The effect of vapour shear and condensate drainage in condensers using roped tubes

It is well known that the heat transfer performance of a condensing heat exchanger can be improved by using roped or spirally indented tubes. Most of the published work refers to experiments carried out on single tubes in closely controlled laboratory experiments. If such tubes are to be used in practical situations the designer must know how they will perform in tube bundles. One of the main problems in condensers is the effect of condensate drainage (inundation) and vapour shear on the performance of that condenser. A series of experimentals have been carried out in three different tube bundles of 21 tubes in order to investigate the above phenomenon. One of the bundles was of plain tubes the other two were of roped tubes of the same diameter, groove pitch and groove depth but of differing helix angle. These values were 11mm., 0.2mm. and 6.4mm. respectively. The tubes were all 0.69.m long. The main experimental variables were cooling water velocity and logarithmic mean temperature difference.The results show that, as would be expected, condensate inundation reduces heat transfer in condensers. In addition, the flow pattern of the vapour in the condenser has a significant effect on the heat transfer performance of tubes in the bundle. Experiments with the roped tubes show that their performance is not as adversely affected by condensate drainage as is the plain tube bundle.     

螺旋槽管管壳式换热器的传热与流阻研究

以螺旋槽管为强化传热管,以空气为传热介质,研究了管壳式换热器壳程以气体纵向冲刷为特点的传热与流阻性能,并在相同的实验条件下,与弓形隔板管壳式换热器的传热性能加以比较,结果表明,螺旋槽管管壳式换热器可比普通弓形隔板管壳式换热器提高总传热系数48％,节省传热面积32.4％。     

凝结换热器采用螺旋槽管的强化传热研究

<正> 引言 螺旋槽管具有轧制方便、传热系数高且抗结垢能力强等优点,因而越来越多地应用于石油、化工、电力等工业部门中.纵观螺旋槽管强化传热的研究发现:螺旋槽管管内强化传热的研究和应用已趋成熟和完善.然而由于实际工作的困难,有关螺旋槽管管外凝结换热的研究尚待深入.为此,本文对螺旋槽管凝结换热器进行了试验研究,并将研究成果应用     

Enhanced Heat Transfer Characteristics of Upward Flow Boiling of Kerosene in a Vertical Spirally Internally Ribbed Tube

Experiments of upward flow boiling of kerosene in a vertical spirally internally ribbed tube and a vertical smooth tube were conducted, respectively, in the present study. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an inner diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inner diameter of 11.6 mm) and an outer diameter of 22 mm. The smooth tube has an inner diameter of 15 mm and an outer diameter of 19 mm. The test tubes were uniformly heated by passing an electrical current along the tubes with an available heated length of 2500 mm. At the outlet of the test section, the experimental pressure was 3 bars. The experimental heat flux ranged from 28.5 to 93.75 kW/m². The experimental mass flux was 410, 610, and 810 kg/m²s, respectively. Both local and average flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured in the test tubes. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics of the flow boiling of kerosene in the spirally internally ribbed tube are presented by comparing the experimental heat transfer coefficients with those obtained in the smooth tube. It shows that the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6 to 2 times greater than those in the smooth tube. The physical mechanisms of the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of flow boiling in the spirally internally ribbed tube are analyzed. According to the experimental data, an expression for the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of kerosene was found in terms of the Martinelli number for the spirally internally ribbed tube. The correlation is applicable to the design of heat exchange equipment, using the spirally internally ribbed tube as a heat transfer element under these test conditions.     

螺旋槽管中单相水与油湍流摩擦阻力与传热特性

对单相水与油分别在4根不同几何参数的螺旋槽管中湍流摩擦阻力与传热特性进行了试验研究。以动量传递与热量传递的模拟理论为基础,由试验结果的关联得到了动量传递粗糙度函数（R函数）与热量传递粗糙度函数（G函数）的表达式,并与前人工作进行了比较。针对油的Pr随温度变化较大的特性,提出了改进的强化传热性能评价方法,并据此对1号与2号试验管进行了评价。研究结果可用于换热器设计及优化螺旋槽管几何参数。     

