A forward fast media independent handover control scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) over heterogeneous wireless mobile network

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a networked-based handover protocol for the IP layer, i.e., the layer 3 mobility management protocol. In this work, we integrate fast handover and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) Services with PMIPv6 to improve the handover performance over the heterogeneous wireless network environment. Since it may have multiple candidate destination networks to which a Mobile Node can select for handover, it needs to consider not only the signal strength but also the corresponding networking situation for the proper selection of the next network. To reduce the packet loss situation, the multicast mechanism is adopted to forward packets to these candidate destination networks during the handover processing period. In this work, a Forward Fast Media Independent Handover Control Scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) is proposed based on the aforementioned concerns. Through the simulations for performance analysis, it shows that the proposed FFMIH-PMIPv6 can have better handover performance in terms of handover latency, packet loss rate and throughput.     

快速层次移动IPv6切换性能分析及优化

移动IPv6技术中切换延时对实时应用影响很大。介绍了目前移动IPv6常用的快速移动和层次移动切换技术,描述其切换原理和过程。结合2种技术的优缺点,给出了一种新的快速层次移动IPv6的切换方案。利用NS-2对这3种切换方法进行仿真得到的结果表明,快速层次移动IPv6切换延时要小于快速移动IPv6和层次移动IPv6的切换延时,且降低了数据包丢失率,提高了网络的性能。     

Fast RSVP: Efficient RSVP Mobility Support for Mobile IPv6

In recent years, with the development of mobile communication technologies and the increase of available wireless transmission bandwidth, deploying multimedia services in next generation mobile IPv6 networks has become an inevitable trend. RSVP (resource reservation protocol) proposed by the IETF is designed for hardwired and fixed networks and can not be used in mobile environments. This paper proposes a protocol, called Fast RSVP, to reserve resources for mobile IPv6. The protocol adopts a cross-layer design approach where two modules (RSVP module and Mobile IPv6 module) at different layers cooperate with each other. Fast RSVP divides a handover process with QoS guarantees into two stages: (1) setup of the resource reservation neighbor tunnel and (2) resource reservation on the optimized route. It can help a mobile node realize fast handover with QoS guarantees as well as avoid resource wasting by triangular routes, advanced reservations and duplicate reservations. In addition, fast RSVP reserves “guard channels” for handover sessions, thus greatly reducing the handover session forced termination rate while maintaining high performance of the network. Based on extensive performance analysis and simulations, Fast RSVP, compared with existing methods of resource reservation in mobile environments, performs better in terms of packet delay and throughput during handover, QoS recovery time after handover, resource reservation cost, handover session forced termination rate and overall session completion rate.     

An efficient mobile IPv6 handover scheme

Excellent handover performance is essential for deploying real time applications over wireless Internets. In this paper, this study present a novel handover scheme for Mobile IPv6. The proposed scheme is based on an infrastructure, which is called Cross-layer Address Resolution (CAR). A smart message interaction for the Binding Update procedure is also introduced. The prototype is illustrated first and a buffering approach adopted to achieve zero packet loss. The proposed scheme, which is called Seamless Handover for Mobile IPv6 (S-MIPv6), evolved from Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (F-MIPv6). The problems in F-MIPv6, such as triangle route and sequence disorder, are solved by the proposed scheme. The S-MIPv6 avoids building tunnels and reduces registration delay. It is capable of cooperating with a Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) to take advantage from hierarchical networks. The S-MIPv6 is modeled and simulated. In a practical case, the disruption duration is close to the Data Link layer handover latency (50–100 ms). We believe that the proposed S-MIPv6 is capable of providing seamless handover for time critical services.     

A New Enhanced Fast Handover Algorithm in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Network

1　Introduction　MobileIPv6requirestheMobileNode (MN)toregisterwiththeHomeAgent (HA)andtheCorre spondentNode (CN)whenitchangesitspointofattachmentintheInternet[1～ 3] .Therefore ,thiscauseMobileIPv6toincurlongdelayintheregis tration process,andaddsignalingtraffictothebackbonenetworkespeciallywhentheHAandCNarefarawayfromtheMN .Inordertominimizethisdelay ,andthesignalingoverhead presentinMobileIPv6,literatures[4～7] proposeHierarchicalMobileIPv6(HMIPv6)architectureandafasthan dover…     

Fast handover solution for network-based distributed mobility management in intelligent transportation systems

