页岩气压裂用线性胶压裂液性能研究与现场应用

线性胶压裂液是页岩气开采最关键的技术之一。以SRFP-1增稠剂、SRFC-1交联剂、SRCS-1黏土稳定剂和SRCU-1助排剂工业品制备SRFP线性胶压裂液;评价了该压裂液体系的耐温耐剪切性能、降阻性能及破胶性能;测定了破胶液的表面张力及残渣含量。结果表明:SRFP线性胶压裂液在70~100℃条件下具有良好的流变性能;在60~80℃,破胶剂加入量为0.005%~0.05%条件下,2h内即可破胶,破胶液黏度小于5mPa·s,破胶液表面张力小于28mN/m,残渣含量小于100mg/L;最后将SRFP线性胶压裂液成功应用于宁夏某重点页岩气探井,最高砂比为22%,平均砂比为8%,返排液黏度小于5mPa·s。     

黏弹性双子表面活性剂压裂液的制备及性能评价

考察了阴离子双子表面活性剂SA系列及水杨酸钠对阳离子双子表面活性剂SC-18溶液黏弹性的影响。黏弹性表面活性剂的基础配方为:1%SA-12+1%SC-18+0.5%水杨酸钠。该压裂液体系可满足井温小于100℃的低渗透油藏的压裂改造。该压裂液具有较好的抗剪切能力,170s~(-1)下剪切2h后,黏度保留率大于80%;破胶后黏度小于5 mPa·s,表明该配方具备优异的破胶性能;破胶后均无残渣;石英砂在压裂液的沉降速度满足压裂液性能要求。     

硼钛复合交联剂的制备及其在葫芦巴胶压裂体系中的应用

以四硼酸钠、钛酸丁酯、三乙醇胺、甘油、乙二醇为原料,合成了有机硼钛交联剂,制备了葫芦巴胶压裂液。研究了主剂及配体物料比,反应温度与反应时间对交联剂成胶性能的影响。结果表明,m(四硼酸钠)∶m(钛酸丁酯)=1∶4,m(三乙醇胺)∶m(甘油)=1∶2,反应温度70℃,反应时间3 h的条件下,合成的交联剂性能最优。考察了w(葫芦巴胶溶液)=0.4%,m(葫芦巴胶溶液)∶m(硼钛交联剂)=100∶(0.4~0.6)时,葫芦巴胶压裂液的性能,交联延时150 s,耐温耐剪切性能良好;常温下,携砂比V(压裂液)∶V(石英砂)=70∶30时,沉降速度0.009mm/s;体系易破胶,破胶液黏度低于5 m Pa·s,对储层伤害小。     

耐盐型疏水缔合聚合物的制备及流变性能

采用丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烷磺酸(AMPS)和水溶性阴离子疏水单体S-18制备了新型耐盐疏水缔合聚合物S-18HPAM。聚合放热测试表明:疏水单体含量的增加导致放热时间的延长,更有利于疏水结构的形成。微观结构测试表明:聚合物具有复杂的网状结构,在NaCl溶液中网状结构更为明显。流变测试结果表明:聚合物在盐溶液中具有良好的耐温和抗剪切性能。聚合物质量分数为0.3%(基于溶液总质量),温度90℃,剪切速率170 s–1和NaCl质量浓度20000 mg/L条件下,剪切后表观黏度大于70 mPa·s。在总矿化度20000 mg/L模拟地下水条件下,S-18HPAM质量分数为0.3%,剪切后黏度为70 mPa·s,加入质量分数0.5%表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)后,黏度增加到170m Pa·s。储能模量G'随着聚合物质量分数的增加而增大,体系弹性增强,同时疏水结构单元数量增加,形成致密的空间网络结构。     

耐高温清洁压裂液的制备及性能评价

以丙烯腈、二乙醇胺和芥酸为原料合成了芥酸酰胺丙基二羟乙基叔胺(UC_(22)-OH)。通过FTIR、~1HNMR、~(13)CNMR及HPLC-MS对其进行了结构表征。将UC_(22)-OH用作稠化剂,配制清洁压裂液,考察温度对清洁压裂液表观黏度的影响,并探究高温下胶束聚集体的类型和尺寸。通过室内实验,对UC_(22)-OH清洁压裂液的流变性、携砂性、破胶返排性以及地层伤害性进行了评价。结果表明,质量分数为4%的UC_(22)-OH清洁压裂液在120℃、170 s~(–1)下剪切5400 s,表观黏度稳定保持在65 m Pa·s;80℃下其弹性模量G'>4.2 Pa,黏性模量G'>1.7 Pa,在陶粒体积分数为20%的情况下,可稳定携砂8 h;遇煤油后其可在70 min内彻底破胶,破胶液的表界面张力较低;UC_(22)-OH清洁压裂液的基质渗透率损害率最低,仅为9.1%。UC_(22)-OH清洁压裂液具有优异的耐温性和抗剪切性、80℃下的携砂性能和破胶返排性能优异,对地层具有低残渣、低伤害的特性。     

