可信软件非功能需求形式化表示与可满足分析

可信软件的可信性由其功能需求和非功能需求共同来体现,其中,非功能需求的实现是可信软件获得用户对其行为实现预期目标能力的信任程度的客观依据.针对可信软件的重要性以及对可信软件的迫切需求,在可信软件的早期需求工程阶段,提出可信软件非功能需求驱动的过程策略选取方法.首先,对可信软件需求进行定义,提出由功能需求和非功能需求中的可信关注点构成可信需求,非可信关注点的非功能需求则定义为软目标,用于表达质量需求,基于模糊集合论和信息熵对可信软件非功能需求进行排序并获取可信关注点和软目标.在此基础上,提出可信软件非功能需求驱动的过程策略选取方法.传统的软件早期需求工程阶段的目标是为了获取满足需求的技术及设计决策,与此不同,本文对可信软件非功能需求进行分析的目标是获取过程策略,从过程角度解决可信软件生产问题.由于非功能需求间复杂的相关关系,尤其是因为存在冲突关系,故提出了基于可满足性问题求解方法推理过程策略的方法,选取满足可信软件非功能需求的过程策略.最后,通过第三方可信认证中心软件的案例,说明所提出方法的可行性.     

一种需求驱动的软件可信性评估及演化模型

软件可信性评估模型的构建依赖于对特定应用领域中可信需求的准确提取和指标系统的合理建立.对于体系结构庞大、非功能性需求复杂的软件而言,可信需求往往随着软件运行状态的转移而不断发生变化.由于可信需求的动态演化将直接影响指标系统的稳定性,因此引起了可信软件研究领域专家的广泛关注.针对该问题,给出一种需求驱动的软件可信性评估及演化模型.首先,剖析和总结软件可信性评估过程中涉及的关键技术,如需求分析与指标提取、可信证据采集与转换、可信性评估推理等,讨论了可信性需求演化背景下的可信性评估自主求解问题.其次,为了分析可信属性间的内在联系及可信属性相对权重的变化规律,给出关联矩阵的概念,并在此基础上提出应用于软件可信性评估指标系统自主配置的自适应重构器.最后,给出软件可信性评估及演化模型的整体框架.实验结果证明了该模型的合理性和正确性.     

可信软件非功能需求可满足性经济学方法分析

针对软件可信性的重要性以及非功能需求的策略选取对软件可信性的影响,提出了一种在早期需求工程阶段将用于辅助决策的经济学和需求工程相结合的方法,并提出了可信软件非功能需求可满足性的策略选取框架,以辅助策略选取。首先,对功能需求及经济学方法概念进行了定义和转换,例如,将软件开发过程中的非功能需求看作经济学生产过程中的生产要素、软件的利益相关者看作生产过程中的生产者等;并定义了非功能需求分解模型。在此基础上,基于模糊集合论和信息熵对软件非功能需求进行模糊排序从而获取利益相关者的关键非功能需求,并利用经济学中生产过程的相关方法计算使用策略的可信性效益,辅助策略的选取。以移动基础维护管理平台为例,使用提出的方法,说明了所提方法的可行性。     

考虑历史数据的软件可信演化分析方法

针对软件可信演化中对软件可信性相关属性的需求,提出一种考虑历史数据的软件可信演化分析方法。通过收集软件演化的历史数据,提取软件可信演化相关属性并进行量化,建立软件可信演化着色原则,构建软件可信演化分析图。实验结果表明,通过对软件可信演化分析图中演化单元的观察,可实时、有效、直观地得到内嵌在演化数据中的隐藏信息,以此分析出软件演化是否为可信演化,从而为演化数据的分析提供支持。     

面向服务的构件可信演化策略

针对目前软件动态演化研究很少考虑可信方面的不足,以面向服务的构件为对象,提出一种构件可信演化策略。该策略包括构件可信演化的相关定义、推理规则、计算公式和声望更新模型。在演化过程中,该策略根据构件提供的各种服务的可信性计算出构件的声望值,由构件的声望值向导构件的可信演化,并根据实际演化情况动态更新构件的声望值。最后,通过案例进行分析,验证了该策略的有效性。     

