三峡工程对库区水流水质影响预测

利用开发的三峡水库整体一维水流水质数学模型，对三峡水库建成前后的水流水质变化趋势进行预测分析。重点介绍三峡工程建成后，库区水流条件巨大变化对污染物输移转化特性和水质分布的影响。预测结果表明，三峡工程建成后，三斗坪水位175m条件下，回水区断面平均流速比建库前减小4倍左右，平均有机污染物自净降解速率和大气复氧速率比天然河道状况减小1倍。由于污染物在库区滞留时间成倍延长，有机污染物排入水库后的自净降解总量较天然河道状况增大，因而，建库后加水区内断面平均有机污染物浓度较天然河道状况明显下降，但是，断面平均溶解氧浓度与天然河道状况相比也明显降低，对于守恒类污染物，建库前后水质变化不大。因此，三峡工程对库区水质影响有利也有弊。     

RESEARCH ON HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR TIDAL RIVER NETWORKS

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＰｌａｉｎｒｉｖｅｒｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｒｅａｉｓａｌｗａｙｓｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｌｏｗｅｒｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｙ ,ｈｉｇｈｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｃｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｌａｒｇｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔｙｏｆｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ,ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｓｏｍａｎｙｌａｋｅｓ,ｒｉｖｅｒｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ.Ｔｈｉｓｋｉｎｄｏｆａｒｅａｉｓｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｉｎｆｌｕ ｅｎｃｅｄｂｙｔｉｄａｌ,ａｎｄｆｌｏｏｄｏｃｃｕｒｓｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ .Ｈｙｄｒｏｄｙ ｎａｍｉｃｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｉｄａｌ…     

ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN SHALLOW LAKES WITH A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW-SEDIMENT MODEL

The governing equation for sediment pollutions was derived based on the turbulent diffusion of pollutants in shallow lakes. Coupled with shallow water equations, a depth-averaged 2-D flow and water quality model was developed. By means of the conservation law, a proposed differential equation for the change of sediment pollutants was linked to the 2-D equations. Under the framework of the finite volume method, the Osher approximate Riemann solver was employed to solve the equations. An analytical resolution was used to examine the model capabilities. Simulated results matched the exact solutions especially well. As an example, the simulation of CODMn in the Wuli Lake, a part of the Taihu lake, was conducted, which led to reasonable results. This study provides a new approach and a practical tool for the simulation of flow and water quality in shallow lakes.     

RE-AERATION LAW OF WATER FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS

1. INTUODUCTION Due to the strong turbulence of the flow over the spillway, air is entrained into water body making the oxygen content increased. It is important for river, especially for city-river to maintain favorable water quality and ecological envir…     

WATER BREAKTHROUGH SIMULATION IN NATURALLY FRACTURED GAS RESERVOIRS WITH WATER DRIVE

NOMENCLATURE Δt———ti me increment T———fracture trans missibility Vb———bulk volume S———saturation K———formation permeabilityKr———relative permeability q———production rate Ф———fluid potential φ———porosity u———viscosity P———capillary pressure I———the exchange term L———fracture spacing ω———upstream weighting factor δ———shape factor ξ———inertial factor SUBSCRIPTS mac———macrofracture mic———microfracture m———matrix x———x-dire…     

MODELING OF WATER DYNAMICS AND POLLUTANT SPREADING IN THE LUOMAHU RESERVOIR FOR WATER TRANSFER FORM SOUTH TO NORTH OF CHINA

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＷａｔｅｒＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒＦｒｏｍＳｏｕｔｈＴｏＮｏｒｔｈＰｒｏｊｅｃｔ(ＷＴＦＳＴＮＰ)ｉｓａｇｒｅａｔｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｗａｔｅｒｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈａｎｄｃｅｎｔｒａｌｐａｒｔｓｏｆＣｈｉ ｎａ .Ｔｈｉｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ ,ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇＥａｓｔ ,Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ ａｎｄＷｅｓｔ Ｌｉｎｅ ,ｗｉｌｌｄｒａｗｗａｔｅｒｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｔｏｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈａｎｄｃｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＣｈｉｎａｓｏｔｈａ…     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY FOR RIVER-TYPE RESERVOIRS

ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＱＵＡＮＴＩＴＹＡＮＤＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＦＯＲＲＩＶＥＲ－ＴＹＰＥＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＳＷａｎｇＨｕｉ－ｍｉｎ（ＨｏｈａｉＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００９８，Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｃｈｉｎａ）（Ｒｅｃｅｉ...     

INTERVAL FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR UNCERTAINTY SIMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL RIVER WATER QUALITY

Under the interval uncertainties, by incorporating the discretization form of finite volume method and interval algebra theory, an Interval Finite Volume Method (IFVM) was developed to solve water quality simulation issues for two-dimensional river when lacking effective data of flow velocity and flow quantity. The IFVM was practically applied to a segment of the Xiangiiang River because the Project of Hunan Inland Waterway Multipurpose must be started working after the environmental impact assessment for it. The simulation results suggest that there exist rather apparent pollution zones of BODs downstream the Dongqiaogang discharger and that of COD downstream Xiaoxiangjie discharger, but the pollution sources have no impact on the safety of the three water plants located in this river segment. Although the developed IFVM is to be perfected, it is still a powerful tool under interval uncertainties for water environmental impact assessment, risk analysis, and water quality planning, etc. besides water quality simulation studied in this paper.     

