等离子弧内孔喷涂在发动机气缸强化中的应用

为了减小汽车的自身质量,降低燃油的消耗,研究开发了一种新的热喷涂技术——等离子弧内孔旋转喷涂技术,用于喷涂汽车发动机气缸内壁,来取代在气缸内镶嵌铸铁缸套的传统方法。在汽车行业中,等离子弧涂层可以使活塞环和气缸内壁的摩擦系数明显减少20%~30%;依据喷涂材料的不同,使耐磨性系数从3提高到10,还可以减少2%~4%的燃料消耗。此技术增强了气缸内壁的耐磨性和润滑性,延长了发动机的使用寿命及效率,降低了成本。本文简要介绍了等离子内孔旋转喷涂技术的工作原理、发展前景及国内外的发展动态。与传统的铸铁镶套法相比,发动机缸体的大小及其自身质量都能够显著减小,使汽车轻量化成为可能。     

热喷涂 Mo 及 Mo 基复合涂层研究进展

热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层因熔点高、硬度高、耐磨损、耐腐蚀及高温性能稳定等诸多特点,而广泛应用于机械零件生产及表面修复。随着以资源有效利用和机械产品再制造为一体的可持续发展战略不断推进,此类涂层将拥有更为广阔的应用前景。首先介绍了国内外在热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层方面的研究发展和应用现状;随后依据热喷涂技术的发展历程,分别总结论述了不同热喷涂技术,即火焰喷涂(普通火焰喷涂、高速火焰喷涂)、等离子喷涂(普通等离子喷涂、超音速等离子喷涂、微束等离子喷涂、低压等离子喷涂)及电热爆炸喷涂中,Mo及Mo基复合涂层的制备工艺、涂层性能特点及存在的问题;接着指出了热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层在新概念武器、航空航天等高科技领域的应用前景。最后,就进一步拓展Mo及Mo基复合涂层在贫油减摩、高温高速耐磨、高温耐腐蚀及氧化等复杂环境下的应用范围,结合热喷涂技术的研究热点及发展方向,指出了未来热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层在材料组分设计和工艺优化研究中应重点关注的方面。     

内孔热喷涂技术的研究现状与展望

在机械制造、石油化工、航空航天和钢铁冶金等工业领域,存在着很多关键而重要的内孔类零部件,例如：发动机气缸体、燃气轮机壳体、液压机构仝缸和各种泵送管路等。内孔类零部件常服役于极端温度、腐蚀介质、高比负荷等苛刻工况下,易于发生严重的磨损、腐蚀失效。内孔热喷涂技术是在零件内壁制备涂层的重要方法,可以对内孔类零部件进行强化改性或对报废零件实施再制造。文中首先从技术原理、作业方式、发展历程和工业应用等方面系统介绍了内孔等离子粉末喷涂、内孔等离子丝材喷涂、内孔超音速火焰喷涂和内孔电弧喷涂4种最典型的内孔热喷涂技术。在此基础上,全面对比了各项技术的优、缺点,包括工艺成本、选材范围和涂层性能等。随后分别从涂层结合强度提升、涂层孔隙和厚度控制、涂层残余应力调控等方面指出了内孔喷涂工艺相比于普通外缘喷涂的特殊性,并总结了相应的技术难点,包括喷涂距离受限、局部热量累积、粉尘聚集和污染等等。最后指出,进一步揭示涂层微观成形机理、提升涂层与基体结合强度、发展多种表面技术复合工艺等是内孔热喷涂技术今后的重点研究方向。     

