临近空间飞艇蒙皮材料研究进展和需求分析

临近空间飞艇具有大范围不间断的高效信息获取与传输能力, 是近期国际上竞相发展的未来信息平台。蒙皮材料是临近空间飞艇的主要材料, 其质量和性能决定了飞艇的大小、 寿命和成本, 是发展临近空间飞艇的基础。本文中针对临近空间飞艇蒙皮材料选取和应用存在的若干困难, 从蒙皮材料工程需求出发, 对蒙皮材料的强度、 耐候性、 阻隔性和试验评价方法等方面的研究现状进行总结和分析, 讨论未来高性能临近空间飞艇蒙皮材料的研究发展方向。     

含初始裂纹的平流层飞艇用蒙皮薄膜撕裂行为

为了研究含初始裂纹蒙皮薄膜的抗撕裂行为,选用Kevlar纤维增强的具有预制初始裂纹切口(PIC)的平流层飞艇用蒙皮薄膜,采用弹塑性断裂力学平面应力分析方法,考虑经纬向纱束之间的滑移摩擦效应,分析了薄膜裂纹尖端的撕裂强度与变形形式,建立了裂纹尖端撕裂物理模型和基于摩擦效应修正的等差法拉伸变形计算模型,获得了裂纹尖端应力集中区的应力分布。为验证计算模型的合理性,分别对PIC长度为10、20、30及40mm的试样进行了撕裂强度试验。结果表明:当PIC宽度比率不超过0.50时,模型计算值与试验值的误差小于4.12%;与改进的应力强度因子法相比,所建计算模型具有更高的计算精度,为平流层飞艇蒙皮撕裂强度的设计提供了一种有效的方法。     

浮空器蒙皮膜复合材料单轴拉伸力学性能及弹性常数

对新型飞艇蒙皮材料在0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°七个偏轴方向单轴拉伸循环试验结果进行了分析,给出了残余应变和弹性模量随循环次数的变化规律;得出了由单层板理论推导出的关于弹性模量的本构关系对各功能膜层压合成的平纹织物膜复合材料适用性较差。使用VIC-2D数字散斑测量系统测出膜材在拉伸过程中的位移场和应变场,通过位移场求膜材的泊松比和通过应变场验证分析膜材拉伸破坏机制,并可以预测断口形态和位置。采用两种不同规格的试样测试膜材的单轴拉伸强度,通过对比发现采用试样3更能反应材料Uretek5876实际强度。本文工作对该材料应用于飞艇结构设计和分析具有参考价值。     

平流层验证飞艇纵向动力学建模及其状态观测器设计

在满足几点假设的基础上,建立了以体积中心为原点的坐标系,对平流层飞艇进行了受力分析,在对纵向力和力矩逐项阐述的基础上,导出了平衡状态下平流层飞艇纵向动力学模型的状态方程。根据12 m验证艇的实验飞行数据及外形尺寸特征,对能控性与能观测性进行了分析,在此基础上设计了全维状态观测器,解决了模型的状态反馈在性能和物理上的矛盾,为平流层飞艇的稳定飞行和自动控制提供了设计依据。     

Development and characterization of PET/Fish Gelatin–nanoclay composite/LDPE laminate

A three‐layer laminate film was developed with the following structure: polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/fish gelatin (FG)–nanoclay composite/low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). The FG–nanoclay composite material functioned as the oxygen barrier layer and demonstrated comparable oxygen barrier properties when compared with a similar laminate utilizing ethylene vinyl alcohol as the barrier layer at a relative humidity (RH) of up to 50%. The introduction of nanometer‐sized filler clay into the FG matrix lowered the oxygen permeability (OP) because of the tortuosity effect of the clay particles. In addition, the FG–nanoclay composite film exhibited bond strengths similar to both LDPE and PET. The hydrophilic nature of FG significantly increases OP under high (>50%) RH conditions. However, this new FG laminate film could be a possible alternative for packaging designers desiring a more sustainable packaging material for low‐RH (<50%) applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结合改进单胞模型的单钉双剪层合板螺栓连接结构挤压性能的多尺度表征分析

