Utilisation of transparent synthetic soil surrogates in geotechnical physical models: A review

Efforts to obtain non-intrusive measurement of deformations and spatial flow within soil mass prior to the advent of transparent soils have perceptible limitations. The transparent soil is a two-phase medium composed of both the synthetic aggregate and fluid components of identical refractive indices aiming at attaining transparency of the resulting soil. The transparency facilitates real life visualisation of soil continuum in physical models. When applied in conjunction with advanced photogrammetry and image processing techniques, transparent soils enable the quantification of the spatial deformation, displacement and multi-phase flow in physical model tests. Transparent synthetic soils have been successfully employed in geotechnical model tests as soil surrogates based on the testing results of their geotechnical properties which replicate those of natural soils. This paper presents a review on transparent synthetic soils and their numerous applications in geotechnical physical models. The properties of the aggregate materials are outlined and the features of the various transparent clays and sands available in the literature are described. The merits of transparent soil are highlighted and the need to amplify its application in geotechnical physical model researches is emphasised. This paper will serve as a concise compendium on the subject of transparent soils for future researchers in this field.     

The reliability of CPTu and DMT for the mechanical characterisation of soft tailings

Nowadays, the stability and the safe cover and closure of soft tailings has become one of the most challenging topics in geotechnical and environmental engineering. For appropriate analysis and modelling, geotechnical properties of tailings should be well defined. Due to low strength, viscous nature and poor trafficability, as well as due to the specific geometrical properties of fine particles and pore water chemistry in tailings, different test methods and their modification and improvements must be used for valid and reliable characterisation of tailings. This paper analyses and compares the results of different field test methods, piezocone penetration test (CPTu), flat dilatometer test (DMT) and field vane test (FVT), performed on the red gypsum sludge and complementary laboratory tests. CPTu and DMT measurements were evaluated using procedures developed for soils and the obtained mechanical properties were compared with those measured in the laboratory. The significant distinctions between different test methods and different empirical correlations were analysed taking into account differences in index properties of soils and the red gypsum sludge. Based on analysis, some modifications of conventional empirical correlations were proposed for field tests results interpretation and sludge characterisation. The obtained data also show the advantages and limitations of some conventional methods and prove the need for further development in that field of geotechnical investigation.

     

广州亚运城软土的工程特性

根据广州亚运城岩土工程勘察中大量的土工试验、原位测试和钻探资料,综合分析了亚运城场地三角洲相软土的物理力学性质和不良工程特性,并结合工程实际,提出了软土地基处理措施。     

浙江漩门湾软粘土物理力学特性的统计分析

通过现场原位取样与室内试验,对浙江漩门三期海堤地基软粘土的物理力学性质及其相关性进行了研究,并给出了各重要指标间相关性的经验公式。通过统计分析表明,各土层物理力学指标空间变异性较小,各指标沿深度的变化与土体的结构性相关。通过线性相关性分析表明,灵敏度与孔隙比的相关性较差,需要进一步的分析;而压缩系数与含水率和孔隙比之间的相关性较好,故可根据软粘土的物性指标进行土体压缩系数的预测,对工程设计初期具有一定的指导意义。     

维多利亚褐煤的固结和渗透特性试验研究

维多利亚褐煤一般被认为是一种中级岩土材料(IGMs),其岩土工程性质介于常规土体和岩石之间。褐煤富含有机质,其自然结构和物理组分比较复杂。褐煤具有不同于常规软黏土的基本岩土参数,包括自然密度和相对密度低、天然含水率高、孔隙比大,渗透系数相对较低等。采用原状褐煤试样开展了标准室内固结试验,褐煤材料的固结变形曲线主要表现为:初始阶段变形明显且很快完成,初始阶段变形占比很大,在数分钟内应变可达50%,在较明显的拐点之后,后续变形相对较缓慢。标准Terzaghi固结并不能很好地适用于褐煤材料。设计开展了褐煤材料的常水头渗透试验,基于不同超静孔压消散路径采用2种方法测量了褐煤的渗透系数,试验测得的褐煤材料渗透系数值相对较小。     

Thrust and torque components on mixed-face EPB drives

In this communication we propose a method to estimate net thrust and torque applied at the excavation front by cutting tools from EPB machines when they are working in mixed faces constituted by soils and soft rock. The method is inspired by similar simplifications used for the analysis of TBM drives in rock. The proposal is validated using a database of EPB registers which were gathered from more than 35 km of tunnel drives excavated in soils, soft rock and heterogeneous media. The results allow us to assess the influence of the type of ground excavated and its geotechnical properties on the net thrust and torque applied.     