The current IP mobility protocols are called centralized mobility management (CMM) solutions, in which all data traffic and management signaling messages must be forwarded to an anchor entity. In some vehicle scenarios, vehicles may move as a group from one roadside unit to another (i.e., after traffic lights or traffic jams). This causes data traffic and exchanged mobility messages to peak at the anchor entity and, consequently, affects the network performance. A new design paradigm aimed at addressing the anchor entity issue is called distributed mobility management (DMM); it is an IETF proposal that is still being actively discussed by the IETF DMM working group. Nevertheless, network-based DMM is designed based on the well-known network-based CMM protocol Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). There is no significant difference between network-based DMM and PMIPv6 in terms of handover latency and packet loss. Because vehicles change their roadside unit frequently in this context, the IP addresses of mobile users (MUs) require fast IP handover management to configure a new IP address without disrupting ongoing sessions. Thus, this paper proposes the Fast handover for network-based DMM (FDMM) based on the Fast Handover for PMIPv6 (PFMIPv6). Several modifications to PFMIPv6 are required to adapt this protocol to DMM. This paper specifies the necessary extensions to support the scenario in which an MU has old IP flows and hence has multiple anchor entities. In addition, the analytic expressions required to evaluate and compare the handover performance of the proposed FDMM and the IETF network-based DMM have been derived. The numerical results show that FDMM outperforms the IETF network-based DMM in terms of handover latency, session recovery and packet loss at the cost of some extra signaling.     

Analysis and Evaluation of Mobile IPv6 Handovers over Wireless LAN

In this paper, we analyze the IPv6 handover over wireless LANs. Mobile IPv6 is designed to manage mobile nodes movements between wireless IPv6 networks. Nevertheless, a mobile node cannot receive IP packets on its new point of attachment until the handover completes. Therefore, a number of extensions to Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost packets. We focus on Fast Mobile IPv6 which is an extension of Mobile IPv6 that allows the use of L2 triggers to anticipate the handover. We compare the handover latency in four specific cases: basic Mobile IPv6, the forwarding method of Mobile IPv6, the Anticipated method, and the Tunnel-Based Handover. The results of the handover latency are calculated with the L2 properties of IEEE 802.11b. In particular, we take into account the L2 handover for different configurations of the wireless network.     

Fast Handover Mechanism for Seamless Multicasting Services in Mobile IPv6 Wireless Networks

This paper proposes a fast handover mechanism to provide a seamless multicast service for Mobile IPv6 hosts. With the proposed Fast handover based on a Mobile IP-Multi casting (FMIP-M) protocol, the selection of a new multicast service method, service preparation, and initialization procedures are all performed during the fast handover period, thereby enabling a reliable and efficient multicast service. When mobile hosts move to other networks, they can encounter data loss, out-of-synch problems for multicast data, and multicast service exchange latency. Therefore, the proposed FMIP-M allows the new access router to select a suitable multicast service method according to the multicast service-related network conditions and supports a reliable multicast transmission by compensating for data losses from the previous access router. An analysis is conducted of the overheads associated with a fast multicast handover, including the signaling cost and multicast packet-forwarding cost, where the costs are formulated based on timing diagrams, and compared with a fast handover using Mobile IPv6. The performance analysis and numerical results confirm that the proposed FMIP-M provides a fast multicast handover and reliable service with a relatively small signaling cost and packet-delivery cost.     

A Low Cost Route Optimization Scheme for Cluster-Based Proxy MIPv6 Protocol

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network based mobility protocol which has been designed to relieve the mobile nodes (MNs) from participating in the mobility process and to reduce the long handoff latency of the MIPv6 protocol. However, PMIPv6 incurs a long communication path due to the triangle routing problem, in which, all packets sent by MNs are obligated to pass through the local mobility anchor. Several solutions have been proposed to mitigate this issue. However, they still incur high signaling overhead to recover the Route Optimization (RO) status after handoff. In this paper, we propose a Cluster-Based RO (CBRO) scheme for the clustered architecture of the PMIPv6, in which, the Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs) are grouped into clusters with a distinguished Head MAG (HMAG) for each. In the proposed CBRO, the RO process is relied on the HMAGs to reduce the handoff latency while achieving a fast recovery of the optimized path after handoff. The proposed CBRO is evaluated analytically and compared with the basic PMIP and the current RO schemes. The obtained numerical results have shown that the proposed CBRO outperforms all other schemes in terms of signaling cost required to recover the RO status after handoff and the total cost performance metrics.     

