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1.
J. K. Weil A. J. Stirton Eileen B. Leardi 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1967,44(9):522-524
Oleyl alcohol was caused to react with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,2-butylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline
catalyst. The first and second derivatives from each reaction were isolated by fractional distillation. Sulfation with dioxane-SO3 gave high-purity oleyl ether sulfates, easily soluble, with good detergent and lime soap-dispersing properties.
The use of chlorosulfonic acid or sulfuric acid as the sulfating agent for oleyl ether alcohols resulted in about 60% retention
of the double bond, compared with oleyl alcohol, which under the same conditions retained only about 25% unsaturation. Oleyl
ether alcohols sulfated with chlorosulfuric acid or sulfuric acid are easily sobuble and have good lime soap-dispersing properties.
They are able to solubilize less soluble soaps and saturated ether alcohol sulfates.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, May 1967
E. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA 相似文献
2.
J. R. Livingston Jr. Robert Drogin 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(8):720-723
A series of sodium alkylthio- and alkoxyalkyl sulfates was prepared to determine the effect of the presence, position and
nature of the heteroatom on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface activity and detergency of a surfactant.
All of the compounds were linear and contained a total of 16 carbon atoms. Hexadecyl-1-sulfate was used as the reference compound.
Insertion of either a sulfur or oxygen atom into the hydrocarbon chain raised the CMC. In the oxygen series, the apparent
trend was to a higher CMC as the oxygen atom was moved further away from the sulfate group whereas no trend was observed in
the thioether series.
The surface activity of hexadecyl-1-sulfate was higher than either the ether or thioether series. The further the heteroatom
from the sulfate group, the lower was the surface activity. This trend was more pronounced in the oxyether series.
All hetero-substituted compounds were generally inferior to hexadecyl sulfate in detergency.
Hydration of the oxygen atom in the oxyethers, but not the sulfur atom in the thioethers is proposed as the explanation for
the observed trends. 相似文献
3.
Araki Masuyama Akihiro Shindoh Dalsuke Ono Mitsuo Okahara 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1989,66(6):834-837
Three kinds of title amide compounds with different terminal structures (N-unsubstituted amide, N,N-dimethylamide and acylmorpholine)
were prepared from alkyl tetra(oxyethylene) monoethers (alkyl: decyl or dodecyl). The cloud points of the N,N-dimethylamides
and acylmorpholines were higher than the other corresponding alcohol ethoxylate derivatives previously developed by us, and
all these amides inclusive of N-unsubstituted amides had sufficient hydrophilicity. Surface active properties (CMC, γCMC and foaming properties) of these amides in pure water and in hard water (1000 ppm of total hardness as CaCO3) were almost the same and considered excellent as nonionic surfactants. Furthermore, they showed good lime-soap dispersing
ability. 相似文献
4.
A number of tertiary alcohols were prepared by the action of a series of Grignard reagents on ethyl oleate. The tertiary alcohols
were converted to alkyl sulfates by reaction with sodium chlorosulfonate. The surface active properties of the prepared sodium
alkyl sulfates were studied in relation to the length of the branched chain and the bulkiness of the charged head of the surfactants. 相似文献
5.
T. P. Matson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1978,55(1):66-69
Relative market volumes are discussed illustrating why LAS, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, and branched chain alkylene
benzene sulfonates are called “workhorse” surfactants. Typical heavy duty powder, heavy duty liquid, and light duty liquid
formulations from around the world are given for each material. Low mole ether sulfates for heavy duty powders are discussed
as to chemical constituency and performance. Comparisions of LAS to paraffin sulfonates and olefin sulfonates are given for
light duty liquid formulations. Shampoo performance advantages of alcohol sulfates over olefin sulfates are illustrated. 相似文献
6.
Araki Masuyama Tomomichi Okano Mitsuo Okahara 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1988,65(11):1830-1833
Amide oxime compounds have become of major interest because they can complex with uranium, gallium and various transition
metal ions. In this work surface active amide oximes were prepared to make some functions of the amide oxime group exhibit
as molecular aggregates in aqueous media. Amide oximes were obtained from nitriles which were prepared by the cyanoethylation
of alcohol ethoxylates with a monodispersed oligo(oxyethylene) group. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured
under various conditions and were compared with nonionics of the alcohol ethoxylate type. The pKa1 values of these amide oximes were about five, and they acted as cationic surfactants under acidic conditions and nonionic
ones under neutral and basic conditions. When they served as nonionics, the cloud point, CMC, γCMC and foaming properties of surface active amide oximes were similar to other alcohol ethoxylate nonionics. 相似文献
7.