合肥滨湖新区软土物理力学特性相关性分析

基于合肥滨湖新区百余组软土的土工试验成果,对该地区软土的物理力学指标进行统计,并利用MATLAB软件对各物理力学参数之间进行相关分析,得到了各指标间的相关关系式。结果表明:合肥滨湖新区软土具有高含水率、高孔隙比、高压缩性及低抗剪强度等典型的软土特征;孔隙比与天然含水量、压缩系数与天然含水量、重力密度与天然含水量、压缩系数与孔隙比具有很好的线性关系,而含水量与黏聚力、内摩擦角之间具有非线性关系。     

压电陶瓷传感器在岩土工程中的应用

压电陶瓷传感器在岩土工程中有很多应用,尤其是通过测量波速来确定土的性质方面。由于材料的物理性质与波速密切相关,压电陶瓷传感器提供了一种简便可靠的无损检测方法。本文报道了压电陶瓷传感器应用于粘土、砂和砾石等不同种类土的研究成果,对应力导致土体各向异性的研究,对路基和地基土的力学特性检测,在离心模型试验中的应用,以及在微重力环境下的粒状材料中波的传播特性的研究等。研究表明,压电陶瓷传感器在岩土力学研究和工程实践中有广阔的应用前景。     

随机模糊统计在岩体力学参数取值中的应用研究

采用随机模糊统计理论处理岩土体物理力学测试参数,把岩土体参数定义为含有两种不确定性的随机模糊变量,将岩土体固有的不确定性和取样测试过程中的误差用随机和模糊不确定性来表达。从而更加合理地反映岩土材料的固有力学特性,为在工程实践中的应用奠定了基础。     

苏州粉质粘土热物理试验及参数相关性研究

基于大量的原状土体物理力学指标和热物理特性的室内试验,利用统计回归分析,对苏州地铁粉质粘土热物理与其一般土工参数之间的相关关系进行了深入的研究,给出了相应的经验回归方程和相关系数。     

吹填区软土真空预压加固效果对比测试分析

为研究真空预压加固在温州沿海吹填区软土地基的适用性与加固效果,结合温州沿海某吹填区道路工程软土地基真空预压处理实例,通过室内土工试验和现场原位测试对加固前后吹填区软土物理与力学指标进行了对比分析。结果表明:真空预压能有效加固温州吹填区软土地基,预压加固后在地表15 m深度范围内土体物理力学指标有明显提高,但加固效果沿深度基本呈线性衰减; 加固后室内土工试验指标有一定改善,含水量和孔隙比降低约10%,压缩模量提高约10%; 同时现场原位测试指标提高更为明显,现场十字板剪切强度和静力触探侧阻平均增幅分别约为45%和40%,但加固前后土体灵敏度指标变化并不大,即真空预压加固对土体的灵敏度改善不明显; 采用传统真空预压法加固温州沿海吹填区软土地基在技术可行,经济上合理,其有效处理深度可达15 m; 受温州海相软土低渗透性和高黏性的影响,在竖向排水体周围出现明显的“土柱效应”,从而使真空预压加固效果在平面上呈现一定的不均匀性。     

不同地区结构性软土基本性质的对比研究

结构性在天然软土中普遍存在,不同地区、不同成相软土表现的结构特性并不相同。为了研究结构性如何影响软土的工程特性,以黄石、青岛、漳州地区软土为研究对象,在对比中国典型地区软土物理力学指标的基础上,从地质成因、颗粒级配、矿物成分及微观结构四个角度进行了解释说明。结果表明:相对于内陆地区软土,沿海地区软土具有高孔隙比、高粘粒含量、高压缩性、低强度等特性,工程特性较差。软土粘土矿物多以伊利石为主,伊蒙混层多在沿海地区软土中出现。软土的微观结构多为絮凝状、蜂窝状、骨架状结构为主,软土颗粒或聚粒以边—边、边—面方式相互联结,骨架间的孔隙体积大,这正是结构性软土具有特殊工程性质的根本原因。     

Geotechnical characterization of collapsible salty sands subjected to monotonic and cyclic loadings – A case study for areas with high seismicity

Collapsible soils are typically found in arid regions and often have an aeolian or alluvial origin. In their natural states, they may have a low moisture content and cemented structure that can contribute to high strength and stiffness; however, wetting or saturation can reduce the strength and stiffness due to loss of the cementation. This paper presents a geotechnical characterization of collapsible salty sands in the highly seismic southern coast of Peru, which makes the characterization of their dynamic properties and expected response to earthquake-induced demands (e.g., liquefaction) of primary importance. The geotechnical characterization was performed on intact and remolded samples utilizing various field and laboratory tests, including oedometer, direct shear, static triaxial, cyclic simple shear, torsional resonant column, plate loading, and MASW tests. The results revealed insights on the geotechnical properties and mechanical response of collapsible soils and the effects of salt cementation. The results indicated: 1) a decreasing brittle and collapsible behaviors with decreasing cementation while maintaining consistent post-collapse residual strength; 2) oedometer and in situ plate loading tests showed a sudden increase in deformations once cementation is broken; 3) higher dilation potential of collapsible soils as compared to natural sands; 4) decrease in the maximum shear modulus due to the loss of cementation; 5) increase in the stress dependence of the maximum shear modulus with loss of cementation; and 6) a higher resistance to liquefaction for the collapsible soils, even after washing, as compared to natural sands, which may be ascribed to the more pronounced dilation potential.     

