Ether alcohol sulfates from oleyl alcohol

Oleyl alcohol was caused to react with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,2-butylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The first and second derivatives from each reaction were isolated by fractional distillation. Sulfation with dioxane-SO₃ gave high-purity oleyl ether sulfates, easily soluble, with good detergent and lime soap-dispersing properties. The use of chlorosulfonic acid or sulfuric acid as the sulfating agent for oleyl ether alcohols resulted in about 60% retention of the double bond, compared with oleyl alcohol, which under the same conditions retained only about 25% unsaturation. Oleyl ether alcohols sulfated with chlorosulfuric acid or sulfuric acid are easily sobuble and have good lime soap-dispersing properties. They are able to solubilize less soluble soaps and saturated ether alcohol sulfates. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, May 1967 E. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA     

The synthesis and some surface active properties of alkylthioalkyl and alkoxyalkyl sulfates

A series of sodium alkylthio- and alkoxyalkyl sulfates was prepared to determine the effect of the presence, position and nature of the heteroatom on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface activity and detergency of a surfactant. All of the compounds were linear and contained a total of 16 carbon atoms. Hexadecyl-1-sulfate was used as the reference compound. Insertion of either a sulfur or oxygen atom into the hydrocarbon chain raised the CMC. In the oxygen series, the apparent trend was to a higher CMC as the oxygen atom was moved further away from the sulfate group whereas no trend was observed in the thioether series. The surface activity of hexadecyl-1-sulfate was higher than either the ether or thioether series. The further the heteroatom from the sulfate group, the lower was the surface activity. This trend was more pronounced in the oxyether series. All hetero-substituted compounds were generally inferior to hexadecyl sulfate in detergency. Hydration of the oxygen atom in the oxyethers, but not the sulfur atom in the thioethers is proposed as the explanation for the observed trends.     

Preparation and surface active properties of terminal amide type of alcohol ethoxylates

Three kinds of title amide compounds with different terminal structures (N-unsubstituted amide, N,N-dimethylamide and acylmorpholine) were prepared from alkyl tetra(oxyethylene) monoethers (alkyl: decyl or dodecyl). The cloud points of the N,N-dimethylamides and acylmorpholines were higher than the other corresponding alcohol ethoxylate derivatives previously developed by us, and all these amides inclusive of N-unsubstituted amides had sufficient hydrophilicity. Surface active properties (CMC, γ_CMC and foaming properties) of these amides in pure water and in hard water (1000 ppm of total hardness as CaCO₃) were almost the same and considered excellent as nonionic surfactants. Furthermore, they showed good lime-soap dispersing ability.     

A study of the surface activity of tertiary alcohol sulfates

A number of tertiary alcohols were prepared by the action of a series of Grignard reagents on ethyl oleate. The tertiary alcohols were converted to alkyl sulfates by reaction with sodium chlorosulfonate. The surface active properties of the prepared sodium alkyl sulfates were studied in relation to the length of the branched chain and the bulkiness of the charged head of the surfactants.     

The workhorse surfactants: LAS,alcohol sulfates,and ether sulfates

Relative market volumes are discussed illustrating why LAS, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, and branched chain alkylene benzene sulfonates are called “workhorse” surfactants. Typical heavy duty powder, heavy duty liquid, and light duty liquid formulations from around the world are given for each material. Low mole ether sulfates for heavy duty powders are discussed as to chemical constituency and performance. Comparisions of LAS to paraffin sulfonates and olefin sulfonates are given for light duty liquid formulations. Shampoo performance advantages of alcohol sulfates over olefin sulfates are illustrated.     

Preparation and surface active properties of alcohol ethoxylates with an amide oxime terminal group

Amide oxime compounds have become of major interest because they can complex with uranium, gallium and various transition metal ions. In this work surface active amide oximes were prepared to make some functions of the amide oxime group exhibit as molecular aggregates in aqueous media. Amide oximes were obtained from nitriles which were prepared by the cyanoethylation of alcohol ethoxylates with a monodispersed oligo(oxyethylene) group. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured under various conditions and were compared with nonionics of the alcohol ethoxylate type. The pKa₁ values of these amide oximes were about five, and they acted as cationic surfactants under acidic conditions and nonionic ones under neutral and basic conditions. When they served as nonionics, the cloud point, CMC, γ_CMC and foaming properties of surface active amide oximes were similar to other alcohol ethoxylate nonionics.     