Lawrence H. Flett 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1945,22(10):245-249
Summary Soap has always been and still is a valuable antiseptic agent. Among the new synthetic detergents products are available which
can be used in neutral or acid solutions to give a much stronger antiseptic action than is possible with soap solutions. These
new detergents are valuable because a really worthwhile antiseptic action is obtained from products which are not toxic. The
new detergents are non-volatile so that they are stable under storage conditions, and they dissolve rapidly to start their
sterilizing action. Further study of these products is worthwhile and necessary because no antiseptic is of any value unless
it is properly used.
This paper was presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, October 25–27, 1944. 相似文献
8.
脱醇方法及醇含量对表面张力影响的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文研究了烷基糖苷(APG)合成工艺中脱高碳醇的方法及APG中的醇含量对其表面张力σ以及临界胶束浓度(CMC)的影响。结果表明:利用“减粘度剂存在下二次蒸馏法”分离APG中高碳醇的方法是有效的。且醇含量对σ与CMC具有一定影响 相似文献
9.
Michael F. Cox 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(9):599-604
In comparison to conventional ethoxylates, a “peaked” ethoxylate has less unethoxylated alcohol, is more soluble, and has
a higher concentration of the more desired homologs. A “peaked” ethoxylate therefore has a lower odor, is easier to formulate
into liquids, and can perform better in terms of detergency and wetting performance. Since “peaked” ethoxylates have less
unethoxylated alcohol, less alcohol sulfate is formed during sulfation. Decreasing the content of alcohol sulfate increases
the capacity to salt-thicken and can potentially improve skin mildness. 相似文献
10.
Detergent alcohols. I. The effect of alcohol structure and molecular weight on surfactant properties
B. M. Finger G. A. Gillies G. M. Hartwig E. E. Ryder W. M. Sawyer 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1967,44(9):525-530
A large number of aliphatic alcohols have been studied to relate performance of the derived surfactants to structure and molecular
weight. The alcohols were examined as sulfates, ethoxylates, and ethoxysulfates in heavy-and light-duty compositions. Clear
points and surface tensions of aqueous solutions were determined. Cotton detergency was evaluated in a bench-scale test by
using artificially soiled test cloths. Foam performance was measured in a soil titration test. In general, excellent performance
is observed with derivatives which have 70% or greater n-primary alcohol content. The odd-numbered alcohol derivatives contribute
significantly to optimum performance.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, October 1964. 相似文献
11.
W. M. Linfield P. G. Abend G. A. Davis 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1963,40(3):114-117
In order to gain some insight into the correlation between chemical structure and surface active properties, a number of amphoteric
surface active agents were synthesized. All of these compounds possessed both a quaternary ammonium group and an anionic functional
group. The anionic functional group was either a carboxylate, sulfonate, or a sulfate group. The molecules possessed either
one or two fat-derived long chains.
In general, the detergency of the single chain compounds was superior to that of the double chain compounds. On the other
hand, the double chain compounds showed better fabric softening than single chain compounds. The compatibility with anionic
and non-ionic detergents and soap was also studied. It was observed that there were considerable variations in the degree
of compatibility with respect to detergency. In general, anionics of the alkylaryl sulfonate type and soap are incompatible
with these amphoterics, while non-ionics appear to be more compatible. 相似文献
12.
以α-Al2O3粉末为骨料,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)作粘接剂和成孔剂,采用塑性挤压成型技术和固态粒子烧结法制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷支撑体。研究了有机物作粘接剂的同时也作成孔剂使用时对多孔氧化铝支撑体性能的影响。研究结果表明:以有机物PVA作开孔剂以及泥料的预处理工艺可以极大地提高氧化铝支撑体的纯水通量;有机物PVA作开孔剂时其加入种类、方式和加入量对氧化铝支撑体的平均孔径及孔径分布、孔隙率、抗弯强度等性能都有影响。通过选用合适的成孔剂种类、加入方式以及加入量,可制得平均孔径1.9μLm、孔隙率45.6%、抗弯强度22.31MPa的高通量氧化铝支撑体。 相似文献
13.