提高软基深层加固效果的措施

经过现场对广东某高速公路监测断面的观测及试验资料分析发现,排水通道形式对深层软基加固有很大影响。研究表明,不同竖向排水通道中真空度的传递规律是不同的,对地基的真空预压加固效果的影响也不同。最后提出了能够有效减少真空压力沿程损失和消除地基深层沉降的新型竖向排水通道形式。     

环境土工基本理论及工程应用

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,各类固体废弃物产量迅速增大,地下水土污染不断加剧,人类赖以生存的环境日益恶化。岩土工程研究者力图利用岩土工程的原理和方法来研究和解决这样的环境问题,并逐步形成了岩土工程学科的一个新兴分支——环境土工。环境土工问题伴随着生化反应、物理变化和机械运动等过程,目前国内外尚未建立统一的基本理论体系。该文论述了土体的生化反应、骨架变形、孔隙水运移、溶质迁移和孔隙气运移机理,并建立了考虑生化反应-骨架变形-水气运移-溶质迁移耦合作用的模型及其控制方程,界定并明确了模型参数及测试方法;揭示了高厨余城市固体废弃物填埋场存在严重的生化降解酸化抑制、骨架弱化和液气传导相互阻滞现象,以及城市固体废弃物压缩变形和液气产生及运移、污染物迁移与土体固结相互作用、污染物击穿防污屏障及覆盖屏障防水闭气的内在机理;结合笔者研究团队近二十年的环境土工研究和工程实践积累,总结了所提出的填埋场固废降解程度、渗滤液产量、填埋气收集率、填埋体沉降与填埋场容量、填埋场边坡稳定、防污屏障服役寿命评价方法以及所研发的填埋场液气立体导排、新型防污屏障和TDR污染土勘察技术的合理性和可靠性,并给出了工程应用实例。     

沿海滩涂软土路基堆载预压沉降变形特征与卸载时机研究

沉降变形与卸载标准是铁路路基堆载预压的主要问题。针对处于沿海滩涂软土路基之上的铁路专用线,采用插塑板与堆载预压相结合的方案进行地基处理,开展了大量的表层沉降、孔隙水压力、分层沉降等观测项目。据实测资料,总结分析了路基表面的沉降规律,并考虑了路基分层沉降与孔隙水压力的变化规律,全面地揭示了整个路基地层的沉降变化特征,运用双曲线合理地预测了工后沉降,且推算出路基整体的固结度,采用工后沉降与地基固结度建立卸载时机判别标准。为堆载预压的卸载时机判别标准研究提供了一种新的思路。     

微生物岩土技术的研究进展

岩土体中存在着大量的微生物,这些微生物的活动对岩土体的物理、力学性质有一定的影响。微生物岩土技术,是将微生物反应加以控制和利用,来解决岩土工程中的问题。在近十年里,微生物岩土技术逐渐成为岩土工程研究界的一个热门课题,并取得了很大的进展。从原理和应用两个角度对这一领域的研究进行归类和分析。从微生物反应原理的角度来说,微生物岩土技术所利用的微生物过程包括微生物矿化作用,微生物产气泡过程,以及微生物膜生长过程等。从实际应用的角度来说,微生物岩土技术的应用领域包括岩土体加固、防渗,砂土液化防治,土体抗侵蚀,污染土治理等。此外,还对微生物岩土技术的实施方法特点,监测和检测技术,以及环境影响进行了介绍。     

基于等时曲线的软黏土弹黏塑性模型

软黏土的变形与时间密切相关,包括固结效应与蠕变效应两部分,两者相互作用共同影响着土体的变形及长期变形。在Bjerrum等时曲线理论的基础上,推导了一个能描述软黏土变形时效特性的弹黏塑性本构模型,将此模型代替一维Terzaghi固结理论中的线弹性应力–应变关系,并进一步考虑非线性渗流的影响,实现了一维条件下蠕变–固结的非线性耦合作用。本模型中共有8个模型参数,物理意义明确,均可通过室内试验简单获取,利用Crank-Nicolson有限差分格式在一定的边界条件下可对控制方程进行求解。为验证此模型的有效性,对室内一维K0侧限固结试验及Leroueil和Kabbaj的等应变率试验成果进行了模拟,理论计算值与试验结果能够较好吻合。     

杭州城西软土工程特性分析

通过对杭州城西软土土性物理力学指标的统计分析,研究了土性沿深度的变化情况,分析了城西软土的工程特性,总结了城西软土对工程建设的主要危害,为该地区工程建设提供一定理论依据及经验参考。     

试验反压对深海能源土宏观力学特性影响的离散元分析

在饱和土体三轴试验中,反压常被用于提高试样饱和度,其对常规土体强度特性无影响已广为认同,而已有试验资料表明反压对深海能源土强度、弹性模量等宏观力学参数均存在一定影响,成为困扰国际岩土界的一个难题。首先探讨了试验反压对能源土力学特性的影响机理,通过引入能源土微观接触模型的离散元双轴试验检验上述机理的合理性;然后结合20组离散元双轴试验,进一步探究能源土宏观力学特性随反压的变化规律。结果表明：试验反压对能源土力学特性的影响与水合物作用相关;反压能提高能源土强度,使应变软化和剪胀特性更加明显,并对其弹性参数有一定的影响;试验反压较大时,反压变化对能源土强度参数的影响难以忽略,但对弹性参数的影响可忽略。