为提高螺栓连接层合板结构的可靠性和承载能力,基于ABAQUS软件及用户子程序(USDFLD),结合改进的单胞模型,建立了考虑组分材料失效的多尺度数值模型。利用该模型表征分析了单钉双剪层合板螺栓连接结构的力学性能,研究了铺层形式及几何尺寸对连接结构性能的影响。该模型的预报结果与试验结果吻合较好。结果表明:准各向同性层合板螺栓连接结构的挤压强度高于正交各向异性层合板连接结构的挤压强度,前者的失效模式为挤压失效,后者为剪出失效,该模式导致结构承载能力降低,设计中应避免。层合板边径比大于3时,不同宽径比连接结构的挤压强度趋近稳定值;但相同边径比的连接结构,其挤压强度随宽径比的增大而增大,连接结构设计时应给予考虑。      

面内线性变化载荷作用复合材料层合板的振动与屈曲优化

采用广义微分求积（GDQ）法开展了不同边界条件下承受面内线性变化载荷作用复合材料层合板振动与屈曲的分析与优化。针对GDQ法求解面内线性变化载荷工况复合材料层合板屈曲问题存在计算振荡、不收敛现象,提出载荷扰动策略实现了GDQ法对复合材料层合板屈曲问题的稳定高效求解。基于基础圆频率和临界屈曲载荷系数的归一化指标,分析了铺层角度对复合材料层合板综合性能的影响,并结合直接搜索模拟退火算法开展了复合材料层合板的铺层顺序优化。结果表明:铺层角度变化对屈曲性能的影响明显强于频率特性;面内线性变化载荷中,以弯曲载荷作用下复合材料层合板的优化综合性能受边界条件变化的影响最小,而优化铺层角度受边界条件变化的影响最大。研究结果为复杂载荷作用下复合材料层合板的设计提供了参考。      

Mechanical property characterization and simulation of fused deposition modeling Polycarbonate parts

Building end-use functional parts with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies is a challenging task. Several factors influence their surface finish, dimensional accuracy, mechanical properties and cost. Their orientation inside the building chamber is one of the most significant factors in AM processes. When using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) to build such parts, additional factors must be considered.This paper aims to accomplish two purposes: finding a good model to simulate FDM parts and correlating a finite element analysis (FEA) simulation with physical testing.The first objective was achieved by experimental tensile test of specimens to determine the nine mechanical constants that defines the stiffness matrix of an orthotropic material. Three Young’s modulus, three Poisson’s ratio and three shear modulus were experimentally obtained as well as yield tensile and ultimate strength of each specimen.A simple part was designed and manufactured in different orientations to be physically tested and simulated to achieve the second objective. Polycarbonate (PC) was used as part material. Combined loading including bending and torsion was used. Differences on mechanical response were observed during the physical test of the parts depending on the building direction. Conclusions comment results and the convenience of using a different constitutive model depending on the design and use specifications.     

A closed form solution for linear and nonlinear free vibrations of composite and fiber metal laminated rectangular plates

In this paper, the nonlinear equations of motion for laminated composite rectangular plates based on first order shear deformation theory, which include shear deformation and rotary inertia, have been derived. Then, through introducing a force function, these equations reduced to a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations and a compatibility equation. By using the Galerkin method, for the first time, a nonlinear ordinary differential equation is obtained, which includes nonlinear inertia and stiffness terms. By using the multiple time scales method, analytical relations for nonlinear frequency and transverse displacement have been obtained. Results are compared with the literature and good agreement is achieved for both linear and nonlinear frequencies. After proving the validity of our work for isotropic rectangular plates and laminated rectangular plates, linear and nonlinear free vibration of a Fiber Metal Laminate panel have been investigated. Also the effects of some system parameters on the nonlinear frequency have been investigated.     