The antiseptic properties of surface active agents

Summary Soap has always been and still is a valuable antiseptic agent. Among the new synthetic detergents products are available which can be used in neutral or acid solutions to give a much stronger antiseptic action than is possible with soap solutions. These new detergents are valuable because a really worthwhile antiseptic action is obtained from products which are not toxic. The new detergents are non-volatile so that they are stable under storage conditions, and they dissolve rapidly to start their sterilizing action. Further study of these products is worthwhile and necessary because no antiseptic is of any value unless it is properly used. This paper was presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, October 25–27, 1944.     

脱醇方法及醇含量对表面张力影响的研究

本文研究了烷基糖苷（ＡＰＧ）合成工艺中脱高碳醇的方法及ＡＰＧ中的醇含量对其表面张力σ以及临界胶束浓度（ＣＭＣ）的影响。结果表明：利用“减粘度剂存在下二次蒸馏法”分离ＡＰＧ中高碳醇的方法是有效的。且醇含量对σ与ＣＭＣ具有一定影响     

The effect of “peaking” the ethylene oxide distribution on the performance of alcohol ethoxylates and ether sulfates

In comparison to conventional ethoxylates, a “peaked” ethoxylate has less unethoxylated alcohol, is more soluble, and has a higher concentration of the more desired homologs. A “peaked” ethoxylate therefore has a lower odor, is easier to formulate into liquids, and can perform better in terms of detergency and wetting performance. Since “peaked” ethoxylates have less unethoxylated alcohol, less alcohol sulfate is formed during sulfation. Decreasing the content of alcohol sulfate increases the capacity to salt-thicken and can potentially improve skin mildness.     

Detergent alcohols. I. The effect of alcohol structure and molecular weight on surfactant properties

A large number of aliphatic alcohols have been studied to relate performance of the derived surfactants to structure and molecular weight. The alcohols were examined as sulfates, ethoxylates, and ethoxysulfates in heavy-and light-duty compositions. Clear points and surface tensions of aqueous solutions were determined. Cotton detergency was evaluated in a bench-scale test by using artificially soiled test cloths. Foam performance was measured in a soil titration test. In general, excellent performance is observed with derivatives which have 70% or greater n-primary alcohol content. The odd-numbered alcohol derivatives contribute significantly to optimum performance. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, October 1964.     

The synthesis and surface active properties of certain amphoteric compounds

In order to gain some insight into the correlation between chemical structure and surface active properties, a number of amphoteric surface active agents were synthesized. All of these compounds possessed both a quaternary ammonium group and an anionic functional group. The anionic functional group was either a carboxylate, sulfonate, or a sulfate group. The molecules possessed either one or two fat-derived long chains. In general, the detergency of the single chain compounds was superior to that of the double chain compounds. On the other hand, the double chain compounds showed better fabric softening than single chain compounds. The compatibility with anionic and non-ionic detergents and soap was also studied. It was observed that there were considerable variations in the degree of compatibility with respect to detergency. In general, anionics of the alkylaryl sulfonate type and soap are incompatible with these amphoterics, while non-ionics appear to be more compatible.     

聚乙烯醇对氧化铝支撑体性能的影响

以α-Al2O3粉末为骨料，以聚乙烯醇（PVA）作粘接剂和成孔剂，采用塑性挤压成型技术和固态粒子烧结法制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷支撑体。研究了有机物作粘接剂的同时也作成孔剂使用时对多孔氧化铝支撑体性能的影响。研究结果表明：以有机物PVA作开孔剂以及泥料的预处理工艺可以极大地提高氧化铝支撑体的纯水通量；有机物PVA作开孔剂时其加入种类、方式和加入量对氧化铝支撑体的平均孔径及孔径分布、孔隙率、抗弯强度等性能都有影响。通过选用合适的成孔剂种类、加入方式以及加入量，可制得平均孔径1．9μLm、孔隙率45．6％、抗弯强度22．31MPa的高通量氧化铝支撑体。     

Interaction between active hydrogen sites on carbon black surface and alcohol molecules

The interaction of active hydrogen sites on carbon black surface with alcohol molecules was studied using a calorimetrical method. The immersional heats of the blacks into ethanol and n-butanol increase linearly with an increase in the content of active hydrogen on the surface. This tendency is quite similar to that observed for the immersional heats into water. The energy contributions of the active hydrogen containing functional groups to the heats of immersion into ethanol and n-butanol were 37.7 and 34.2 kJ/mol respectively. They are approx. $\text{1}\text{4}$ of the value observed in the case of water (142.4 kJ/mol). The hydrogen bonding energy between n-butanol molecules and active hydrogen sites on the surface of Peerless-155 was determined by applying the analytical procedure of average electrostatic field strength described by Zettlemoyer. The electrostatic interaction energy of the field on the carbon black's surface with the dipole of the n-butanol molecule, q_μ and the hydrogen bonding energy of its active hydrogen site with n-butanol molecule, q_μ, were 17.8 and 16.4 kJ/mol respectively, per 1 mole of the surface active hydrogen. The energy contribution of the active hydrogen to the heat of immersion into n-butanol, 34.2 kJ/mol, agrees with the sum of q_μ and q_h. It is concluded that the interaction of the active hydrogen site with the immersed molecule is electrostatic and of hydrogen bonding type in the case of alcohols, whereas, in the case of water, dissociation-hydration reactions are also involved (as was suggested previously).     