A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating IPv6 Based Mobility Management Protocols

Seamless mobility in future generation networks, which are envisioned to be heterogeneous in nature, is an important issue. While Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) work groups have standardized various mobility management protocols, such as Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6, a comprehensive study of these protocols in terms of various performance characteristics is a challenging issue. Moreover, this study also considers the recent proposals from IETF in distributed mobility management (DMM) protocols. In this paper, a novel analytical model is developed for comparison of various mobility management protocols in terms of handover latency, as well as packet density, and packet arrival rate during the handover time by applying transport engineering principles in the field of telecommunication. The signaling cost analysis using signaling overhead incurred during protocol operations is given for each of these protocols. The number of packets that can be lost during the handover operation is also obtained using this model. Moreover, it presents a unified framework using which one can assess the performance characteristics of both host based and network based mobile IP protocols. One can also assess the performance of centralized and DMM approaches. The correctness of the proposed model is established by the fact that it leads to results similar to those obtained by applying some of the existing models. At the same time, the model allows one to obtain additional results showing the effect of packet density and packet arrival rate on the handover latency.     

基于重叠网络的移动IPv6快速切换

基本的移动IPv6切换延迟太大，不能满足实时业务的要求。本文提出了一种基于重叠网络的移动IPv6快速切换算法，这种算法通过在两个不同的IPv6子网间设置重叠网络来实现IP层的无缝(零延迟)切换。文中给出了算法实现的网络结构及其切换过程，并且对其性能进行了分析。算法实现了移动IPv6快速切换，在大部分情况下都可以达到最佳性能。     

Improving Mobile IPv6 handover and authentication in wireless network with E‐HCF

Mobile IP allows a mobile node to maintain a continuous connectivity to the Internet when moving from one access point to another. However, due to the link switching delay and to Mobile IP handover operations, packets designated to mobile nodes can be delayed or lost during the handover period. Moreover, every time a new attach point is confirmed, the mobile node, its home agent and its corresponding node must be authenticated mutually. This paper presents a new control function called Extended Handover Control Function (E‐HCF) in order to improve handover performance and authentication in the context of Mobile IPv6 over wireless networks. With an analytical model and some OPNET simulations, we show in this paper that our solution allows provision of low latency, low packet loss and mutual authentication to the standard handover of Mobile IPv6. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于特征投影的移动IPv6快速切换方法

研究了移动IPv6协议中的越区切换问题,提出了一种基于特征投影的移动IPv6快速切换方法。该方法通过构造先验切换经验与小区覆盖范围的映射关系来协助移动接入网关对切换目的地进行预测。仿真结果表明,文中方法能够获得比FPMIPv6更小的切换延迟,并具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Enhancing inter-PMIPv6-domain for superior handover performance across IP-based wireless domain networks

As a network-based localized mobility management protocol, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) enables a Mobile Host (MH) to roam within a localized domain without MH intervention in the mobility-related signalling. However, the PMIPv6 maintains MH mobility support in a restriction domain. Therefore, whenever the MH roams away from the PMIPv6 domain, its reachability status will be broken-down causing high handover latency and inevitable traffic loss for its communication session. This article proposes a proactive mechanism to mange the MH handover and maintain its data session continually across inter-PMIPv6-domains. The proposed mechanism introduces an intermediate global mobility anchor entity, called, which is responsible to coordinate MH handover as well as redirect its traffic across inter-PMIPv6-domains. Through various simulation evaluations, via ns-2, several experiments were conducted, revealing numerous results that verify the proposed mechanism superior performance over the conventional inter-PMIPv6-domain handover schemes in terms of handover latency, achieved throughput, protocol signalling cost and end-to-end traffic delivery latency.     

Enhancing QoS of Mobile Devices by a New Handover Process in PMIPv6 Networks

The handover processes in present IP mobility management protocols incur significant latency, thus aggravating QoS of consumer devices. In this paper, we introduce an enhanced handover process for the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol, which is a recently developed IP mobility management protocol aiming at providing network-based mobility support. The proposed handover process further improves handover performance of PMIPv6 by allowing a new access network obtains handover context before a consumer??s mobile node (MN) moves to the new access network. Data packets destined for the MN are buffered to prevent packet loss and immediately delivered to the MN as the MN moves to the new access network. We evaluate the handover latency and data packet loss of the proposed handover process compared to the basic one of PMIPv6. The conducted analysis results confirm that the proposed handover process yields the reduced handover latency compared to that of the basic PMIPv6 and also prevents data packet loss. We moreover evaluate the buffering cost of the proposed handover process.     

