A US perspective on standards development

The foundation for the interconnected society of the 21st century is being built today. The key to having this become a reality is the availability of compatible national, regional, and global communications standards. Committee T1 Telecommunications has played increasing important standards development roles in the US and global telecommunications industries. Committee Tl's dual roles of a US standards developer and an initiator of global standards harmonization contribute to satisfying the users' desires that it be as easy to communicate across the country or around the world as it is to communicate across the street. The key technologies of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), personal communications services (PCS), and synchronous optical network (SONET) are but a few of the topics for which standards have been developed in Committee T1, and for which standardization of extensions and enhancements continue. These areas have also been among the topics Committee T1 has targeted for standards harmonization     

Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits in Eastern Europe

Eastern European standards on radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure limits (EL) are reviewed. These standards are mandatory. Additional standards specify requirements for equipment and methods for RFR measurements to determine compliance. The standards are based on USSR ELs with the exception of Poland and Czechoslovakia, where different approaches to exposure limitation were used. According to informal private communications, a new joint recommendation on RFR ELs for all countries belonging to the Council of Mutual Economic Cooperation (COMECON) is being developed. As far as can be judged from recent USSR publications, the new recommendations will establish ELs at levels comparable to those indicated in the international guidelines developed by the International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (INIRC/IRPA).     

Trends in the standardization of telecommunications on GII,multimedia, and other network technologies and services

Global standardization is becoming more and more important in achieving a global information infrastructure (GII). Telecommunication and information standardization organizations such as the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Joint Technical Committee (JTC) have each set up special groups to focus on determining standards for GII. This article presents the activities of these organizations as they relate to GII. It also reviews the current status of standards for multimedia, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)/broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN), Universal Personal Telecommunications (UPT), Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS), and telecommunications management network (TMN), which are all key elements in GII     

Domestic standards in a changing world [telecommunications]

As users demand ever-greater diversity and worldwide interconnectivity, domestic and global standards must become compatible. The author discusses the characteristics of the standards and how they are developed. The organizational procedures and activities of the TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee) are then described     

Technology 1993-new technology directions

Among noteworthy developments last year, the IEEE New Technology Directions Committee (NTDC) identified seven goals for electrotechnology in communications, transportation, and energy. Some emerging technologies crucial to meeting these goals are highlighted. The NTDC is working with the New Opportunities in Standards Committee of the IEEE Standards Board on a series of documents intended to help fill the void between technical papers and standards. NTDC is also identifying areas of technology not addressed by IEEE entities to facilitate the formation of intersociety committees in such areas     

Management and control of CCSDS cross-support services

A candidate architecture for management and control of Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) services is presented. An operations concept is presented. Candidate management procedures and a management information base for the resources to be managed are suggested. This architecture is based on concepts of network management of computer and telecommunication networks which are under study by other international standards bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT)     

The evolution of HDTV in the work of the CCIR

The development of television system standards in the CIR (International Radio Consultative Committee) is reviewed. Background and results of the extraordinary meeting on high-definition television (HDTV) of CCIR Study Group II are presented. The arguments for a global studio standard for HDTV are examined as are the proposals for achieving this objective. The evolution toward digital systems and the preparation of emission/transmission standards is summarized. Cost, size, weight, and time frame are seen to be major constraints     

Intelligent network overview

The International Consultative Committee for Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) program of work that addresses global international intelligent network (IN) standards and a framework for the standardized evolution of IN are described. Bell Communication Research's (Bellcore's) IN work, referred to as the Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN), is also discussed in relation to the CCITT IN Recommendations. In addition, IN activities of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC) of Japan are described     

International standards in radio communication

A REVIEW is given of some of the international technical standards activities and Recommendations of the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) for radio communications. A new Recommendation for the digital coding of television signals provides a basis for a single world standard for video signals in broadcasting studios, recording, and exchange of programs. Work is underway on high-definition television and a standard for satellite direct broadcasting downlink. Fixed satellite earth-station antenna standards (developed earlier), and performance criteria for satellite links in the integrated services digital network are being improved. Digital microwave radio relay standards include allowable bit error ratio, channel arrangements, and baseband interconnection. Mobile service Recommendations include system standards for VHF/UHF automated radiotelephony, a future global maritime distress and safety system, and radio paging codes and formats. Standards for the use of ARQ in HF and maritime communications, and the use of Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) in international telecommunications, are based on CCIR Recommendations.     