The interaction of active hydrogen sites on carbon black surface with alcohol molecules was studied using a calorimetrical method. The immersional heats of the blacks into ethanol and n-butanol increase linearly with an increase in the content of active hydrogen on the surface. This tendency is quite similar to that observed for the immersional heats into water. The energy contributions of the active hydrogen containing functional groups to the heats of immersion into ethanol and n-butanol were 37.7 and 34.2 kJ/mol respectively. They are approx. of the value observed in the case of water (142.4 kJ/mol). The hydrogen bonding energy between n-butanol molecules and active hydrogen sites on the surface of Peerless-155 was determined by applying the analytical procedure of average electrostatic field strength described by Zettlemoyer. The electrostatic interaction energy of the field on the carbon black's surface with the dipole of the n-butanol molecule, qμ and the hydrogen bonding energy of its active hydrogen site with n-butanol molecule, qμ, were 17.8 and 16.4 kJ/mol respectively, per 1 mole of the surface active hydrogen. The energy contribution of the active hydrogen to the heat of immersion into n-butanol, 34.2 kJ/mol, agrees with the sum of qμ and qh. It is concluded that the interaction of the active hydrogen site with the immersed molecule is electrostatic and of hydrogen bonding type in the case of alcohols, whereas, in the case of water, dissociation-hydration reactions are also involved (as was suggested previously). 相似文献
14.
Brian D. Condon 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(7):743-747
Traditional structure vs. performance relationships have been thoroughly investigated for alcohol ether sulfates (AES) wherein
hydrophobe chainlength and degree of ethoxylation served as variables for structure variance. Therefore, a series of molecules,
1,3-bis-(alkylethylenoxy)-propane-2-yl sodium sulfates or glycerylbisether sulfates (GBES), analogous to AES but with a centrally located hydrophile structure, was synthesized and evaluated for
its cloth detergency, foaming and wetting properties. Performance test results are presented as response surfaces in the two
variables mentioned in addition to comparisons to common surfactants. The centrally located hydrophile structures exhibited
varying surfactant and performance properties, with increasing detergency performance shown by higher-molecular weight GBES
molecules: Optimum foaming and wetting performance was produced by a range of structures roughly given by CnEOn−6 for n=6–8. 相似文献
15.
16.
J. R. Livingston Jr. W. E. Wellman 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(5):417-418
A simplified procedure for the quantitative determination of very small amts of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates has
been developed. In the present work this procedure was applied to the determination of lauryl alcohol in lauryl alcohol sulfate. 相似文献
17.
M.E. Weber 《Chemical engineering science》1975,30(12):1507-1510
The influence of surface active agents on the rate of dissolution of spherical cap bubbles at Re > 100 is modeled by assuming that the surfuctant forms a stagnant film on the spherical surface near the rim of the bubble. The extent of this stagnant zone is dictated by a balance between surface forces and shear forces. The presence of the stagnant zone decreases the rate of mass transfer over the frontal surface of the bubble while transfer across the base is unaffected. Comparison with experimental data shows agreement within 25%. 相似文献
18.
19.
A technique of surface hydrophobisation has been applied to two microporous carbonaceous adsorbents. A granular active carbon and an activated carbon fibre, both formerly chemically treated in order they preferentially present hydroxyl surface functions, were modified by action of vinyltrimethoxysilane (vtmos) in liquid phase. The resulting samples were characterised using sorption of nitrogen, FTIR, XPS and 29Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Their stability and heat treatment have also been investigated through thermal analysis.The efficiency of the hydrophobisation treatment was evaluated by static adsorption of water vapour and vapours of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs): dichloromethane and trichloroethylene. Grafting of the vtmos and development of a “coating” of polysiloxane onto the adsorbent induced a modification of the carbon surface but also a partial filling of the porosity. These modifications accounted for a decrease of both the amounts of water and VOC adsorbed by the hydrophobised materials. However, water uptakes were found to be much lower than those of the VOCs, evidencing an enhanced selectivity of the hydrophobised adsorbents toward VOCs. 相似文献
20.
The extent of the capillary condensation phenomenon in the sorption of water by a model food system was studied. The system, composed of microcrystalline cellulose, a hydrocarbon oil, and water, was treated with non-ionic surface active agents at various concentrations. Desorption and adsorption isotherms were made for triplicate control and treated systems at 37°c., using a desiccator method. During desorption, the surfactants increased the water equilibrium vapor pressure of the model system for all moisture contents, but with adsorption, this effect was observed only up to 50 to 60% RH. The magnitude of the hysteresis loop was diminished in all cases. These over-all effects were due mainly to a lowering of the liquid surface tension of the water in the pores of the model. Capillarity was analyzed by the Kelvin Equation and existed down to 20% RH, which is close to the monolayer value for most models. In addition, data from low surfactant concentrations indicated that capillarity may extend even below the monolayer. The diminished hysteresis found in our experiments supports the “ink-bottle” theory of hysteresis. 相似文献