Experimental study on rheological deformation and stress properties of limestone

The systematic experiment regarding the general uniaxial compression test and the creep deformations of the typical limestones from the surrounding rock of the highway tunnels were made.The relationship between the axial stress and the delayed deformation steady value was obtained from the creep tests under low loading stresses.By the least square method,the parameters of Nishihara creep model were calculated from the creep curves.The results indicate that the strain change always lags behind the increase o...     

Triaxial mechanical creep behavior of sandstone

Based on laboratory results of time-dependent mechanical behavior tests, we investigated short-term and mechanical creep behavior of sandstone, observed in conventional triaxial compression experiments at room temperature, using a servo-con-trolled rheology testing machine. Given our short-term experimental test results, we confirmed deviatoric creep stress levels of sandstone. Multiple deviatoric stress levels were applied in steps to each sample. Each deviatoric stress level before the final failed deviatoric stress was maintained for 48 h or longer. Time-dependent variations of axial strains of sandstone samples are discussed and evaluated. During the creep tests, complete tertiary creep curves of sandstone were observed under failed deviatoric stress lev-els with different confining pressures. Slices of coal in sandstone samples can lead to distinct tertiary creep deformation failure.     

Evaluation of the weakening behavior of gas on the coal strength and its quantitative influence on the coal deformation

The coal strength and deformation properties are key factors affecting safe coal mining and highefficiency coalbed methane(CBM) development. In this paper, reconstituted coal samples are chosen to investigate the weakening behavior of gas on coal strength, meanwhile, its effects on coal deformation are quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that the weakening degree of gas on coal strength is closely related to the confining stress and gas pressure. Compared with non-gas-saturated coals, the maximum weakening ratios of adsorbed gas to coal strength are 10.58%, 18.12%, 8.55% and 14.65% under the conditions of confining stress CS = 3 MPa and gas pressure GP = 1 MPa, CS = 3 MPa and GP = 2 MPa, CS = 4 MPa and GP = 1 MPa, and CS = 4 MPa and GP = 2 MPa, respectively. Furthermore,the maximum weakening ratios of free gas to coal strength are 18.27%, 36.54%, 14.79% and 29.58%,respectively, under above four conditions. The maximum coal bulk strain decreases as particle sizes of coal powders increase, and it has a maximum value of 0.0227 and a minimum value of 0.0191 in particle size ranges of 0.01–0.041 and 0.5–1 mm. Under the same conditions, the coal bulk strain increases with increasing gas pressure, revealing that coal deformation properties can be enhanced by gas.     

孔隙压力作用下泥岩三轴蠕变实验研究

在具有孔隙压力系统的岩石三轴蠕变仪上,对泥岩进行了考虑孔隙压力作用的三轴蠕变实验.实验中不仅考虑了轴压σ₁和围压σ₃对蠕变的影响,而且考虑了孔隙压力p在泥岩蠕变过程中产生的重要影响.通过不同应力水平下的蠕变实验,对比含孔隙压力和不含孔隙压力的蠕变实验曲线,表明当轴压σ₁和围压σ₃一定时,随着孔隙压力p的增加,蠕变变形量将会减小,在稳态蠕变阶段的应变率也会减小,在一定程度上会延长蠕变三个阶段的蠕变时间.并采用经典蠕变模型对实验结果进行分析.     

基于砂岩蠕变试验的非线性蠕变模型辨识研究

为了研究砂岩的蠕变特性,利用全自动三轴伺服仪对砂岩试样进行10 MPa围压下的常规三轴试验和蠕变试验。为有效描述蠕变全过程,提出了一种含分数阶导数的非线性蠕变模型并进行验证。结果表明:在蠕变衰减、稳定阶段,试样环向蠕变速率和轴向蠕变速率比较接近;在蠕变加速阶段,试样的蠕变速率迅速增大,环向较轴向先发生加速蠕变,且环向加速蠕变速率更大,稳定蠕变速率随着应力水平的增大而增大,环向稳定蠕变速率增幅较轴向大,可见环向蠕变速率受应力水平影响更大,建立的含分数阶导数的非线性蠕变模型能较好模拟蠕变全过程,具有较高的准确性。     

