Synthesis,Characterization, and Evaluation of Ethoxylated Lauryl-Myrisityl Alcohol Nonionic Surfactants as Wetting Agents,Anti-Foamers,and Minimum Film Forming Temperature Reducers in Emulsion Polymer Lattices

Two nonionic FAEO (fatty alcohol ethoxylated) surfactants with varying solubility were obtained by the reaction of lauryl-myrisityl alcohol (LMA) with ethylene oxide to yield lauryl-myristyl/alcohol ethoxylated with 3 and 31 mol of ethylene oxide by changing the length of polyethylene glycol segment. The prepared surfactants, designated as LMAEO-3 and LMAEO-31, were characterized for their structures using spectroscopic measurements; in addition, their surface properties were investigated. The results indicated that LMAEO-31 exhibits excellent surface activity. Evaluation of the surfactants as wetting agents, anti-foamers, and minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) reducer in emulsion polymer lattices achieved promising results indicating high performance in the mentioned industrial applications.     

造纸制浆和废纸脱墨用表面活性剂

综述了表面活性剂在造纸制浆和废纸脱墨中的应用。讨论了用于纸浆脱脂、洗涤脱墨、浮选脱墨和浮选洗涤脱墨中的表面活性剂。研究表明，在纸浆脱墨中，乙氧基化壬基酚和乙氧基化二壬基酚以及磷酸酯能提供好的脱脂作用，而用于洗涤脱墨和浮选脱墨的表面活性剂类型是不同的。     

Cationic surfactants in laundry detergents and laundry aftertreatment aids

Cationic surfactants have a positively charged nitrogen atom and at least one hydrophobic, long-chain substituent in the molecule. Because of their fabric-softening and antistatic properties, they are used as active materials in fabric-softening agents. Suitable cationic surfactants are mostly quaternary ammonium salts, and to a lesser extent, imidazolinium salts with two long hydrophobic alkyl chains. Alkylated, partly ethoxylated polyamines, amine amides, ester amines and di-quaternary compounds also have recently been used or proposed. Fabric softeners generally are aqueous dispersions of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or tallow alkylated imidazolinium derivatives in concentrations of 1–9%. Concentrated fabric softeners have recently been pushed into the market as double, triple or 10-fold concentrates. Fabric softeners used in the forms of acrosol sprays, pads or sheets, are not used in the washing machine but can be used in the laundry dryer. The combination of laundry detergent and fabric softener is a single product is impaired by anionic surfactants normally contained in laundry detergents because they react with the cationics to form neural salts. With the so-called soft detergents, one attempts to circumvent these difficulties by means of special formulations, e.g., with nonionics or by using definite physical-chemical mechanisms. They represent a compromise with regard to detergency performance and softening effect.     

Nonionic surfactants and dispersants for biopolishing and stonewashing with Hypocrea jecorina cellulases

Cellulases are widely applied in textile finishing, such as for the removal of protruding surface fibrils to reduce pilling propensity and to achieve the worn‐out look in denim garments. The main drawback of enzymatic denim processing is the back‐staining of indigo, which reduces the desired blue–white contrast. Alongside an accurate selection of the type of cellulase or vigorous post‐washing of the garments, the simultaneous application of auxiliaries in the enzymatic treatment may help to reduce back‐staining and improve cellulase efficiency. In the present work, the influence of additives such as surfactants and dispersing agents on indigo adsorption and on the treatment of an undyed cotton fabric with Hypocrea jecorina cellulases was investigated. Indigo adsorption was successfully reduced by more than 75% with ethoxylated nonionic surfactants at concentrations below 0.2 g l^?1. The weight loss of cotton fabrics after 120 min treatment was significantly increased with nonionic surfactants and polyvinylpyrrolidone. It could be further shown that protein adsorption on the cotton fabric decreased with the increasing concentration of the additives, while the nonionic surfactants were more efficient than the polyvinylpyrrolidone. Adsorption of a complete cellulase mixture was affected differently by the surfactants than by an exoglucanase‐free endoglucanase‐rich preparation.     

Die Entwicklung von Enzymen zur Verwendung in Waschmitteln

Development of Enzymes for their Use in Washing Agents The author deals with the properties of enzymes which are suitable as additives to biologically active washing agents. Methods for the determination of the above properties are reported. The investigations showed that the efficacy of a biologically active washing agent depends not only upon the properties of the enzymes but on the composition of the washing agent as well. The combination of enzymes and surfactants leads to a synergic effect. The further possibilities of development in the field of biologically active washing agents are given at the end.     

Effects of adsorption on detergency phenomena: II

Knowledge of adsorption of active agents onto different interfaces is fundamental to their technical application in the washing and cleaning process. Particularly important is their influence on interactions in multicomponent systems. By the formation of mixed adsorption layers consisting of at least 2 surfactants, an enhancement of adsorption is attained as compared with the adsorption isotherms of individual components. Parallel to this, the washing effect also increases. Water-soluble complexing agents are adsorbed specifically onto polar surfaces, particularly onto such surfaces that contain calcium ions. Their affinity to such surfaces is significantly greater than those of surfactants which are mainly adsorbed onto hydrophobic interfaces. Due to the complex composition of soil, both components complement each other. In addition to their ion exchange capacity for bivalent ions, zeolites have a certain ability to adsorb molecularly dispersed soil components as well as colloidal particles. Hence, they have a special effect as antiredeposition agents. Polymeric antiredeposition agents act by formation of adsorption layers on pigments and fibers. Only such compounds that cannot be displaced completely from interfaces by competing adsorption with surfactants show positive antiredeposition effects.     

