不同测量条件下μ子源项特征模拟

采用宇宙射线生成软件包CRY,获取不同测量条件下μ子的特征信息,研究各种条件对宇宙射线中μ子的通量、能谱、角分布等特征的影响规律。结果表明:太阳活动极大时会使μ子通量降低;地磁场的影响使得赤道附近的μ子通量比极地地区要小且能谱蓝移;海拔升高则会显著增大μ子通量,但总体能量均值降低。     

宇宙射线μ子探测裂变核材料的模拟研究

平均能量为3~4 GeV的宇宙射线μ子在海平面的通量约为1/(cm2.min),这些μ子有很强的穿透力,能够穿透目前常用的防护层。μ子与物质作用主要发生小角度库伦散射,散射角与物质的原子序数有关。利用μ子穿过不同物质时所产生的散射角不同来辐射成像,研究μ子的累计通量条件下,辨别低、中、高Z三类物质的可行性。     

基于能损计算的快速μ子吸收成像模拟研究

μ子吸收成像技术使用天然存在的宇宙射线μ子作为辐射源,能够对大尺寸物体实现无损探测。在μ子吸收成像的应用研究中,进行成像的模拟分析是重要的一步。目前大部分的成像模拟通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟μ子在待测物体中的输运来实现,但使用蒙特卡罗方法进行模拟一般需要较长时间,不适用于一些需要快速得到模拟结果的场景。本文基于μ子在待测物体中的能损计算,实现了快速μ子吸收成像模拟,弥补了蒙特卡罗模拟用时过长的不足。具体地,本文根据待测物体的已知结构,通过能损与通量计算,获得μ子剩余通量的分布,进而实现成像。本文以胡夫金字塔为例,将构建的快速模拟过程与蒙特卡罗模拟进行比较,初步结果表明,使用本文的快速μ子吸收成像模拟获得的胡夫金字塔内部成像结果与蒙特卡罗模拟基本一致,快速模拟得到的通量值与蒙特卡罗模拟得到的通量值平均相差小于5%,快速模拟用时约为蒙特卡罗模拟的1/240。     

X射线荧光分析原级能谱分布的MCNP模拟

X射线荧光分析中,入射激发能谱是影响元素特征荧光强度大小的直接因素。本文使用MCNP程序模拟不同条件下电子打靶后的X射线能谱分布,计算结果能够反映不同条件下特征谱线和连续谱线的特点。模拟能谱数据可用于X射线荧光分析的数据处理。     

宇宙射线μ子探测裂变核材料的成像算法

宇宙射线μ子探测作为一种清洁源、深穿透、真正识别裂变核材料的新方法正在世界范围内日益受到重视,我国也在反恐领域开展此项研究,论文介绍了研究工作中图像重建算法(PoCA算法、期望最大化算法)以及算法模拟实验结果和分析,模拟结果初步证明了宇宙线μ子进行特殊核材料检测的可行性以及图像重建算法的有效性.     

HT-7超导托卡马克上γ辐射的初步研究

尝试了在HT-7托卡马克准稳态等离子体实验平台上，对伽马辐射能谱与通量进行测量与分析。实验中，测量得到了不同放电条件下的伽马辐射能谱和通量的时间演化过程，观测到了丰富的伽马辐射行为。针对欧姆加热、低杂波、离子回旋波、离子伯恩斯坦波、长脉冲等不同放电条件下的伽马辐射行为做了研究，结合其它相关诊断数据，给出了初步的分析结果。     

灰色关联聚类在宇宙射线μ子成像中的应用

该工作为宇宙线μ子探测裂变核材料研究中的一部分.宇宙射线μ子成像目标存在粒子数偏少的客观条件,符合灰色系统理论的“小样本”、“贫信息”的特点,首次探索应用灰色关联聚类分析提高宇宙射线μ子成像中对物质区分效率的方法.     