气雾栽培马铃薯块茎的基本物理特性

对气雾栽培马铃薯块茎进行了压缩破坏和静载蠕变试验,分析了不同加载方向和不同加载速率对其破裂应力和破裂应变的影响.运用四元件Burgers模型对气雾栽培马铃薯块茎的蠕变过程进行了模拟,探索了其流变特性.压缩破坏试验表明,气雾栽培马铃薯沿各轴向压缩时的屈服极限和破坏极限均低于土壤栽培的马铃薯,压缩载荷的加载速率对气雾栽培马...     

岩石流变的一种非线性黏弹塑性流变模型研究

将黏滞系数视为非定常量,建立黏滞系数的非线性函数关系,提出一种能描述岩石蠕变全过程的非线性流变力学模型,且在一定条件下模型可蜕变为Burgers模型或西原正夫模型。推导了岩石在常应力和常应变条件下的流变方程;研究了岩石的非线性蠕变特性和松弛特性。对不同应力条件下的岩石蠕变试验结果进行拟合,并将本文的非线性岩石流变力学模型与试验结果进行比较。结果表明,试验曲线与理论曲线较吻合,从而证明了本模型的正确性与合理性。     

钢骨-钢管混凝土柱恢复力模型

目的建立能够反映结构或构件动力特性重要参数的恢复力模型,研究钢骨-钢管混凝土柱的抗震性能.方法通过设置不同的试验参数,对5个钢骨-钢管混凝土柱进行了低周反复荷载作用下受力性能的试验研究,并分析了试件的破坏形态.考虑了含骨率和轴压比对构件延性、耗能和强度、刚度退化等的影响,建立了折线型钢骨-钢管混凝土柱的恢复力模型.结果得到不同轴压比和不同含骨率下的荷载-位移滞回曲线,含骨率和轴压比对钢骨-钢管混凝土柱有着明显的影响,随着含钢率的增加,构件的变形能力得到了提高,而轴压比越大,构件的变形能力越差.结论钢骨-钢管混凝土柱多折线恢复力模型的建立为钢骨-钢管混凝土柱的弹塑性时程分析提供了参考.     

一种青藏高原冻结砂土蠕变本构模型

为描述青藏铁路沿线冻结砂土的蠕变特性,建立一个考虑应力和时间耦合的蠕变本构模型.首先进行一系列不同温度、干密度条件下的冻结砂土三轴蠕变试验;其次以Nishihara模型为基础,考虑应力和时间对模型元件的耦合影响,将黏弹性元件中定常的黏滞系数修正为时间和应力的函数,引入损伤变量改进黏塑性元件,构建新的冻结砂土蠕变本构模型;最后基于试验数据验证其科学性.结果表明:试验数据与拟合数据吻合良好,改进模型能较好地描述不同温度和应力水平下冻结砂土的衰减、稳态和加速蠕变特性;改进模型中黏弹性元件的黏滞系数、剪切模量和黏塑性元件的黏滞系数均随温度升高和应力水平增大而减小,损伤变量参数随着温度升高、应力水平增大而增大.成果可为冻结砂土蠕变沉降预测提供一种新的选择,为蠕变理论研究积累资料.     

Visco-elastic-plastic model of deep underground rock affected by temperature and humidity

As the depth of exploitation increases, studies on constitutive models of rock affected by temperature and humidity become very important. Based on the Nishihara model, a visco-elastic-plastic rock model was established by using the coefficients of thermal and humidity expansion, thermal viscosity attenuation, humid viscosity attenuation and acceleration rheology components. We used the definition of a controlled heat circle to explain the model. The results show that the behavior of rock, affected by temperature and humidity, is stable as a function of time when the stress is lower than the first yield stress σS1;the creep rate will increase due to the effect of temperature and humidity when the stress is greater than or equal to σS1;the creep rate will accelerate at an increasing rate when the stress is greater than or equal to the second yield stress σS2,which results in a failure of the roadway. The model derived in this study can completely describe visco-elastic-plastic characteristics and reflects the three stages of rock creep.     

