为研究对象,从生态空间游憩服务的总体格 局、省级层次供需特征、市县级层次供需关系3个层次,对区 域生态空间游憩服务的供需平衡状态进行分析。研究发现, 长三角城市群人均生态空间资源较高,但生态空间游憩服务 的供需错位现象突出。不同出行半径范围内生态空间游憩服 务显现出较为明显的供需失配现象,空间分布存在明显的南 北分异特征。研究结果表明,仅依赖优化区域交通网络扩大 生态空间服务半径,北部城市的供需失衡现象会更加恶化。 长三角城市群各市县应采取差异化策略,加强生态游憩服务 跨区域供需协同网络：南部生态资源富足区应延展其游憩服 务辐射范围,填补供应空白;城市近郊区应关注连续性游憩 廊道建设,整体提升供应水平;北部连片供给失衡区则应进 一步挖掘农林复合空间的生态游憩潜力。     

Fuel loads in U.S. Cities

Sources of burnable material within U.S. cities are analyzed. Based on a detailed evaluation of construction practices, storage of burnable contents, building function and layout, and density of buildings in city districts, we derive urban fuel load densities in terms of land use type and geographic location. Residential building fuel loads vary regionally from 123 to 150 kg m^–2; non-residential building classes have loads from 39 to 273 kg m^–2. The results indicate that average U.S. urban area fuel loads range from 14 to 21 kg m^–2.     

居于闹市汉正街——传统商住混合区人居环境研究

汉正街区城具有位于城市中心区、商住极度混杂的特殊性。本文借助城市形态和建筑型学的方法对汉正街的空间形态进行考察,分析汉正街的城市空间现状和成因,并从城市的角度探讨人居环境的营造。     

生态系统服务需求视角下的澳门城市 绿色基础设施管理研究

中国澳门是世界上人口密度最大的地区之一,随着城市和经济的发展,其生态环境压力逐渐加大,人们对城市绿色基础设施(Urban Green Infrastructure,UGI)提供的生态系统服务需求也日益增长。基于RS、GIS技术并结合社会、经济和自然等多源数据及实地调研,以统计分区为单元评估热岛调节、雨洪调节、噪声消减、休闲游憩和景观美学5种生态系统服务的需求程度并分析其关联和差异,最后以此为基础提出需求视角下的UGI管理策略。研究结果表明:1)各类服务的高需求区多分布在澳门半岛地区,离岛较少;2)多种服务需求存在空间上的协同效应,针对各分区特征构建多功能型UGI可有效改善需求;3)澳门有72.5%的人口处于较高的服务需求状态,人们获取各类服务的公平性需要得到改善;4)通过聚类分析得出5种不同需求特征的分区群,并从UGI建设、更新和保护的角度提出涉及空间分布、功能优化和实施途径等方面的针对性管理策略,加强UGI管理在生态内涵上的考量,补充以需求为导向的管理思路。     

小城市人口与就业分布特征及空间关系研究——以泗洪县城为例

回顾国内外关于城市人口与就业空间分布的研究,利用统计年鉴资料,结合地形圈和详细的用地现状调查,揭示了影响小城市人口与就业空间分布的因素经济发展水平、开发州序、交通便利性、行政中心布局以发城市更新等。分析了泗洪城市的人口与就业空间分布特征及其相互之间的关系：由城市中心向外围密度呈现衰减趋势且各向变化趋势不同,密度中心在空间上与城市中心并小重合,人口和就业都向主要城市道路和交通节点集聚,城市人口分布在夜晚和白天是不一致的。并探讨了对小城市的人口和就业空间分布数据进行统计的方法。