复杂X射线能谱构造方法研究

本文提出了基于最小二乘法的复杂X射线能谱构造方法,介绍了其构造原理,设计了由35~100 kV加速电压条件下的14个X射线过滤谱组成的构造子谱组。目标能谱模拟构造结果表明,构造能谱与目标能谱总体的相对偏差基本控制在10%以内;影响其偏差的主要因素包括构造子谱数量与形态,目标能谱的非连续可微以及射线源特征X射线。     

次级宇宙射线探测装置设计

为实时测量不同角度μ射线通量,构建了一款小型宇宙射线探测装置。该装置将闪烁体探测器、前端电子学电路、高压电源电路以及符合测量电路有机结合起来构建了一套完整的信号测量与数据获取系统。采用现场可编程门阵列进行两路探测器信号的符合逻辑设计,符合时间的调节精度为2.5 ns。利用该宇宙射线探测装置测量了兰州市区次级宇宙射线的天顶角分布,其结果很好地满足经验公式。     

基于天然μ子散射特征评估铀板内水平狭缝宽度的方法

针对经典μ子成像方法用于特殊对象结构探测的技术难点,提出了一种通过直接比较对象发生结构变化前后μ子散射特征的差异来进行形变类型和尺度判定的新思路,称为正向参比法。相比于经典的逆向反演法,该方法在原理上对于初始结构已知的特殊核对象的结构变化探测更有优势。从初步模拟结果来看,在合理的天然μ子通量下,该方法可实现铀板内亚毫米尺度水平狭缝的存在及其尺度的准确判定。     

Geant4 simulation of production and interaction of muons

A set of models for Monte Carlo simulation of production and interaction of high energy muons is developed in the framework of the Geant4 toolkit. It describes the following physics processes: ionization of high energy muons with radiative corrections, bremsstrahlung, electron-positron pair production, muon induced nuclear reactions, gamma annihilation into muon pair, positron annihilation into muon pair, and into pion pair. These processes are essential for the LHC experiments, for the understanding of the background in underground detectors, for the simulation of effects related with high-energy muons in cosmic ray experiments and for the estimation of backgrounds in future colliders. The applicability area of the models extends to 1 PeV. The major use-cases are discussed.     

Space Saving and Power Efficient Readout System for Cosmic-Ray Muon Radiography

Cosmic-ray muon radiography has been used to probe the internal structure of volcanoes. To overcome limitations on constructing an observation station, we developed a small-sized readout system with power consumption low enough to be powered by a small solar-power system. The system can be placed near a volcano and can detect cosmic-ray muons that penetrate the volcano and subsequently generate an angular distribution of the muons. The system can be connected to a PC placed remotely from the station, using a wired or wireless network. The PC can show the angular distribution of the muons on a web browser. We used this system to monitor an actual volcano. The obtained clear image of the volcano indicates that the performance of the readout system is sufficient for cosmic-ray muon radiography.     

A modified multi-group model of angular and momentum distribution of cosmic ray muons for thickness measurement and material discrimination of slabs

Muon tomography is a capable imaging technique to measure the geometry of high-Z objects. However,most existed algorithms used in muon tomography have obscured the effects of angular distribution and momentum spectra of cosmic ray muons and reduced the spatial resolution. We present a modified multi-group model that takes into account these effects and calibrates the model by the material of lead. Performance tests establish that the model is capable of measuring the thickness of a Pb slab and identifying the material of an unknown slab on a reasonable exposure timescale, in both cases of complete and incomplete angular data. Results show that the modified multi-group model is helpful for improvements in image resolution in real applications.     

Implementation of muon interaction models in PHITS

We have constructed models for muon interactions (i.e., bremsstrahlung, electron–positron pair production, muon photonuclear interaction, and negative muon capture reaction) and implemented these models in the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS). The PHITS2.86 agrees well with experimental data for the vertical intensities of cosmic-ray muons in water and standard rock. The calculated results for neutron production by muon photonuclear interaction and negative muon capture reaction are in good agreement with measured data, except in the case of lead target. PHITS2.86 can also reproduce the cross-section of radionuclide production by muons passing through a concrete wall very well. These results indicate the applicability of PHITS2.86 to the shielding design of muon facilities in which estimations of attenuation length and induced radioactivity are important.     