反应等离子喷涂 TiN 涂层的研究进展

TiN具有硬度高、韧性好、摩擦系数小、化学性能稳定等优点,广泛应用于刀具、装饰、表面防护等领域。目前制备TiN涂层的方法有很多,如气相沉积、热喷涂、电镀等,反应等离子喷涂则是最常用的金属-陶瓷复合涂层制备方法。概述了反应等离子喷涂技术的基本原理和分类,包括反应等离子喷涂涂层的形成过程及工艺的优缺点。综述了反应等离子喷涂TiN涂层的喷涂工艺及性能的研究进展,包括涂层的制备方法(原位合成法、烧结破碎法)和性能特点,重点分析了涂层的力学性能、耐磨损性能、耐腐蚀性能,并提出了可以依靠热处理工艺或封孔技术来提高涂层的耐腐蚀性能。依据实验和查阅的文献,反应等离子喷涂结合了自蔓延高温合成技术和等离子喷涂技术,可以制备质量优良的厚TiN涂层(500μm),是一种新型的低成本涂层制备技术,但是反应等离子喷涂制备TiN涂层存在孔隙率较高(5%~10%)、结合强度较低(50 MPa)的问题。分别从技术、设备、工艺、后处理四个方面总结了改善涂层质量的相应措施,展望了今后的研究发展方向。     

等离子喷涂制备典型涂层研究进展

从航空航天到交通运输、电子设备和医疗器械等,大大小小的行业中均可见到涂层的应用,涉及到这些领域的涂层种类主要有耐磨、耐蚀涂层、热障涂层、压电陶瓷涂层和生物陶瓷涂层等。等离子喷涂技术具有喷涂材料范围广、工艺简单等优点,是制备上述典型涂层的常用工艺方法。虽然同种工艺可制备出不同种类涂层,但由于所选的喷涂材料、喷涂参数不同,所获得的涂层性能和涂层结构之间也存在着一定差异,须对等离子喷涂各类涂层的研究进行分析与总结。基于此,文中简要介绍了国内外等离子喷涂涂层的应用现状,之后从不同种类涂层功能需求和技术特点出发,分析喷涂工艺对涂层结构和性能的影响。最后对提升涂层性能的工艺方法进行总结,并对今后等离子喷涂涂层技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

水下等离子弧喷涂工艺及设备的国内外发展概况

水下等离子喷涂是一种新型的热喷涂工艺方法,它既提高了热喷涂涂层的质量,又减少了热喷涂对环境的污染.在这期的焊接沙龙中,我们特邀了一位热喷涂专家王志平博士,请他谈谈水下等离子弧喷涂的发展现状和应用前景,以及这种新工艺的基本原理、独特的工艺特点及未来发展的技术关键.     

Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层等离子喷涂工艺参数的优化

采用正交试验方法研究了等离子喷涂工艺参数对Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层显微硬度的影响,并应用极差分析方法对试验结果进行了分析.结果表明,影响涂层性能的因素从主到次依次为喷涂距离、电流、送粉气流量和电压.Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层最佳的等离子喷涂工艺参数是电流500 A,电压65 V,喷涂距离100 mm,送粉气流量7 L/min.采用优化后的等离子喷涂工艺制备的涂层,粒子熔化充分,涂层均匀致密,孔隙率低,界面结合良好,是高质量的热喷涂涂层.     

高效能超音速等离子喷涂粒子特性及涂层特点

超音速等离子喷涂技术是热喷涂技术的关键技术之一.从基础及应用的角度,研究了高效能超音速等离子(HEPJet)喷涂粒子的特性,探讨了高效能超音速等离子在制备Ni/Al等金属及其合金涂层、WC-Co金属陶瓷涂层、ZrO2等氧化物陶瓷涂层上的特点.结果表明,高效能超音速等离子喷涂系统具有焰流温度高、射流速度快等特点;制备的涂层粒子变形充分,涂层均匀,孔隙率低,结合强度高,涂层质量好;可将适用于喷涂的所有粉末材料制备成高质量涂层.     

锅炉“四管”用耐磨耐蚀涂层研究进展

总结了锅炉"四管"失效的形式和机理.热腐蚀和高温冲蚀磨损是锅炉"四管"失效的主要原因,采用热喷涂金属涂层、陶瓷涂层及金属陶瓷复合涂层等可以有效控制热腐蚀和高温冲蚀磨损.目前制备高性能涂层常用的方法有等离子喷涂、电弧喷涂、超音速火焰喷涂等.详细介绍了高镍铬合金涂层的研究状况和喷涂工艺的特点,最后展望了纳米结构涂层在该领域的研究进展和应用前景.     