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10⁻⁹ m/s at confining pressure (σ ₃) of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10⁻⁹ m/s at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ ₃ of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.     

芒硝蠕变特性及本构模型研究

利用RLW-2000岩石流变试验机对芒硝开展了三轴压缩蠕变试验。试验结果显示,同一围压下,随轴向应力增大,芒硝蠕变变形量和稳态蠕变率均随之增加,而各级荷载加载过程中芒硝变形模量不断减小;芒硝蠕变过程具有非线性特征,且随蠕变时间延长,芒硝屈服强度逐渐降低。以分数阶粘滞体代替广义Kelvin模型中的经典粘滞体,建立了分数阶广义Kelvin模型;针对其蠕变方程形式复杂、应用不便的缺点对其进行了简化,将简化后的分数阶广义Kelvin模型与Heard稳态蠕变模型相结合,构建了一种新的非线性蠕变本构模型,并利用芒硝蠕变试验结果反演了模型参数。结果表明,拟合曲线和试验结果吻合良好,说明该模型能够较好的描述芒硝的蠕变特性。     

Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts

The bolt support quality of coal roadways is one of the important factors for the efficiency and security of coal production. By means of a self-developed technique and equipment of random non-destructive testing, non-destructive detection and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts were performed in a number of mining areas. The measured data were obtained in the detection instances of abnormal in-situ stress and support invalidation etc. The corresponding relation between axial bolt load variation and roadway surrounding rock deformation and stability was summarized in different mining service stages. Pre-warning technology of roadway surrounding rock stability is proposed based on the detection of axial bolt load. Meanwhile, pre-warning indicators of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are offered and some successful pre-warning cases are also illustrated.The research results show that the change rules of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are quite similar in different mining areas. The change of axial bolt load is in accord with the adjustment of surrounding rock stress, which can consequently reflect the deformation and stability state of roadway surrounding rock. Through the detection of axial bolt load in different sections of roadways, the status of real-time bolt support quality can be reflected; meanwhile, the rationality of bolt support design can be evaluated which provides reference for bolting parameters optimization.     

Creep properties and a creep equation of delay outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone

The study of the creep properties of coal and its adjacent mudstone is very important for understanding the mechanism of delay outburst coal. The samples of delay outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone collected from Yongshanqiao mine were used to carry out triaxial creep tests. The influence of confining pressure and axial compression on the creep test was analyzed. An accelerated creep model was constructed in parallel with a nonlinear viscous component and plastic component. It is connected with the traditional Burges creep model in series. A creep model which can describe the nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic creep model of rock was established and the corresponding creep equation was derived.According to the results of the creep test, the related parameters of the equation were fitted. The results show that, under the same confining pressure, instantaneous creep strain, creep strain of deceleration phase and constant rate creep of the coal and its adjacent mudstone are increased with an increase in the deviatoric stress. But at the same axial pressure, all of the above decrease with an increase of confining pressure. The duration time of the deceleration creep phase increases with the increase in the deviatoric stress. The theoretical values of the creep equation are in good agreement with the experimental results. It indicates that the creep properties of the delayed outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone can be well described by the creep model established in this paper.     

岩石非线性蠕变模型

在西原模型的基础上,研究建立了一种新的岩石非线性蠕变模型.首先,在分析岩石宏、细观蠕变过程的基础上,提出了蠕变参数变化率概念;以此为基础,统一建立了等速蠕变和加速蠕变阶段的岩石蠕变参数变化公式.然后,利用该非线性蠕变参数以及根据岩石的屈服软化过程,以西原模型为基础,建立了岩石的非线性弹-粘弹-粘塑性蠕变模型.最后,将单轴压缩蠕变试验结果与数值计算结果对比,验证了模型对于描述岩石全过程蠕变变形破坏的正确性.     