WATER QUALITY MODELING AND POLLUTION CONTROL FOR THE EASTERN ROUTE OF SOUTH TO NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT IN CHINA

1.INTRODUCTION South to North Water Transfer Project in Chinais designed to solve water shortage problem and support sustainable social and economic development in northern China.Eastern Route Project(ERP)is one of the three components of the water transfer project.Pumping water from the Yangtze River in Yangzhou,Jiangsu Province,ERP utilizes the Grand Canal and its parallel rivers to transfer water from south to north.It also employs Hongze Lake,Huoma Lake,Nansi Lake and Dongp…     

3-D TURBULENT FLOW SIMULATION FOR THE TAIL WATER CHANNEL

３－ＤＴＵＲＢＵＬＥＮＴＦＬＯＷＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＦＯＲＴＨＥＴＡＩＬＷＡＴＥＲＣＨＡＮＮＥＬＧｕａｎＪｉａｎ－ｙｏｎｇ；ＣｈｅｎＢｉ－ｈｏｎｇ（ＤａｌｉａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｄａｌｉａｎ１１６０２３，Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｃｈｉｎａ...     

FUZZY MODEL FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL RIVER WATER QUALITY SIMULATION UNDER SUDDEN POLLUTANTS DISCHARGED

Based on the fuzziness and impreciseness of water environmental system, the fuzzy arithmetic was used to simulate the fuzzy and imprecise relations in modeling river water quality. By defining the parameters of water quality model as symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers, a two-dimensional fuzzy water quality model for sudden pollutant discharge is established. From the fuzzy model, the pollutant concentrations, corresponding to the specified confidence level of α, can be obtained by means of the α-cut technique and arithmetic operations of triangular fuzzy numbers. Study results reveal that it is feasible in theory and reliable on calculation applying triangular fuzzy numbers to the simulation of river water quality.     

THREE－DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND WATER QUALITY IN COASTAL WATERS

ＴＨＲＥＥ－ＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＭＯＤＥＬＬＩＮＧＯＦＨＹＤＲＯＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＡＮＤＷＡＴＥＲＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＩＮＣＯＡＳＴＡＬＷＡＴＥＲＳ￥ＳｈｅｎＹｏｎｇ－ｍｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｉｖｉｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＤａｌｉａｎＵｎｉｖ...     

A COUPLED MODEL OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND WATER QUALITY FOR YUQIAO RESERVOIR IN HAIHE RIVER BASIN

In order to simulate the characteristics of hydrodynamic field and mass transport processes in the Yuqiao Reservoir （YQR）, a 2-D coupled model of hydrodynamics and water quality was developed, and the water-quality related state variables in this model included CODMn, TN and TP. The hydrodynamic model was driven by employing observed winds and daily measured flow data to simulate the seasonal water cycle of the reservoir. The simulation of the mass transport and transformation processes of CODMn, TN and TP was based on the unsteady diffusion equations, driven by observed meteorological forcing and external loadings, with the fluxes form the bottom of reservoir and the plant photosynthesis and respiration as internal sources and sinks. A finite volume method and Alternating Direction Implicit （ADI） scheme were used to solve these equations. The model was calibrated and verified by using the data observed from YQR in two different years. The results showed that in YQR, the wind-driven current was an important style of lake current, while the concentration of water quality item was decreasing from east to west because of the external pollutant loadings. There was a good agreement between the simulated and measured values, with the minimal calculation error percent of 0.1% and 2.6% and the mean error percent of 44.0% and 51.2% for TN and TP separately. The simulation also showed that, in YQR, the convection was the main process in estuaries of inflow river, and diffusion and biochemical processes dominate in center of reservoir. So it was necessary to build a pre-pond to reduce the external loadings into the reservoir.     

ESTIMATION OF WATER TABLE ELEVATION BY UNIVERSAL COKRIGING

When water resource or quality problems assoelated with phreatic water in geological settings are studied,information about water table elevations is often crucial. In those eases where the water table is a subdued replica of the ground surface, universal cokriging can be used to estimate water table elevations at un sampled locations on the basis of water table and ground surface elevation measurements obrained at well locations. In this paper, universal cokriging,with ground surface elevation considered as a co variate, was used to estimate water table elevations. Universal cokriging equations were derived, an iterative method for obtaining experimental variograms was established, and a ease study of an initial groundwater flow simulation in the Xiuwu County,Henan Province, China, was presented. In the ease study,the initial groundwater flow regime was represented both by universal cokriging with the ground surface elevation serving as a covariate and by universal kriging without the inclusion of ground surface elevation as a covariate. A comparison of the results from these two approaches shows that groundwater levels of phreatic water at locations without measurements in regions with unconsolidated porous media can be estimated more accurately by universal cokriging.     