基于领域本体的可信服务组合

针对现有Web服务组合方法缺乏对服务自身属性信任问题的深入考虑,服务组合过程可信需求无法得到保障,提出了一种基于领域本体的可信Web服务组合方法。将服务的非功能属性分为服务质量、服务信任和服务上下文三个主要方面,并采用本体构建工具Protégé构建原子服务本体,利用推理机FaCT++对原始服务集进行本体推理过滤;引入了融合本体推理过滤的Web服务架构;提出了基于层次任务网络(hierarchical tasknetwork,HTN)规划法的可信服务组合算法。仿真实验表明:与传统的组合方法相比,该方法可有效提高服务组合的效率和成功率。     

一种基于信任推理与演化的Web服务组合策略

为解决动态复杂互联网中恶意、欺诈、不诚信服务实体造成的服务组合质量不高的难题,文中基于开放网格服务体系架构(OGSA),建立了以公共信任演化系统和实体信任演化系统为主体构成的信任推理与演化系统;提出了受限于可信实体的信任演化、实体集合的信任演化、逐步逼近评价实体的信任演化等信任演化方法,以改变信任推理中的信任缺失与信任泛化的不足;通过服务实体间信任关系的推导、反演与递推,极大程度地丰富了实体的信任关系,以识别共谋欺骗并克服信任演化中直接信任关系稀小、前期信任匮乏的问题.文中以新的信任推理与演化为基础,提出了一种Web服务组合策略.应用实例及测试结果表明该服务组合策略能够有效地识别实体行为中潜在的风险,克服实体经验差异,较大幅度地提高了服务组合的成功率.     

分级的软件可信评估模型研究及应用

针对软件的可信任问题,展开对软件可信程度的度量和评估的研究,提出了软件质量模型及分级的可信软件评估模型,将软件的信任程度分为存在级、不可信级、可用级、证实级、推荐级、应用级等6个可信级别。基于决策树给出了可信软件等级的评估过程,并将其应用于可信构件平台中。经过测试,系统运行稳定,对高可信软件的开发和重用具有引导作用。     

一种基于上下文窗口的本体演化方法

传统本体演化方法都是顺序地处理多个本体演化需求,其中关于演化代价的影响因素不明确。针对该问题,分析影响演化代价的因素,提出一种基于上下文窗口的本体演化方法,将演化过程转变为图的启发式搜索过程,结合窗口内信息,从局部范围内全局地选择演化路径。实验结果表明,与传统方法相比,该方法能够进一步降低演化代价。     

基于标识符的代码影响域自动化分析方法

装备软件质量评测自动化需求日益提升;装备软件在质量评测过程要经过多轮迭代修改,修改后代码的影响域分析是软件质量评测中重要的一环;目前修改后代码的影响域分析完全依赖人工;由于装备软件代码规模大,人工分析耗时较长,拉长了装备交付周期;为了提高装备软件质量评测的效率,代码影响域的自动化分析的研究势在必行;针对装备软件代码影响域分析问题,提出一种基于标识符的代码修改特征提取方法,该方法可以快速提取大规模代码的修改特征;提出一种基于标识符检测队列的影响域分析方法,可以实现装备软件影响域的快速自动化分析,准确率达85.7％,该方法可以满足现有装备软件影响域自动化分析的需求.     

中文非功能需求描述的识别与分类方法研究

非功能需求描述系统质量相关的属性,是软件设计决策的重要依据和评估标准.与功能需求的描述相比,非功能需求描述通常比较分散,且往往是隐含的.当采集到的需求原始描述内容较多时,逐一进行人工判别和整理需要耗费大量的时间和精力.针对中文自然语言描述的需求文本,提出了自动化的非功能需求识别和分类方法.其中,识别过程旨在从文本中提取出可能包含非功能需求的语句,尽可能地缩小人工检查的范围.分类过程则进一步将包含非功能需求的语句划分到性能、可靠性、可用性、安全性、可维护性这五大类非功能需求类型之中.分类训练和实验测试基于课题组工作项目整理的实验数据集进行,最终,基于一个工业界的实际应用案例数据,验证了方法的有效性.     