不同初始状态软黏土在主应力轴耦合旋转下的孔压及3维变形规律

土体在受波浪、地震及交通荷载等荷载作用时,其相应的应力状态较为复杂,因此,在实际工程中偏应力和主应力轴方位角同时变化的情况普遍存在.目前,关于这种应力条件下原状软黏土的物理力学特性的研究尚处于起步阶段.主应力轴耦合旋转是指在主应力轴方向旋转的同时,偏应力不断增大,平均主应力、中主应力系数均保持不变.为研究主应力轴耦合旋...     

掺砾黏土蠕变性质的三轴试验

为分析掺砾量、围压和应力水平对掺砾黏土蠕变性质和规律的影响,对以不同黏土和砾混合比备制的掺砾黏土进行了不同围压和不同应力水平下的三轴排水蠕变试验。土样掺砾量分别为30%、40%、50%和70％,试验围压50kPa~200kPa,应力水平0.21~1.04。试验结果表明掺砾黏土受荷后发生较明显的瞬时变形和蠕变变形,其蠕变变形将趋于一稳定值;蠕变变形随应力水平和围压的增大而增大,随掺砾量的增加而减小。提出一个三参数经验蠕变方程以表示掺砾黏土的应力水平-轴向应变-时间关系,其中轴向应变-时间关系和应力水平-轴向应变关系以双曲线方程表示,并分析了模型参数的意义和取值。     

冻结红层软岩的蠕变特性研究

为研究第三系红层软岩在低温下的蠕变特性。对冻结红层进行单轴蠕变试验,试验结果表明,在应力水平较低时,软岩只存在衰减蠕变,随着应力水平的增大,当超过流变长期强度时,出现了非稳定蠕变;同时,随着温度的降低,软岩的瞬时应变量和蠕变量都会明显减少,而长期强度则有较大幅度的增长,说明温度对软岩及冻结壁的流变性质影响十分显著。引入与时间和应力相关的非线性黏滞系数和时间开关函数,对西原模型进行改进,得到了可以描述加速蠕变的非线性流变本构模型,通过试验数据对冻结红层软岩的参数进行了辨识。将流变模型嵌入到abaqus有限元程序,并对井筒开挖进行数值模拟,获得冻结壁最大位移与时间曲线,通过与实测值进行比较,两者较为吻合。可见,建立的流变模型能够很好的描述冻结红层软岩的蠕变规律。     

堆石蠕变与颗粒破碎特性三轴试验

为分析堆石的蠕变规律和研究颗粒破碎与蠕变的关系,对某堆石料进行了不同应力水平和围压下的大型三轴排水蠕变试验。蠕变试验后通过筛分试验测量了堆石的颗粒破碎程度。结果表明堆石的蠕变变形与应力水平和围压有关;轴向蠕变和体积蠕变随应力水平的增大而增大,应力水平相同时则随围压增大而增大。堆石的应变一时间关系可用幂函数表示,轴向应变一应力关系和体积应变一应力关系分别满足双曲线函数和线性比例函数。随应力水平和围压的增大,堆石颗粒破碎增多。堆石颗粒破碎可用相对颗粒破碎指数度量,其与轴向蠕变和体积蠕变近似呈线性比例关系。     

超静孔隙水压下软土卸荷蠕变特性试验研究

考虑超静孔隙水压作用的软土卸荷力学特性对富水软土地区地下空间开挖变形和稳定性分析具有重要作用。以深圳地区淤泥质软土为研究对象,开展不同初始超静孔隙水压作用下的K₀固结不排水三轴卸荷强度试验和卸荷蠕变试验。试验结果表明：初始超静孔隙水压越大,固结围压越小,软土卸荷破坏越具有突然性;软土卸荷强度应力-应变曲线大致呈双曲线型,其双曲线函数拟合结果表明,卸荷强度随着初始超静孔隙水压的增大而大致线性减小。卸荷蠕变对初始超静孔隙水压敏感性很大,卸荷蠕变破坏时的偏应力约为卸荷强度试验中偏应力的90%。UU0.5应力路径相对于UU0.0应力路径更容易发生卸荷强度破坏和卸荷蠕变破坏,在实际工程中,应尽可能控制软土侧向卸荷比和超静孔隙水压的大小。