DISTRIBUTED WATER BALANCE WITH RIVER DYNAMIC-DIFFUSIVE FLOW ROUTING MODEL

This article focuses on the application of coupling both river dynamic and river diffusive modeling techniques that can be used with distributed water balance model. In an upstream watershed, both overland and river diffusive flows are routed by diffusive wave approximation of the free surface flow equations. In river downstream reaches, the river dynamic flow is routed by one-dimensional dynamic wave equations (full dynamic St. Venant equations with lateral flow). The developed model is applied in a part of Arakawa River basin, Kanto area, Japan. The geographic data of river cross sections could be accurately represented by an 11-point cross-section approximation. The effects of both the grid size and lateral flow on the simulated results of the river dynamic flow model were studied. The grid size should be greater than the average width of the river cross-sections. The lateral flow from small drainage systems has significant effects on the simulated results using the river dynamic flow model. The simulated results show good and acceptable agreements with the observed flow discharges and water depths. Both the river discharge and water depth at any location of river network of compound channels with one/two complex floodplains could be correctly estimated.     

BASIC THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF URBAN RAINSTORM WATER LOGGING

In this paper, a mathematical model for the urban rainstorm water logging was established on the basis of one- and two-dimensional unsteady flow theory and the technique of non-structural irregular grid division. The continuity equation was discretized with the finite volume method. And the momentum equations were differently simplified and dis-cretized for different cases. A method of “special passage” was proposed to deal with small-scale rivers and open channels. The urban drainage system was simplified and simulated in the model. The method of “open slot” was applied to coordinate the alternate calculation of open channel flow and pressure flow in drainage pipes. The model has been applied in Tianjin City and the verification is quile satisfactory.     

浅析CSTR水质模型在赣江流域的应用

利用CSTR模型的方法建立了适应于赣江流域复杂河流系统的水质模型，对可以获得的赣江流域水质模型数据进行了分析，同时还对模型进行了验证．结果表明：所建立的水质数学模型能够达到赣江流域预定的规划目标的要求，模似的结果是比较可靠．只是水文数据在空间上比较稀疏，污染源统计数据可信度比较低，但单个水文站点能够比较好地反映流量和其它水文参数的时间变化过程．     

EVALUATING TRADEOFFS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW PROTECTIONS AND AGRICULTURAL WATER SECURITY

River basin managers responsible for water allocation decisions are increasingly required to evaluate tradeoffs between environmental flow protections and human water security. However, the basin‐scale effects of environmental flow regulations on water users are not well understood, in part because analyses are complicated by the spatial and temporal variation in water availability, human demands, and ecosystem needs. Here, we examine alternative regional environmental flow policies and their effects on a distributed network of water users in a small (182 km²) river basin in coastal California. We use a hydrologic model to simulate water diversion operations under three policy scenarios and quantify potential impacts to bypass flows for adult migrating salmon and agricultural water storage. The results indicate that there are inherent tradeoffs between environmental flows and agricultural water security, with the most restrictive environmental policy associated with the greatest impacts to water users. Surprisingly, the moderate environmental flow policy had larger impacts to bypass flows than the unregulated management scenario, suggesting that ecological benefits of the moderate policy are small relative to the adverse effects on agricultural water users. Conflicts between environmental and human water needs were greatest in upper catchments (<2.5 km²), where flow protections caused the greatest reduction in water storage. Although natural supplies were adequate for meeting water needs in most years regardless of policy restrictions, potential for conflict between environmental flow protections and water security was evident in dry years. Therefore, strategies are particularly needed for drought‐year water management to ensure adequate environmental flows while reducing human water allocations in an equitable manner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CONICAL SWIRLING WATER JET FLOW

This paper is concerned with theoretical and experimental study on theconical swirling water jet flow.Based upon the theoretical analysis,the experiment on thestructural characteristics of swirling water jet flow including the velocity and pressure dis-tribution laws,on which the parameters of the jet,nozzle and directional blades havemore or less influence,was carried out in CSSRC by using a 3-D LDV in order to optimizea new high-efficiency jet instead of swirling drilling bit for rock-breaking and continuouslydrilling,and to meet the demand of radial horizontal drilling technology.Meanwhile basedon the experimental results,the numerical simulation was conducted for the conicalswirling water jet in the immersed well-bottom flow by solving the RANS equations in the3-D body-fitted coordinate system with the k-ε turbulence model.The numerical resultsare consistent with the experimental data,and lead to some conclusions which are impor-tant for applying the conical swirling water jet to the petroleum drill     

THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VENTILATED SUPER CAVITY SHAPE IN WATER TUNNEL AND INFINITE FLOW FIELD

In order to understand the difference of ventilated supercavity in water tunnel and infinite flow field, 3-D numerical simulations are carried out to obtain the ventilated supercavity in above mentioned conditions based on RANS equations, using the finite volume method and SST turbulence model in the framework of the two fluid multiphase flow model. The numerical method adopted in this article for the infinite flow field and water tunnel experiments is validated by comparing results with those of empirical formulas and experimental data. On this basis the difference between water tunnel experiments and infinite flow field is studied, including the influence of the route loss and the blocking effect in the water tunnel. Finally, some suggestions are made for water tunnel experiments.