Detecting,classifying, and tracing non-functional software requirements

In this paper, we describe a novel unsupervised approach for detecting, classifying, and tracing non-functional software requirements (NFRs). The proposed approach exploits the textual semantics of software functional requirements (FRs) to infer potential quality constraints enforced in the system. In particular, we conduct a systematic analysis of a series of word similarity methods and clustering techniques to generate semantically cohesive clusters of FR words. These clusters are classified into various categories of NFRs based on their semantic similarity to basic NFR labels. Discovered NFRs are then traced to their implementation in the solution space based on their textual semantic similarity to source code artifacts. Three software systems are used to conduct the experimental analysis in this paper. The results show that methods that exploit massive sources of textual human knowledge are more accurate in capturing and modeling the notion of similarity between FR words in a software system. Results also show that hierarchical clustering algorithms are more capable of generating thematic word clusters than partitioning clustering techniques. In terms of performance, our analysis indicates that the proposed approach can discover, classify, and trace NFRs with accuracy levels that can be adequate for practical applications.     

Requirement-oriented risk management for incremental software development

In incremental software development (ISD) functionalities are delivered incrementally and requirements keep on evolving across iterations. The requirements evolution involves the addition of new dependencies and conflicts among functional and non-functional requirements along with changes in priorities and dependency weights. This, in turn, demands refactoring the order of development of system components to minimize the impact of these changes. Neglecting the non-functional constraints in the software development process exposes it to risks that may accumulate across several iterations. In this research work, we propose a risk management framework for ISD processes that provides an estimate of risk exposure for the project when functional features are frozen while ignoring the associations with non-functional requirements. Our framework proposes suitable risk reduction strategies that work in tandem with the risk assessment module. We also provide a tool interface for our risk management framework.

     

Toward automated feature model configuration with optimizing non-functional requirements

ContextA software product line is a family of software systems that share some common features but also have significant variabilities. A feature model is a variability modeling artifact, which represents differences among software products with respect to the variability relationships among their features. Having a feature model along with a reference model developed in the domain engineering lifecycle, a concrete product of the family is derived by binding the variation points in the feature model (called configuration process) and by instantiating the reference model.ObjectiveIn this work we address the feature model configuration problem and propose a framework to automatically select suitable features that satisfy both the functional and non-functional preferences and constraints of stakeholders. Additionally, interdependencies between various non-functional properties are taken into account in the framework.MethodThe proposed framework combines Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) to compute the non-functional properties weights based on stakeholders’ preferences and interdependencies between non-functional properties. Afterwards, Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning is applied to find the optimal feature model configuration.ResultOur approach improves state-of-art of feature model configuration by considering positive or negative impacts of the features on non-functional properties, the stakeholders’ preferences, and non-functional interdependencies. The approach presented in this paper extends earlier work presented in [1] from several distinct perspectives including mechanisms handling interdependencies between non-functional properties, proposing a novel tooling architecture, and offering visualization and interaction techniques for representing functional and non-functional aspects of feature models.Conclusionour experiments show the scalability of our configuration approach when considering both functional and non-functional requirements of stakeholders.     

面向方面的软件非功能特性研究

软件非功能特性的处理一直以来都是困扰着研究人员和开发人员的难题。将面向方面的编程思想运用于软件非功能性的研究打破了传统的软件设计过程,这种研究方法在软件需求分析的初期分离出系统的非功能特性并将这些非功能特性做一个整体的处理,加快了软件开发的进度,提高了生产效率。文中基于面向方面思想,利用著名的非功能特性描述框架NFR对软件非功能特性进行描述,解决了软件关注点组合时产生的冲突问题,为软件非功能特性的处理提供了很好的解决办法。     

基于非功能性特征的软件动态自演化框架

针对软件系统的动态自适应演化要求,提出一个基于非功能性特征的软件动态自演化框架。该框架将非功能性特征与不同目标的方面实现相关联,刻画它们之间的正负影响及权衡关系,并通过对方面实现的动态编织实现动态自演化。实验结果表明,该框架是有效可行的。     

Quality requirements engineering for systems and software architecting: methods, approaches, and tools

Requirements engineering and software architecture are quite mature software engineering sub-disciplines, which often seem to be disconnected for many reasons and it is difficult to perceive the impact of functional and non-functional requirements on architecture and to establish appropriate trace links for traceability purposes. In other cases, the estimation of how non-functional requirements, as the quality properties a system should pose, is not perceived useful enough to produce high-quality software. Therefore, in this special issue, we want to highlight the importance and the role of quality requirements for architecting and building complex software systems that in many cases require multidisciplinary engineering techniques, which increases the complexity of the software development process.