等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层的研究

前言等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层具有高硬度、高熔点、耐磨、耐腐蚀、隔热、绝缘等特点,已成为近年来热喷涂行业研究发展的重要方向,并日益广泛地应用于零部件的表面防护与强化。等离子涂层的质量直接与等离子喷涂的工艺有关;根据各种氧化物陶瓷粉末,     

等离子喷涂高铬铸铁涂层的摩擦学性能

针对铝合金缸体内壁油性腐蚀环境中的摩擦工况,采用大气等离子喷涂制得了高铬铸铁涂层和316L不锈钢涂层,采用维氏显微硬度计、图像分析软件、台式扫描电子显微镜及热场发射扫描电子显微镜分别对显微硬度、孔隙率、涂层厚度及结构进行了测试和分析。采用球-盘式往复摩擦试验机对比研究了两种涂层与典型缸套材料HT200灰铸铁在大气环境、纯发动机油润滑环境和模拟发动机腐蚀性油润滑环境下的摩擦学性能。结果表明:高铬铸铁涂层在腐蚀性发动机油环境中表现出好的摩擦磨损性能。     

等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层的研究进展

在汽车上使用轻质铝合金发动机可以有效减少燃油消耗和环境污染,但铝合金的耐磨损性能较差,从而造成发动机工作过程中气缸壁面容易磨损。利用表面改性技术对铝合金表面进行强化处理,可以满足其作为滑动部件在高载荷条件下的使用要求。灰铸铁较低的成本和其中石墨的自润滑作用,使其成为铝合金发动机气缸表面保护涂层材料的首选。等离子喷涂技术以其高效率和灵活性在表面强化领域受到广泛应用。因此,利用等离子喷涂制备灰铸铁涂层成为改善铝合金发动机气缸表面耐磨性的有效方法之一。但是,由于等离子喷涂过程中熔滴冷却速度极快,等离子喷涂很难得到含大量石墨组织的灰铸铁涂层。以调控灰铸铁涂层中的石墨含量为目的,总结了等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层的研究现状,以及基体温度、颗粒尺寸、添加合金元素等对熔滴冷却速度的影响,并以此为基础,结合凝固理论分析了在涂层中保留灰铸铁粉末中的石墨组织的可行性,同时分析了在铸铁涂层中保留石墨所面临的主要问题,并提出了解决这些问题的主要措施。最后就在等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层中保留石墨的研究方向进行了展望。     

Thermal spraying of cylinder bores with the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc process

Engine blocks of passenger cars made of hypoeutectic AlSi-alloys are generally equipped with cast iron liners in order to provide cylinder running surfaces that meet the tribological requirements. Thermally sprayed cylinder running surfaces are a promising alternative to cast iron liners. APS sprayed cylinder running surfaces made from low alloyed C steel have already proven their ability to reduce friction losses within the engine. Additional potential to reduce friction losses is offered by novel, and highly alloyed iron based surface building materials. This work describes the development of such materials and their application by the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc internal diameter coating process. The feedstocks lead to partially amorphous coatings with embedded boridic nanoscale precipitations if processed by thermal spraying. The coatings were applied onto the inner diameters of test liners made of aluminium EN AW 6060 and onto cylinder bore walls of an in-line 4 cylinder engine. Prior to coating, all surfaces to be coated were pre-treated by a novel fine boring process in order to create a surface topography which enables the adherence of the coatings. The coatings microstructures were analysed by light optical microscopy, hardness measuring and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore the oil storage capacities of the honed surfaces were determined.     

气缸套台架实验花斑状缺陷分析

薄壁铸铁气缸套在台架实验后内表面出现化斑状缺陷.通过实验分析该缺陷产生的原因,得出以下结论:花斑状缺陷是山于气缸套本身的整体刚度不够,其工作过程中的机械负荷和热负荷造成的一种缸套失圆变形.要消除花斑状缺陷,应改进缸套的铸造成型环节,以提高气缸套的整体刚度.     