螺旋扁管换热器传热与阻力性能

对不同结构的螺旋扁管管内传热及流体阻力性能进行实验研究,并与光管比较,选出传热与流阻综合性能较好的管型。同时对2台螺旋扁管换热器及1台外螺纹螺旋扁管换热器进行壳程传热与流阻实验研究。根据实验结果给出了管、壳程传热膜系数与阻力系数的经验关联式。     

新型螺旋盘管换热器的流动及传热性能研究

一种新型的高换热效率的螺旋盘管换热器。将该新型换热器与普通的管壳式螺旋盘管换热器进行理论分析对比,该新型换热器具有以下主要三个方面优势:可轻松拆卸,定期清除管外壁上的污垢;能有效提高管外侧的对流换热系数;有效减少了管壳体本身的蓄热耗能。通过理论分析计算,比较了设计新型螺旋盘管换热器的性能优劣;并进行了实验研究,在实验中,通过对比实验发现新型螺旋盘管换热器管外侧水流速是普通螺旋盘管换热器的2.3倍,管外侧对流表面换热系数是普通螺旋盘管换热器的1.69倍。验证了新型螺旋盘管换热器能够有效提高换热能力,为螺旋盘管换热器的结构设计、性能优化提供有益的理论和实践依据。     

流体在粗糙管管内及管隙间湍流流动阻力与传热的数据关联

本文分析了流体在规整型粗糙强化管束的管内和管隙间的流动和传热特性,讨论了湍流流体在规整型粗糙壁面上和在光滑壁面上动量与热量传递的差别,推导出光滑管和粗糙管管内及管隙间湍流流动的流体摩擦阻力系数和传热准数方程的关联式,并能较好地关联螺旋槽管、螺旋低翅片管和缩放管管内与管隙间的流体阻力和传热的实验数据.     

螺旋槽管槽深对定子水冷器传热与阻力特性的影响

螺旋槽管与折流栅组合的高效水冷器的传热和阻力特性与其管、壳程的结构因素密切相关,本文就螺旋槽管槽深对水冷器管、壳程传热与阻力特性的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明：壳程流速变化对水冷器传热系数的影响更加明显,即壳侧热阻相对较大,强化传热应以强化壳侧换热为主要目标;螺旋槽管槽深对水冷器传热系数的影响很大,应在实际工程设计中确保实际槽深符合设计要求;槽深越深,管壳程阻力也相应增加,即传热的强化是以阻力增加为代价.根据实验结果还得到了不同结构水冷器的管、壳程换热与阻力计算关联式.     

螺旋槽管内流体传热性能数值研究

研究了螺旋槽管内径Di、螺距P、槽深e等各因素对管内流体传热性能的影响,用数值模拟法进行传热系数数值计算,并与相同材质、相同直径和壁厚的光管同步对比。对计算结果进行线性回归处理,确立Nu与Re的关联式。结果表明,螺旋槽管具有较好的传热强化作用,在同等Re工况下,其传热系数较光管提高10%～60%。     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

多孔板支撑的管壳式换热器在硫酸生产中的应用

综合考虑强化传热性能和制作安装的便利性,开发了多孔板支撑光滑管（或缩放管）的气体换热器,用于硫酸装置转化系统。该换热器人需将管子能布置得下的较小壳体,并在圆形支撑板上于每根管子周围区域钻一些小孔,气流进入换热器壳程后以顺流方式沿管外壁均匀流动,靠气流通过小孔时的收缩与扩张产生一定的湍流,强化传热。实际运行压降降低,传热效果较好。     

三角形纵向涡在管翅式换热器的应用及优化

纵向涡能够在增加管翅式换热器换热系数,同时较小幅度地增加其流动阻力。本文通过对4种结构的翅片(未进行任何处理的平翅片,结构为高为H3/6、H4/6、H5/6且攻角为30°长高比为2)进行数值模拟。结果显示安装纵向涡发生器的翅片的传热系数明显增强,且最高增加49%。在换热系数增加的同时阻力系数j也有明显的增加。其中安装纵向涡H5/6型翅片的阻力因子增加最小与平翅片几乎相同。最后本文通过对综合评价因子j/f的比较得知安装H5/6型纵向涡翅片具有最好的综合效果。     