Glycerylbisether sulfates. II: Performance properties

Traditional structure vs. performance relationships have been thoroughly investigated for alcohol ether sulfates (AES) wherein hydrophobe chainlength and degree of ethoxylation served as variables for structure variance. Therefore, a series of molecules, 1,3-bis-(alkylethylenoxy)-propane-2-yl sodium sulfates or glycerylbisether sulfates (GBES), analogous to AES but with a centrally located hydrophile structure, was synthesized and evaluated for its cloth detergency, foaming and wetting properties. Performance test results are presented as response surfaces in the two variables mentioned in addition to comparisons to common surfactants. The centrally located hydrophile structures exhibited varying surfactant and performance properties, with increasing detergency performance shown by higher-molecular weight GBES molecules: Optimum foaming and wetting performance was produced by a range of structures roughly given by C_nEO_n−6 for n=6–8.     

Determination of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates

A simplified procedure for the quantitative determination of very small amts of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates has been developed. In the present work this procedure was applied to the determination of lauryl alcohol in lauryl alcohol sulfate.     

The effect of surface active agents on mass transfer from spherical cap bubbles

The influence of surface active agents on the rate of dissolution of spherical cap bubbles at Re > 100 is modeled by assuming that the surfuctant forms a stagnant film on the spherical surface near the rim of the bubble. The extent of this stagnant zone is dictated by a balance between surface forces and shear forces. The presence of the stagnant zone decreases the rate of mass transfer over the frontal surface of the bubble while transfer across the base is unaffected. Comparison with experimental data shows agreement within 25%.     

松香醇聚氧乙烯醚琥珀酸单酯磺酸盐的表面活性

以松香醇聚氧乙烯醚为原料合成松香醇聚氧乙烯醚琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠(RAEOS)阴离子表面活性剂,系统研究了环氧乙烷聚合度(n)对产物表面物理化学性能的影响,对产物进行了红外光谱分析并测定了其表面物理化学性能。产物表面张力为35 5～39 4mN/m,临界胶束浓度在10-3数量级,钙皂分散指数为4 3%～8 4%,泡沫性能为120～130mm,润湿力为84～230s。结果表明,所得产物是一种性能优良的表面活性剂。     

Hydrophobisation of active carbon surface and effect on the adsorption of water

A technique of surface hydrophobisation has been applied to two microporous carbonaceous adsorbents. A granular active carbon and an activated carbon fibre, both formerly chemically treated in order they preferentially present hydroxyl surface functions, were modified by action of vinyltrimethoxysilane (vtmos) in liquid phase. The resulting samples were characterised using sorption of nitrogen, FTIR, XPS and ²⁹Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Their stability and heat treatment have also been investigated through thermal analysis.The efficiency of the hydrophobisation treatment was evaluated by static adsorption of water vapour and vapours of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs): dichloromethane and trichloroethylene. Grafting of the vtmos and development of a “coating” of polysiloxane onto the adsorbent induced a modification of the carbon surface but also a partial filling of the porosity. These modifications accounted for a decrease of both the amounts of water and VOC adsorbed by the hydrophobised materials. However, water uptakes were found to be much lower than those of the VOCs, evidencing an enhanced selectivity of the hydrophobised adsorbents toward VOCs.     

The effect of surface active agents on sorption isotherms of a model food system

The extent of the capillary condensation phenomenon in the sorption of water by a model food system was studied. The system, composed of microcrystalline cellulose, a hydrocarbon oil, and water, was treated with non-ionic surface active agents at various concentrations. Desorption and adsorption isotherms were made for triplicate control and treated systems at 37°c., using a desiccator method. During desorption, the surfactants increased the water equilibrium vapor pressure of the model system for all moisture contents, but with adsorption, this effect was observed only up to 50 to 60% RH. The magnitude of the hysteresis loop was diminished in all cases. These over-all effects were due mainly to a lowering of the liquid surface tension of the water in the pores of the model. Capillarity was analyzed by the Kelvin Equation and existed down to 20% RH, which is close to the monolayer value for most models. In addition, data from low surfactant concentrations indicated that capillarity may extend even below the monolayer. The diminished hysteresis found in our experiments supports the “ink-bottle” theory of hysteresis.