Video compression makes big gains

How new standards for video compression and new IC chips will change the worlds of computing, broadcasting, and communication is discussed. An explanation of how video compression works is given. The three digital video standards that have been proposed are described. They are the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) standard for still picture compression, the Consultative Committee on International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) Recommendation H.261 for video teleconferencing, and the Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) for full-motion compression on digital storage media. Some available chip sets are described, and the issue of design flexibility is considered     

Standardized Fiber Optic Transmission Systems-A Synchronous Optical Network View

The deployment of fiber optic systems has drastically altered the complexion of the digital network, and standardization of optical interface parameters has assumed paramount importance. This paper reports on the activities in various standards organizations, with emphasis on a synchronous network proposal which is currently being discussed in the T1 Committee.     

North American agreements on ISDN

The work of the North American Integrated Services Digital Network Users Forum (NIUF) is presented, and its relationship to the Accredited Standards Committee T1 and other standards bodies is discussed. The role of the NIUF within the ISDN arena is evident when considering the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for ISDN and the Transcontinental ISDN Project (TRIP), both of which are described. The relationship of the ISDN FIPS to the Government Open System Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) and the military standard on ISDN are also discussed. A comparison of NIUF agreements/ISDN standards and the Bellcore NI-1 specifications is presented     

Frame relaying and the fast packet switching concepts and issues

High-speed networking based on frame relaying and fast packet switching are discussed, and the distinctions between the two technologies are clarified. Some of the recent International Consultative Committee for Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) standards are examined, and the remaining issues for implementing these services are addressed. Particular attention is given to congestion control issues in ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) and frame relay networks. Some industry implementations are briefly reviewed     

Non‐binary protograph low‐density parity‐check codes for space communications

Protograph‐based non‐binary low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes with ultra‐sparse parity‐check matrices are compared with binary LDPC and turbo codes (TCs) from space communication standards. It is shown that larger coding gains are achieved, outperforming the binary competitors by more than 0.3 dB on the additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGN). In the short block length regime, the designed codes gain more than 1 dB with respect to the binary protograph LDPC codes recently proposed for the next generation up‐link standard of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive functionality in next generation wireless networks: standardization efforts [cognitive radio communications]

This article discusses recent standardization efforts related to cognitive radio focusing on the work of IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 41, formerly known as IEEE 1900. Some important tasks to be performed by the CR standardization community also are presented. These tasks will expedite the introduction of CR devices to the market while promoting a fair use of scarce radio resources. Some avenues for using the currently available standards for rapid deployment of CR devices, such as ISO standards, also are discussed.     

Evolution of metropolitan area networks to broadband ISDN

Broadband architecture and network evolution strategies based on interface standards emerging from the IEEE 802.6 MAN Committee and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) T1S1 and CCITT Working Groups on broadband integrated services digital networks (BISDN) are outlined. The recent history of both the MAN and BISDN standards activities is traced, and some of the motivations behind specific developments are discussed. In the context, local area networks (LANs) and MANs are compared and contrasted, with special attention given to requirements specific to a public MAN. The convergence of the MAN and BISDN protocols is examined. The benefits of commonality between these two standards are described in terms of lower-cost network architectures, and terminal equipment is examined. It is shown that broadband networks can exploit the synergy between 802.6-based MANs and wider-area BISDN networks, and that 802.6-based MANs can gracefully evolve into countrywide networks using BISDN asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching. Example networks are used to illustrate the evolution proposals     

The European perspective for telecommunication standards

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute is guiding the continent-wide progress toward a unified telecommunications market. The objective of the Institute is to produce the technical standards which are necessary to achieve a large unified European telecommunications market. Further, the principal role of the Institute is technical prestandardization and standardization at the European level in the following fields: areas common to telecommunications and information technology subject to decisions by the Information Technology Steering Committee (ITSTC); and areas common to telecommunications and sound and TV broadcasting in cooperation with other organizations such as the European Broadcasting Union. The activities of the Institute build upon worldwide standards, existing or in preparation, and contribute to the production of harmonized new worldwide standards in the same fields     

Network interconnection and gateways

Major technical issues for interconnecting computer networks that must be solved, which include selection of a protocol level at which to interconnect, addressing, routing, fragmentation, and congestion control, are discussed. Specialized gateway devices used to interconnect networks and implement any necessary internet protocols are examined. Two leading alternatives have been developed by the DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Internet community (datagram internet protocol) and by the CCITT (International Telegraphy and Telephony Consultative Committee) for public data networks (concatenation of virtual circuits). The new ISO standards encompass both approaches, but providing interoperability between them is still a problem