波纹管强化管内沸腾传热的试验研究

分别以煤油和水为工质,对不同流速情况下波纹管和光管的管内流动沸腾传热特性进行了试验研究。试验中采用套管式换热器,依靠管外的高温热水对管内工质加热使之沸腾。在不同流速下,根据试验测量的流量和温度等参数计算管内流动沸腾传热系数。结果表明:随着气相雷诺数的提高,传热系数随之提高;相对光管,波纹管对上升流动管内沸腾传热有明显的强化作用。根据试验结果给出了波纹管管内流动沸腾传热系数关联式。     

Extension of the Rapid Design Algorithm for Twisted‐Tube Evaporative Fluid Coolers

The thermal analysis performance of evaporative fluid coolers (EFCs) is improved by replacing plain tubes by twisted oblong tubes. Results of the system are assessed by a rapid design algorithm (RDA) and compared to conventional plain‐tube EFCs and other traditional algorithms including the effectiveness number of transfer units (?‐NTU). Based on the RDA, a relationship between heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, heat transfer area, and mass transfer coefficient is derived. Using the maximum allowable pressure drops in this algorithm, the minimum required heat transfer area can be determined. The algorithm is validated by comparing the plain‐tube EFC design with twisted‐tube design. The RDA‐designed EFCs with twisted tubes provide higher efficiency compared with the traditional designs with plain tubes in such that the new design needs a lower heat transfer area for a given heat load.     

管壳式波纹管换热器的结构特点与应用效果

针对传统的管壳式换热器在高沸点、高凝固点物系中使用存在的问题,介绍了以波纹管代替光滑直管的管壳式波纹管换热器强化传热的原理和结构特点,实践证明该新型换热器的传热系数提高了35％。     

螺旋槽管降膜蒸发强化传热与结垢特性研究

降膜蒸发是海水淡化的一项主要技术。传热管是降膜蒸发器的核心部件。螺旋槽管是一种应用广泛的高效强化传热管,但在海水淡化中应用较少,缺乏相关的实验数据。为论证螺旋槽管用于海水淡化的可行性,首先在水平管降膜蒸发传热实验平台上,以自来水为工质,研究了螺旋槽管的强化传热特性,分析了喷淋密度、热通量、传热温差和蒸发温度对其传热的影响;然后借助低温多效蒸馏(LT-MED)海水淡化中试装置,在海水淡化实际工况下,运行测试180 d,研究了螺旋槽管的结垢特性。在本实验中,螺旋槽管传热系数较光管平均提高35%左右;其结垢厚度小于光管,结垢疏松多孔,易于清除。     

三维翅片管外螺旋流动传热强化

流体在螺旋隔板换热器的壳程类似于塞状流流动,几乎没有返混和流动死区.在相同压降下,其传热系数比普通的弓形隔板换热器高得多.以润滑油作为实验介质,研究了润滑油在螺旋隔板单管换热器的壳程传热和压降性能,并与光滑管进行了性能对比.采用Wilson图解法分别分离出了螺旋隔板花瓣管和光滑管单管换热器的管程传热系数,并计算出各自的壳程传热系数,壳程传热系数相对误差为±3％.实验结果表明,在相同Reynolds数下,螺旋隔板花瓣管单管换热器的Nusselt数和压降Δp分别是螺旋隔板光滑管单管换热器的2～2.7倍和1.3～1.4倍.与螺旋隔板光滑管单管换热器相比,螺旋隔板花瓣管单管换热器的传热性能的提高远高于压降的提高,证明在螺旋流条件下,花瓣管具有很好的传热强化性能.     

Fluidized tube heat exchanger

The presence of solid particles in a heat exchanger is important in keeping the surface clean, thus having a beneficial effect on heat transfer. Solids circulation in the system can be provided by means of a recycle tube mounted in the central core of the heat exchanger. In this study a pilot scale fluidized tube heat exchanger system which consists of six fluidization tubes together with the centrally located recycling tube was constructed and pressure drop, liquid–wall and solid–wall friction forces and the effects of the amount of solids introduced to the system on heat transfer were investigated. Experimental results indicate that although the recycle tube causes an approximately 35% decrease in the heat transfer coefficient when no solid is used, the presence of the solids in the system increases the heat transfer coefficient by about 45% above that of the solids‐free system. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry