北京：积极推进节约型园林绿化

·编者按· 实施节约园林,是当今世界非常关注的问题,更是人类对自己所生存的环境关爱的明智之举.本期专题围绕"节约园林"这个行业的热门话题,邀请北京、上海、广州三个城市的专家领导和从事设计、科研、建设的专家,结合自己的实践各抒己见,并介绍推荐了许多好的做法,给读者以启发和借鉴.     

再生与再织2007年深圳·香港城市/建筑双城双年展

十年前,建筑界最精力充沛的探险家瑞姆·库哈斯带领着他的哈佛团队潜入珠三角,以一部后来被冠名为"大跃进"的集体著作,拉开一个区域被大笔书写的序幕。此后的十年,以广州、深圳为中心的珠三角城市故事作为一种全新的模式受到世界关注。这里发生的一切好像一部美国西部大开发历史,曾经蛮荒的土地上,城市运动带来的变化令人目眩神迷。     

想象一种可以"吹"、"化"的建筑——2007深圳·香港城市\建筑双城双年展总策展人马清运专访

问:能否介绍一下您在怎样的背景下提出2007深圳·香港城市\建筑双城双年展的主题——"城市的过期和再生"?马清运:一般说来对于城市的理解有两种学派,一种学派认为城市是通过时间的孕育和历史的演变自然而然生长出来的,是一个有机体,所有的有机体都有生、长、熟、死的过程。但这恰恰违背我们盖房子和建城市     

中国对美国造园设计的影响

直到现在我们所知的、中国风景园林对美国的影响都是间接的。也就是说,它的影响是通过其他设计传统传到美国的①,正因为如此,且不提普通大众,许多设计师可能也没有意识到有来自中国的任何影响。尽管随着大量中国式庭院在美国兴建的状况正在发生着改变,但中国式的设计仍然被另2个国家—日本和英国的设计传统先入为主地诠释了。探讨为什么大量中国的风景园林设计对美国的影响是间接的,进而探讨为什么这种状况在今后可能有所改观。     

聚人才优势 创临工辉煌

2005年4月8日，在”四面荷花三面柳，一城山色半城湖”的文化名城济南，山东临工工程机械有限公司迎来了喜庆的日子。经国家人事部批准，临工博士后科研工作站正式成立，同时挂牌的还有临工工程机械研究所。出席挂牌典礼的有山东省人事厅的领导、临沂市人民政府的领导、中国工程机械工业协会的领导，还有吉林大学、同济大学、长安大学、山西科技大学、北京航空航天大学、柳工工程机械集团的专家、教授以及新闻媒体、协作单位的代表。     

装载机轮胎打滑的原因及其应对措施

在轮式装载机工作过程中,有时会发生轮胎打滑现象.所谓打滑,是指轮胎在路面上滑移或滑转.此时,装载机的牵引力急剧下降,轮胎磨损,装载机无法正常工作.从车辆的运动学和动力学方面解释了造成轮胎打滑的根本原因,说明了打滑的种类及造成的危害.论述了避免轮胎打滑的应对措施,其中包括对两侧和单侧轮胎打滑,以及因存在寄生功率而使轮胎打滑时应采取的不同措施.     

Innovation and future of mining rock mechanics

The 121 mining method of longwall mining first proposed in England has been widely used around the world.This method requires excavation of two mining roadways and reservation of one coal pillar to mine one working face.Due to considerable excavation of roadway,the mining roadway is generally destroyed during coal mining.The stress concentration in the coal pillar can cause large deformation of surrounding rocks,rockbursts and other disasters,and subsequently a large volume of coal pillar resources will be wasted.To improve the coal recovery rate and reduce excavation of the mining roadway,the 111 mining method of longwall mining was proposed in the former Soviet Union based on the 121 mining method.The 111 mining method requires excavation of one mining roadway and setting one filling body to replace the coal pillar while maintaining another mining roadway to mine one working face.However,because the stress transfer structure of roadway and working face roof has not changed,the problem of stress concentration in the surrounding rocks of roadway has not been well solved.To solve the above problems,the conventional concept utilizing high-strength support to resist the mining pressure for the 121 and 111 mining methods should be updated.The idea is to utilize mining pressure and expansion characteristics of the collapsed rock mass in the goaf to automatically form roadways,avoiding roadway excavation and waste of coal pillar.Based on the basic principles of mining rock mechanics,the“equilibrium mining”theory and the“short cantilever beam”mechanical model are proposed.Key technologies,such as roof directional presplitting technology,negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)high-prestress constant-resistance support technology,and gangue blocking support technology,are developed following the“equilibrium mining”theory.Accordingly,the 110 and N00 mining methods of an automatically formed roadway(AFR)by roof cutting and pressure releasing without pillars are proposed.The mining methods have been applied to a large number of coal mines with different overburdens,coal seam thicknesses,roof types and gases in China,realizing the integrated mode of coal mining and roadway retaining.On this basis,in view of the complex geological conditions and intelligent mining demand of coal mines,an intelligent and unmanned development direction of the“equilibrium mining”method is prospected.     

御风而行

我和你一样,都没有翅膀。但我要带着你飞,御着风。让我们从南中国五十年不遇的浩雪冻雨中起飞,在浩瀚的太平洋上拍浪翱翔,飞过赤道时请向严寒挥手道别。前方!神奇的非洲大陆就在前方!降落时你是否会有时空错乱的感觉?在这原始的茅棚聚     

战争与女权博物馆

<正>这个博物馆并没有气派的入口、门厅,亲切信息服务台和大尺度的展览空间。它位于城山洞的住宅区深处,只有一扇门,而且比通常建筑的门还要小。周围也没有明显的指示牌标示博物馆的所在。取而代之的,是一条联通博物馆内外的游客步道,引领着游客去了解这里的故事。游客们在这样一种充满不确定性的环境中的体验,在某种程度上与当年被战争挟裹而成为慰安妇的老奶奶们所经历的不安感类似。     

艺象总述——山海间的国际艺术区

在初次接触这片废旧的工厂时,对它的整体印象是怎样的? iD Town项目的场地是位于深圳大鹏旅游新区的葵涌乡建于20世纪80年代中的鸿华印染厂.整个厂区占地8公顷,藏身于深圳东海岸山峦的谷地之中,群山环绕之间层层叠叠、整整齐齐的标准化厂房蔚为壮观.虽然已是一处被时代遗忘的角落,但当年的宏伟与辉煌仍清晰可见.坚固的钢筋混泥土结构加上荒弃之后锈迹斑驳的墙身,厂区俨然成为一个没落的工业"卫城".我们的设计也就开始于这"卫城"的"遗址"之中.     

Research on the Perception of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Parks via Analyses of Online Comment Data

Urban parks are an important part of urban ecosystems and can provide beneficial cultural ecosystem services (CES) to urban residents. The integration of geospatial and online comment data and relevant data mining have become a mainstream approach to the research on CES perception. This paper takes 10 typical urban parks in the central districts of Jinan, China as examples, and collects park users’ online comment data from tourism websites. Based on content analysis, high-frequency CES perception words and their perception frequencies are obtained to reveal the disparity of CES perception in different urban parks. FP-association rules are applied to examine the correlations between the perception of CES categories. Main findings are as follow. 1) Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services are the most easily perceived CES categories in urban parks. 2) There are differences in public’s perception of CES categories in different urban parks: aesthetics service in Baihua Park and Wulongtan Park, leisure/ecotourism service in Jinan Forest Park, and education/knowledge service in Quancheng Park, Zhongshan Park, Huashan Lake Park, and Jinan Zoo can be better perceived by the public. And 3) the perception of CES categories of urban parks is correlated. Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services have the strongest correlation and are often perceived with the services of cultural heritage, spiritual/religious value, and artistic inspiration. The study enriches the empirical research on CES perception via analyses of online comment data, clarifies the patterns of public’s CES perception in urban parks, and provides a scientific reference for the planning, design, and management of urban parks, showing a significance for improving CES supply and spatial quality of urban parks.     

IMPORTANCE-SATISFACTION ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPES DESIGNED FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The multi-functional landscapes for sustainable stormwater management play a significant role in providing various benefits on the environment, aesthetics, education, economy, etc. through the cultural ecosystem services, which have been underestimated by both the professionals and the public, due to the difficulty in their interpretation and quantification. The Importance-Satisfaction Analysis (ISA) makes it easier by evaluating the cultural ecosystem services with human’s perception, and was tested with the multi-functional landscapes for stormwater management in this research. The results show that aesthetic value, recreational / eco-tourism, and sense of place are the most valued cultural ecosystem services. Those cultural ecosystem services with a gap between their perceived importance and the public satisfaction with their delivery are also identified. ISA can discover the public’s perception and expectation of the stormwater management landscapes, which helps the decision-making about their improvement a lot.     

城市公园生态系统文化服务的公众感知研究—以济南市主城区城市公园为例

城市公园作为连接人与自然生态系统的纽带,提供着重要的生态系统服务.研究不同使用者对生态系统文化服务的感知,对优化公园设计和提升服务质量具有重要的指导意义.以济南市主城区城市公园为例,利用重要性-满意度分析方法,研究了济南市本地居民与外地游客对城市公园文化服务的感知.从公众感知结果来看,主城区城市公园的教育和知识、文化遗...     

基于LDA主题模型的湖泊公园生态系统 文化服务公众感知研究

湖泊公园是城市蓝绿空间的重要类型之一,开展湖泊公园生态系统文化服务感知量化研究,对保护生态环境和提升游憩空间质量具有重要意义。以武汉市8个典型湖泊公园为研究对象,爬取公园网络评论数据,利用LDA主题模型挖掘潜在主题,结合社会网络分析法和情感分析模型,并对比问卷调查结果,探讨湖泊公园生态系统文化服务感知差异。结果表明：湖泊公园生态系统文化服务公众感知维度有休闲娱乐、审美体验、运动健康、社交互动、历史文化和科普教育;主导服务类型是休闲娱乐和审美体验,而科普教育是最不易被感知的;公园可达性、周边文化建设、园内基础设施及自身特色是影响感知频率和满意度的主要因素;不同年龄段人群的使用需求和活动类型差异对感知满意度有一定影响。因此,未来湖泊公园的建设可在科普主题活动举办、特色湖泊文化景观、公园配套服务设施、生态环境治理等方面进一步完善,并关注多年龄段人群需求,从而提升公园服务品质。     

基于山地特征的城市山地公园游憩服务 能力评价与优化——以承德市为例

随着城市化进程的加快,山地城市面临建设用地紧张的状况日趋严峻。作为山地城市绿色开放空间建设的主要内容,山地公园对于满足山地城市居民的游憩休闲需求具有重要作用。开展山地公园游憩服务评价有助于科学指导山地公园的优化,提升山地城市绿色开放空间的游憩服务质量,提高市民的游憩体验感。以承德市为例,对中心城区山地公园的游憩服务能力进行评价研究。基于承德中心城区山地资源和环境特征,着重从市民对中心城区山地游憩环境的需求、感知出发,应用德尔菲法与层次分析法,选取了游憩环境、游憩设施、游憩感知、游憩承载、游憩区位5个方面的13个评价指标,基于GIS平台对这些指标进行可视化展示和定量化分析,并将评价结果加权叠加,得到承德中心城区21个山地公园的游憩服务能力等级。针对评价结果,提出了城市山地公园游憩开发建设指引,希望能够进一步提升山地公园的游憩服务能力,满足市民对山地空间的不同游憩需求,进一步推动城市山地公园的生态游憩建设与城市绿色空间的平衡发展。     

Contextual variations in perceived social values of ecosystem services of urban parks: A comparative study of China and Australia