一种抗高温的有机硼交联剂的研究及应用

以丙三醇和水为溶剂,硼砂为主剂,KST-1和甘露醇为配体,氢氧化钠为催化剂,B-26为延缓助剂,制备了一种抗高温的有机硼交联剂OS-150。通过对添加剂的优选,得到了一种抗高温硼交联压裂液配方。实验表明,当交联比为100∶0.3~100∶0.4,p H为11~13,反应温度为75~80℃时,该有机硼交联剂的交联性能最佳,交联时间在3~8 min之内可控。压裂液具有良好的抗温抗剪切能力,在172℃、170 s~(-1)下连续剪切90 min,黏度能保持在370 m Pa·s左右,在172℃、511 s~(-1)剪切5 min再在170 s~(-1)下剪切85 min,黏度仍能达到260 m Pa·s以上;压裂液滤失量低,172℃下滤失系数为4.1×10~(-4)m/min1/2;破胶速度快,172℃下2 h破胶,破胶液黏度小于5 m Pa·s;破胶液对地层伤害小,伤害率为18.4%。现场施工表明,该压裂液在170℃储层中,日增天然气可高达30 000 m~3。     

清洁聚合物压裂液研究与现场应用

清洁聚合物压裂液是目前国内外压裂液研究领域的热点之一。以增稠剂(SRFP-1)、交联剂(SRFC-1)、黏土稳定剂(SRCS-1)和助排剂(SRCU-1)工业品作为研究对象,以现场配液用水配制清洁聚合物(SRFP)压裂液,评价了SRFP清洁聚合物压裂液的变剪切性能、破胶性能及压裂液滤液对岩心的伤害性能;测定了破胶液的表面张力。结果表明:该压裂液在90℃条件下具有良好的耐剪切性能;在60~80℃,破胶剂加入量为0.005%~0.04%条件下,2h即可破胶,破胶液黏度小于5mPa·s,破胶液表面张力小于28mN/m;压裂液滤液对岩心基质伤害率为18.7%;最后将该压裂液成功应用于鄂尔多斯盆地某重点水平井的压裂作业。     

压裂用疏水缔合聚合物溶液性质及减阻性能

以功能性疏水单体甲基丙烯酸长链酯与丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,合成了疏水缔合聚合物HAWP-18。采用流变仪考察了HAWP-18的耐剪切性能、黏弹性及触变性。结果表明:HAWP-18属于假塑性流体,临界缔合质量浓度为2.31 g/L,随着剪切速率增加,HAWP-18的表观黏度缓慢下降后不变,剪切速率降低后,表观黏度可再度恢复,表现出较强的耐剪切性能;黏弹性测试表明:HAWP-18是典型的黏弹性结构流体,具有较宽的线性黏弹区,该体系的储能模量G'大于损耗模量G″,并且黏度越大,弹性特征越强。采用稳态剪切测试考察了不同质量浓度HAWP-18的剪切应力与剪切速率的关系,结果表明:HAWP-18具有触变性,并且触变性随质量浓度增大而增强。使用自制摩阻测试仪测定了不同质量浓度HAWP-18的减阻性能,结果表明:HAWP-18减阻率随质量浓度的增加先上升后降低。     

ADQY清洁压裂液室内性能评价

随着低渗储层压裂技术的不断发展,对压裂液的性能提出了更高的要求,新型压裂液被不断研制出来,对压裂液性能的分析评价是推广应用的前提。介绍了新型的ADQY清洁压裂液,并通过室内实验分析该压裂的性能,研究表明:该压裂液耐温耐剪切能力强,高温下仍能保持80 m Pa·s以上的黏度;悬砂能力强;破胶效果好,且破胶后无残渣;很低的表面张力和界面张力。因此,较为适用于低渗储层压裂工艺,能起到更加良好的压裂效果。     

压裂用疏水缔合聚合物溶液性质及减阻性能研究

摘要：以一种功能性疏水单体与丙烯酰胺（AM）、丙烯酸（AA）和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）为原料,合成了一种疏水缔合聚合物HAWP-18。采用流变仪考察了疏水缔合聚合物HAWP-18的耐剪切性能、黏弹性及触变性,结果表明,HAWP-18属于假塑性流体,临界缔合浓度为2.31g/L,表现出较强的耐剪切性能;黏弹性测试表明,HAWP-18是典型的黏弹性结构流体,具有较宽的线性黏弹区,该体系的储能模量G''大于损耗模量G'',并且黏度越大,弹性特征越强;采用稳态剪切测试研究了不同质量浓度HAWP-18的剪切应力与剪切速率的关系,HAWP-18具有触变性,并且触变性随质量浓度增大而增强;使用自制摩阻测试仪测定了不同质量浓度HAWP-1的减阻性能,结果表明,HAWP-18减阻率随质量浓度的增加先上升后降低。HAWP-18的耐剪切性及其良好的黏弹性、触变性和减阻性能为其应用于压裂液提供了实验支撑。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。