A segmented conical electric lens for optimization of the beam spot of the low-energy muon facility at PSI: a Geant4 simulation analysis

The low-energy muon facility at PSI provides nearly fully polarized positive muons with tunable energies in the ke V range to carry out muon spin rotation(LE-μSR)experiments with nanometer depth resolution on thin films,heterostructures, and near-surface regions. The low-energy muon beam is focused and transported to the sample by electrostatic lenses. In order to achieve a minimum beam spot size at the sample position and to enable the steering of the beam in the horizontal and vertical direction, a special electrostatic device has been implemented close to the sample position. It consists of a cylinder at ground potential followed by four conically shaped electrodes,which can be operated at different electric potential. In LE-μSR experiments, an electric field at the sample along the beam direction can be applied to accelerate/decelerate muons to different energies(0.5–30 keV). Additionally, a horizontal or vertical magnetic field can be superimposed for transverse or longitudinal field μSR experiments. The focusing properties of the conical lens in the presence of these additional electric and magnetic fields have been investigated and optimized by Geant4 simulations. Some experimental tests were also performed and show that the simulation well describes the experimental setup.     

A segmented conical electric lens for optimization of the beam spot of the low-energy muon facility at PSI: a Geant4 simulation analysis

The low-energy muon facility at PSI provides nearly fully polarized positive muons with tunable energies in the keV range to carry out muon spin rotation (LE-μSR)experiments with nanometer depth resolution on thin films,heterostructures,and near-surface regions.The low-energy muon beam is focused and transported to the sample by electrostatic lenses.In order to achieve a minimum beam spot size at the sample position and to enable the steering of the beam in the horizontal and vertical direction,a special electrostatic device has been implemented close to the sample position.It consists of a cylinder at ground potential followed by four conically shaped electrodes,which can be operated at different electric potential.In LEμSR experiments,an electric field at the sample along the beam direction can be applied to accelerate/decelerate muons to different energies (0.5-30 keV).Additionally,a horizontal or vertical magnetic field can be superimposed for transverse or longitudinal field μSR experiments.The focusing properties of the conical lens in the presence of these additional electric and magnetic fields have been investigated and optimized by Geant4 simulations.Some experimental tests were also performed and show that the simulation well describes the experimental setup.     

宇宙线缪子散射成像模拟与算法研究

本文验证了基于Micromegas探测器的宇宙线缪子散射成像系统进行快速核材料检测的可行性,并对实验室宇宙线缪子成像系统原型进行参数估算。基于Geant4程序开发了用于模拟宇宙线缪子物理过程、传输径迹及Micromegas探测器响应的模拟程序。在模拟数据的基础上,实现并改进了两种主要的宇宙线缪子散射成像算法。根据模拟和成像结果,1 m×1 m成像系统可在10 min内检测到被重元素屏蔽的核材料。10 cm×10 cm成像系统的缪子事例触发率为0.16 s^-1,要获得较为清晰的成像结果,要求探测器位置分辨率达到300 μm,探测器增益为1 000时实际测量事例至少需要20 h。     

T(d,n)4He强流中子发生器的中子能谱和角分布模拟计算

采用将厚靶分割成薄靶的方法对厚氚钛靶、260keV氘束流能量条件下T(d,n)⁴He反应中子源的能谱和角分布进行计算。以分割法计算得到的能谱和角分布数据为基础,建立了D-T中子源Monte-Carlo模拟抽样模型,在考虑中子发生器各元件材料及实验大厅墙壁对快中子的慢化、散射和吸收的条件下,采用MCNP程序对兰州大学3×10¹²s^-1强流中子发生器260keV氘束流能量下的中子能谱和角分布进行了模拟,给出了模拟结果。为检验模拟结果的可靠性,与实验测量能谱进行了比较,Monte-Carlo模拟谱和实验测量谱基本符合。     

中子场空间分布特性研究

采用Monte-Carlo方法,以高斯聚变中子谱和麦克斯韦裂变中子谱为源谱,进行了中子在大气中输运的理论模拟,给出了不同源高度,空问不同位置处的中子注量、能谱和吸收剂量,并总结了中子场的空问分布特性。     

小波尺度函数展开在连续能量中子输运方程计算中的应用

小波展开能够很好地拟合剧烈变化的函数,近年来已被应用于模拟中子角注量率随角度剧烈变化的问题,并取得了令人满意的结果.中子能谱在共振区具有剧烈震荡的特性,本文介绍了利用能群与小波尺度函数展开相耦合来离散连续能量中子输运方程中能量自变量的方法.对中子注量率在共振区关于能量用小波尺度函数进行拟合,而在快中子区和热中子区利用分群计算的方法.初步的数值结果表明,该方法使有效增殖系数计算精确,并能够得到中子注量率在共振区随能量的精细分布,对共振自屏蔽的精确计算具有重要意义.