Parks are an integral part of urban environment which provide a range of ecosystem services. While a great deal of efforts has been invested to investigate monetary and biophysical benefits of natural ecosystems, very few studies have explored socio-ecological values of urban parks. Comparative studies of ecosystem services from urban parks between multiple countries are even rarer. To address this research gap, we have compared users' perceptions of ecosystem services of two major urban parks in China (Dufu Cottage, Chengdu) and in Australia (Kings Park, Perth). Using an ecosystem services framework, we explored three key questions: (i) which ecosystem services are perceived to be most important? (ii) what are the trends of ecosystem services provided by the park? and (iii) which demographic and socio-economic factors influence users' perceptions most? We observed that there is no substantial difference in users' perceptions (in terms of importance and trend) of ecosystem services between two countries, except for microclimate service. Respondents in Dufu Cottage perceived microclimate as the most important service while in Kings Park, a number of services (e.g., aesthetic, habitat and recreational) received almost equal importance. Almost two-thirds of the respondents have perceived an increased level ecosystem services over the last five years. Various socio-demographic factors, such as gender, age, income level and frequency of visits influenced users' perceptions most significantly. These results have critical implications in designing more environmentally sensitive as well as user-oriented urban parks.     

基于栖息地的城市湿地公园生物多样性特征与指标研究

城市湿地公园具有与湿地类似的生态功能和典型特征,对城市地区的生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文对不同地区的城市湿地公园进行研究,包括不同气候类型、使用年份和面积大小等不同方面,并对野生动物栖息地特别是鸟类栖息地进行了数据统计和分类分析。通过文献研究、数据统计和比较分析,探索城市湿地公园生物多样性保护指标体系的基本组成及其相关性。本文写作目的是建立适当的城市湿地公园栖息地评估标准,支持生态中国建设。     

北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价与优化————以济南市兴济河为例

快速城市化进程导致北方城市河流生态系统服务降低,难以满足城市居民日益增长的多种需求。从生态系统服务供需视角切入,构建了北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价体系,通过供需比、供需匹配—供给水平分布模型分析了河流生态系统服务供需匹配特征与实际效能,并以济南市兴济河进行实证研究。结果表明,文化服务是兴济河亟需提升的服务类型,净化水质、营造健康栖息地、增加游憩机会和亲水机会是需重点提升的四个服务维度。基于结果,提出实现生态系统服务供需匹配的优化策略。可为生态系统服务导向下的北方城市河流景观规划设计提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

湿地、国家湿地公园和城市湿地公园所引起的思考

国家湿地公园和城市湿地公园为我国城市湿地保护与开发利用的重要载体。现湿地、城市湿地公园和国家湿地公园存在概念不明确,综合利用难度大,很难从舆论上了解湿地对人的害处。为了进一步的探讨和研究,尽可能避免今后教学、实际工作中的误导和错误,对有关概念和存在的一些问题进行简单但必要的疑问和思考。由于湿地概念和湿地系统自身的复杂性,尤其是湿地综合利用中的困难,湿地问题及综合利用的思考和研究将是一个复杂好、长期的过程。     

Influencing Mechanism of Ecological Aesthetic Preference on Urban River Ecological Restoration: A Case Study of Kunshan,Jiangsu Province

To balance the ecological–aesthetic relationship in urban river ecological restoration, the research analyzed the ecological aesthetics performance of related practice. By defining „ecological aesthetic preference” and establishing a triple framework of ecological aesthetic preference on urban riverfronts, the research summarized three major factors that impact ecological aesthetic preference. With the Urban River Survey method, 24 typical river section samples in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province were selected. Through correlation analysis and optimal scaling regression model, relevant characteristics and influencing mechanisms were analyzed. The results include that: 1) Individuals’ ecological awareness and knowledge level has the most significant impact, followed by ecological factor characteristics of riverfronts and individuals’ social–cultural characteristics; 2) The respondents having higher cognition on ecosystem services show a stronger aesthetic preference for urban riverfronts; and 3) Vegetation characteristics impact ecological aesthetic preference more than material and physical habitat characteristics, and different combinations would lead to various overall benefits of urban riverfronts. Therefore, urban river ecological restoration should better integrate ecological values and aesthetic values by flexibly combining spatial elements, meanwhile fully consider social demands for urban riverfronts, to promote people’s ecological awareness and knowledge level and provide them with better landscape perception of ecosystem services.