Plasma sprayed cast iron coatings containing solid lubricant graphite and h-BN structure

Water-atomized cast iron powder of Fe-2.17 at.%C-9.93at.%Si-3.75at.%Al were deposited onto an aluminum alloy substrate by atmospheric direct current plasma spraying to improve its tribological properties. Preannealing of the cast iron powder allows the precipitation of considerable amounts of graphite structure in the powder. However, significant reduction in graphitized carbon in cast iron coatings is inevitable after plasma spraying in air atmosphere due to the in-flight burning and dissolution into molten iron droplets. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powders, which have excellent lubricating properties like graphite, were incorporated into the cast iron powder as a solid lubricant by the sintering process (1300°C) to obtain protective coatings with a low friction coefficient. The performance of each coating was evaluated using a ring-on-disk-type wear tester under a paraffin-based oil condition in an air atmosphere. A conventional cast iron liner, which had a flaky graphite embedded in the pearlitic matrix, was also tested under similar conditions for comparison. Sections of worn surfaces and debris were characterized, and the wear behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings was discussed. The original version of this paper was published in the CD ROM Thermal Spray Connects: Explore Its Surfacing Potential, International Thermal Spray Conference, sponsored by DVS, ASM International, and HW International Institute of Welding, Basel, Switzerland, May 2–4, 2005, DVS-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.     

内燃机薄壁合金铸铁缸套金属型覆砂铸造工艺

论述中、小型内燃机薄壁合金铸铁缸套金属型覆砂铸造的工作原理、工艺特点和生产工艺流程 ;根据缸套铸件 -覆砂层-金属型系统热交换传热准则理论 ,在初步试验基础上提出了确定该工艺生产缸套铸件必须控制的主要工艺参数 :缸套铸件壁厚、覆砂层厚度、金属型壁厚。     

Thermal spraying of reactive materials to form wear-resistant composite coatings

The dispersion of more than 20 vol.% submicrometer ceramic particles within a metallic matrix and the deposition of such a cermet to form a thick and tough coating presents problems. Most of the coating techniques have failed in attempting to homogeneously disperse very fine and hard particles in large amounts while avoiding their decomposition or reaction with the metal matrix during the deposition process. A simple and efficient method has been developed for producing ceramic-containing composite coatings. It consists in synthesizing cermet-based materials and in depositing them by a rapid solidification process such as thermal spraying. Boride- and carbide-based materials have been successfully obtained by plasma spraying reactive powders comprising the basic reagents. These materials, with a microstructure of submicrometer ceramic particles dispersed in a metallic matrix, exhibit good wear-resistant properties (abrasion and sliding wear). Finally, reactive core wire arc spraying is suggested as a flexible way to produce coatings containing up to 25 vol.% TiB₂.     

铸铁及其表面碳化钨涂层的电化学行为

考察了甲醇汽油发动机缸套材料铸铁及其表面碳化钨涂层在甲酸水溶液中的腐蚀性能,并研究了其电化学腐蚀行为;采用电化学腐蚀中的极化曲线和电化学阻抗来表征其电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明：碳化钨涂层可有效地改善甲醇汽油发动机缸套材料铸铁的耐腐蚀性能;与铸铁相比,碳化钨涂层的自腐蚀电位高、自腐蚀电流小;同时碳化钨涂层使铸铁表面电荷的传输电阻变大,抑制了铸铁在甲酸溶液中的自放电功能,阻碍了电化学腐蚀的进行,从而有效地保护发动机缸套材料铸铁。     

In Situ Particle Behavior of Cast Iron Powder by Suspension Plasma Spraying

An important issue for atmospheric plasma sprayed metal coatings is the oxidation involved during processing that significantly affects its phase composition and microstructure and thus the overall coating properties. In this study, suspension thermal spraying was used to manufacture cast iron coatings with high amounts of graphite carbon as solid-lubricant, because graphite structure is considerably diminished in molten droplets of the spray material due to the dissolution into molten iron and/or the oxidation. Additional graphite formation based on the soot reaction of liquid hydrocarbon was observed. Oxidation strongly affects the soot reaction during suspension thermal spraying. Therefore, setting-up of a shroud around the plasma plume is quite effective to prevent the oxidation of hydrocarbon.