基于弯曲刚度最大分层临界载荷的层压板局部屈曲预测

提出了一种预测含特定分层损伤层压板发生局部屈曲时整体应变的方法.认为含分层子板的局部屈曲载荷由其弯曲刚度最大的分层决定,因而含有相同最大弯曲刚度分层的不同子板具有相同的屈曲载荷.在已知弯曲刚度最大分层的屈曲载荷的情况下,根据层压板的轴向刚度公式,计算出发生局部屈曲时弯曲刚度最大的分层与完好的基板分别承受的载荷,即得到总载荷,进而得到层压板的整体应变.用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立含分层损伤的层压板模型,使用准静态加载进行了多种分层深度和分层位置下的局部屈曲仿真,所得局部屈曲载荷符合上述推论.用所提方法预测发生局部屈曲时的整体应变,结果与有限元结果吻合较好,此方法可用于建立分层参数识别的参照样本库.     

基于弯曲刚度最大分层临界载荷的层压板局部屈曲预测

提出了一种预测含特定分层损伤层压板发生局部屈曲时整体应变的方法。认为含分层子板的局部屈曲载荷由其弯曲刚度最大的分层决定, 因而含有相同最大弯曲刚度分层的不同子板具有相同的屈曲载荷。在已知弯曲刚度最大分层的屈曲载荷的情况下, 根据层压板的轴向刚度公式, 计算出发生局部屈曲时弯曲刚度最大的分层与完好的基板分别承受的载荷, 即得到总载荷, 进而得到层压板的整体应变。用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立含分层损伤的层压板模型, 使用准静态加载进行了多种分层深度和分层位置下的局部屈曲仿真, 所得局部屈曲载荷符合上述推论。用所提方法预测发生局部屈曲时的整体应变, 结果与有限元结果吻合较好, 此方法可用于建立分层参数识别的参照样本库。     

基于纳米压痕法的埃洛石纳米管/环氧复合材料力学性能表征

采用球磨法在环氧树脂中分散了不同质量分数(0、5wt%和10wt%)的埃洛石纳米管(HNTs),通过哌啶固化剂固化,制备了HNTs/环氧树脂复合材料,并利用纳米压痕法测试了HNTs/环氧树脂复合材料的弹性模量、硬度和蠕变性能。SEM和TEM观测表明:HNTs在环氧树脂中分散情况较好。纳米压痕实验结果表明:在不牺牲HNTs/环氧树脂复合材料弹性模量、硬度以及玻璃化转变温度的基础上,HNTs明显提高了环氧树脂基复合材料的抗蠕变性能,这主要是由于HNTs和环氧基分子链形成了新的交联结构,增加了材料的交联密度,刚性纳米粒子限制了环氧基分子链的活动性。     

Mechanical characterization of steel/CFRP double strap joints at elevated temperatures

This paper examines the mechanical performance of steel/CFRP adhesively-bonded double strap joints at elevated temperatures around the glass transition temperature (T_g, 42 °C) of the adhesive. A series of joints with different bond lengths were tested to failure at temperatures between 20 °C and 60 °C. It was found that the joint failure mode changed from adherend failure to debonding failure as the temperature approached T_g. In addition, the ultimate load and joint stiffness decreased significantly at temperatures near to and greater than T_g, while the effective bond length increased with temperature. Based on the ultimate load prediction model developed by Hart-Smith for double lap joints and kinetic modelling of the mechanical degradation of the adhesive, a mechanism-based model is proposed to describe the change of effective bond length, stiffness and strength degradation for steel/CFRP double strap joints at elevated temperatures. The modelling results were validated by the corresponding experimental measurements.     

聚氨酯隔振器蠕变特性力学模型试验研究

通过理论分析,提出以Zener元件为基的隔振器力学模型,借用遗传方法,该模型不仅能从阶跃加载中获取参数,更能从各种非理想加载过程中提取参数。因此,能很好地描述隔振器的蠕变特性。对7种不同聚氨酯和橡胶试件的试验结果进行模型参数分析,理论分析和试验结果表明,提出的广义模型可用于描述和预估聚氨酯和橡胶隔振器的蠕变特性。     

E-GFRP单向板疲劳性能及失效机制的实验研究

对铺设角分别为0°、30°、45°、90°的玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯树脂单向板进行拉-拉疲劳试验, 得到不同铺设角玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯树脂(GFRP)单向板疲劳数据, 通过分析不同铺设角单向板中值S-N曲线及正则应力-寿命曲线特点, 得到了单向板疲劳性能随铺设角变化的关系。并且基于对不同铺设角单向板疲劳断口的宏观及微观形貌的分析, 研究了铺设角对单向板的疲劳损伤机制、失效模式的影响。分析表明, 对应于不同的铺设角, 单向板存在不同的失效机制, 从而导致不同形式的损伤模式。     