移动IPv6切换时延优化新方法

移动IPv6中,移动节点(MN)在不同子网间移动时,既不中断与通信对端(CN)的通信,也不用改变其本身的IP地址.但是当MN与其家乡代理(HA)之间相距较远时,移动IPv6切换时延较大,对于实时性要求较高的业务无法适用.本文分析比较了目前移动IPv6常用的切换时延优化方法,提出了一种自适应快速层次移动IPv6切换时延优化方法,减小了移动IPv6切换时延,提高了网络的性能.     

Handover management for mobile nodes in IPv6 networks

We analyze IPv6 handover over wireless LAN. Mobile IPv6 is designed to manage mobile nodes' movements between wireless IPv6 networks. Nevertheless, the active communications of a mobile node are interrupted until the handover completes. Therefore, several extensions to Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost packets. We describe two of them, hierarchical Mobile IPv6, which manages local movements into a domain, and fast handover protocol, which allows the use of layer 2 triggers to anticipate the handover. We expose the specific handover algorithms proposed by all these methods. We also evaluate the handover latency over IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN. We compare the layer 2 and layer 3 handover latency in the Mobile IPv6 case in order to show the saving of time expected by using anticipation. We conclude by showing how to adapt the IEEE 802.11b control frames to set up such anticipation.     

A comparative performance analysis on Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6

This paper presents comparative results on Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. The two mobility support protocols have similar hierarchical mobility management architectures but there are, however, clearly different perceptions: Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 has specific properties of a host-based mobility support protocol, whereas Proxy Mobile IPv6 is based on a network-based mobility support protocol. Thus, it is important to reveal their mobility characteristics and performance impact factors. In this paper, a cost based evaluation model is developed that evaluates the location update cost, the packet delivery cost, and the wireless power consumption cost based on the protocol operations used. Then, the numerical results are presented in where impacts of the various system parameters are evaluated. The results demonstrate that Proxy Mobile IPv6 always outperforms Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 due to its ability to avoid the mobility signaling sent by the mobile host, and its reduced tunneling overhead during communications with other nodes.     

Load balancing and its performance evaluation for layer 3 and IEEE 802.21 frameworks in PMIPv6‐based wireless networks

Mobile IP (MIP) requires mobile nodes (MNs) to register with the home agents (HAs) whenever the MNs change their point of attachment (PoA: access point (AP) or base station (BS)) in different subnets. Thus, such registrations cause excessive signaling overhead and long service delay. To solve this problem, proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been proposed by the IETF NETLMM working group. In PMIPv6, a new entity called mobile access gateway (MAG) performs the mobility‐related signaling with the local mobility anchor (LMA) on behalf of the MN and establishes a tunnel with the LMA. However, a number of MNs must be associated with an MAG, which means that the MAG can be easily overloaded. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a load balancing mechanism among the MAGs in the PMIPv6 network. The PMIPv6 handover signaling procedure is extended to support the proposed load balancing mechanism. We also discuss using IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol for load balancing to determine the load status at the candidate PoAs, in addition to the load status at the candidate MAGs. To evaluate the performance, we analyze the average waiting time in the queue at the MAG. Through simulations and numerical analysis, we show that the proposed load balancing mechanism can produce less queueing delay at the MAG and a higher data transmission rate at the PoA than when a load balancing operation is not performed in the PMIPv6 network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signaling cost and performance of SIGMA: A seamless handover scheme for data networks

Mobile IP has been developed to handle mobility of Internet hosts at the network layer. Mobile IP (MIP), however, suffers from a number of drawbacks such as requirement of infrastructure change, high handover latency, high packet loss rate, and conflict with network security solutions. In this paper, we describe and evaluate the performance of SIGMA, a Seamless IP diversity‐based Generalized Mobility Architecture. SIGMA utilizes multihoming to achieve seamless handover of mobile hosts, and is designed to solve many of the drawbacks of MIP, including requirement for changes in infrastructure. We first evaluate the signaling cost of SIGMA and compare with that of hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (an enhancement of Mobile IP) by analytical modeling, followed by comparison of handover performance of SIGMA and Mobile IPv6 enhancements. Criteria for performance evaluation include handover latency, packet loss, throughput, and network friendliness. Our results indicate that in most cases SIGMA has a lower signaling cost than Hierarchical Mobile IPv6. Moreover, for a typical network configuration, SIGMA has a higher handover performance over Mobile IP. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.