Mechanical property of magnesium alloy sheet with hardening deterioration at warm temperatures and its application for failure analysis: Part I - property characterization

The mechanical property of a thin AZ31B Mg alloy sheet (with the thickness of 0.5 mm) was characterized for its anisotropy, temperature-dependent hardening (including its deterioration) and strain rate sensitivity based on simple tension test data measured at 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, 250 °C, respectively, in Part I. As for anisotropy, simple tension tests were performed along three (rolling, transverse and in-between) directions to calibrate the Hill1948 yield function. As for temperature-dependent hardening, the common practice is to characterize hardening only up to the uniform elongation limit and to extrapolate the data to cover the range beyond its limit. In this work, hardening as well as its deterioration (or softening) behavior observed beyond the uniform elongation limit was numerically characterized based on the inverse calibration method, in which strain rate sensitivity was also considered. The mechanical properties were confirmed to properly predict failure by strain localization for all the simple tension tests involved in the characterization procedure. Ultimately, the mechanical properties characterized in Part I were applied in Part II to analyze the failure by strain localization in the cross-shaped cup drawing tests developed as the benchmark problem for the NUMISHEET2011 conference [1].     

Preparation and characterization of new hybrid nanostructured thin films for biosensors design

The present paper reports on an innovative route for the preparation of new hybrid nanostructured thin films based on hydroxyapatite and functionalized polyurethane. Hybrid nanopowders based on hydroxyapatite and functionalized polyurethane have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method with high pressure and low temperature conditions and further used for spin coating deposition. Biocompatible thin films with a thickness of about 50 nm have been deposited onto Si/SiO₂/Ti/Au substrates and their properties recommend them suitable as possible electrodes for the fabrication of impedance biosensors. Hybrid materials with improved properties are obtained, combining the mechanical properties of polyurethane with biocompatible properties of hydroxyapatite (bioactivity and osteoconductivity). The presence of functional groups in polyurethane structure ensures the existence of strong interactions between components and an increased affinity of the thin films for further protein bonding in biosensor design. Hybrid nanostructured thin films based on hydrothermally synthesized hydroxyapatite-polyurethane nanopowders could enhance the amount of immobilized biomolecules in the construction of an impedance biosensor for diagnosis and therapy of bone diseases.     

The effects of geometric parameters on the failure strength for pin-loaded multi-directional fiber-glass reinforced epoxy laminate

A numerical and experimental study was carried out to determine the failure of mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced laminated composite joints. E/glass–epoxy composites were manufactured to fabricate the specimens. Mechanical properties and strengths of the composite were obtained experimentally. Tests have been carried out on single pinned joints in [0/90/0]_s and [90/0/90]_s laminated composites. A parametric study considering geometries was performed to identify the failure characteristics of the pin-loaded laminated composite. Data obtained from pin-loaded laminate tests were compared with the ones calculated from a finite element model (PDNLPIN computer code). Damage accumulations in the laminates were evaluated by using Hashin's failure criteria combined with the proposed property degradation model. Based on the results, ply orientation and geometries of composites could be crucial for pinned laminated composite joints.     

Mechanical property analyses of porous low-dielectric-constant films for stability evaluation of multilevel-interconnect structures

The mechanical properties of porous low-dielectric-constant (low-k) thin films have been investigated for the stability evaluation of multilevel-interconnect structures using nanoindentation, microscratch, and four-point bending tests. Stress–strain curves of these films are proposed to predict their strengths and to explain their deformation behaviors. Real stress–strain behaviors are analyzed and confirmed by combining the experimental data obtained from nanoindentation and microscratch tests. Soft low-k films exhibit large plastic deformation, while hard and brittle films fracture early. The interfacial adhesion strengths and delamination behaviors between thin-film layers have been also studied using microscratch and four-point bending tests. The mechanical failure of interconnect structures depends on the inferiority of film strength or interfacial adhesion.