Experimental Design for Optimizing the Cleaning of Starch Adhering to Stainless-Steel Surfaces Using Nonionic Surfactants and Silica Microparticles

The statistical design of experiments has been used to assess the detergency of starch adhering to stainless steel considering three factors: pH, flow rate, and concentration of silica particles in the cleaning solution. The cleaning tests were carried out in a continuous-flow device that simulates the behavior of a Cleaning-In-Place washing system. Different statistical designs were used to evaluate the detergency of cleaning solutions in the absence of surfactants and with two nonionic surfactants, i.e., an ethoxylated alcohol, and an alkylpolyglucoside (APG). Expressions were developed to simulate detergency levels as a function of the variables assayed, determining the optimal detergency of each cleaning solution studied. The results indicate that the variable most influential on detergency was pH. Cleaning solutions with high alkalinity are required to achieve a significant cleaning efficiency. On the other hand, the silica-particle concentration did not influence the detergency results using cleaning solutions without surfactants. Nevertheless, the addition of either the ethoxylated alcohol or the APG to the cleaning solution with silica particles has a significant effect on detergency: it diminished with the ethoxylated alcohol and increased with the APG. Maximum detergency was found at the highest level of pH, particle concentration, and flow rate when the APG was added to the cleaning solution.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Surfactants based on 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)Butanoic Acid Part 3: Microemulsions from Nonionic Sulfoxide Ester Surfactants

In this work, ester sulfoxide (ESO) surfactants based on 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butyric acid are shown to have temperature-sensitive microemulsion phase behaviors. Both C10 (C₁₀ESO) and C12 (C₁₂ESO) surfactants studied contained one sulfoxide unit in the structure. Phase inversion temperatures (PIT) and interfacial tensions (IFT) between water-rich and oil-rich phases have been measured for ternary systems of water, oil, and sulfoxide surfactants. Hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) parameters of these surfactants were obtained by fitting the experimental data to a semiempirical HLD equation. The characteristic surfactant parameter and temperature sensitivity of C₁₀ESO and C₁₂ESO surfactants were obtained and compared with similar ethoxylated alcohol surfactants. By comparing the characteristic parameters of these surfactants with those of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, it was shown that one sulfoxide ester moiety is equally hydrophilic as approximately 5 ethylene oxide groups. The temperature sensitivity of the ESO was roughly a factor of four less than ethoxylated surfactants based on the temperature coefficient of the HLD equation.     

Using an electronic microbalance technique to study the stick–slip behavior of lubricated polypropylene fibers

By use of an electronic microbalance, fiber/fiber friction measurements were made on cleaned and lubricated polypropylene (PP) filaments. The filaments were coated with a 0.14‐μm‐thick layer of one of the five lubricants: two different hydroxylated oils (hydroxylated oleate and hydroxylated stearate) and three different ethoxylated surfactants [(i) ethoxylated 10 OE dioleate; (ii) ethoxylated 15 OE dioleate; and (iii) ethoxylated 20 OE trioleate]. Despite the thick layer of lubricant applied, stick–slip persisted. Theoretical considerations of experimental conditions (load, speed, and viscosity) show that the pressure is very high at the contact point, and this would induce film thinning and thus stick–slips arising from phase transitions. Statistical evaluations and atomic force microscopy images show that contacts between PP surfaces take place in presence of lubricants because surface asperity heights are larger than the lubricant film thickness. Oils or surfactants having similar surface tensions give different interfiber cohesion. Some explanations correlating the lubricant chemical structure and its spatial conformation, as well as its capacity to form intermolecular bonds and associative organization, to interfiber friction are given. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 645–654, 2003     

脂肪酸系列表面活性剂的研究进展

概括和综述了4大类10余个脂肪酸系列表面活性剂的合成、性能和应用现状，重点评述了烷醇酰胺及其衍生物、乙氧基化脂肪酸甲酯、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐、N-酰基ED3A、氨基酸、咪唑啉、甜菜碱、双子表面活性剂等脂肪酸系列表面活性剂的研究进展。此系列表面活性剂易生物降解、安全、多功能和高效能。     

Characterization and Surfactant-Enhanced Washing Treatability of Drilling Fluids Stored for More than 20 Years

Drilling fluids represent a significant environmental hazard owing to the fact that they are frequently stored in open vessels without any treatment. The drilling fluids studied in this work have been stored for 20–30 years in open cesspits in the state of Tabasco (Mexico). The aim of this work was to characterize the drilling fluids produced in this region and to determine their treatability by means of surfactant-enhanced washing. Two anionic and two non-ionic surfactants (sodium lauryl ethersulfate SLES and sodium dodecylsulfate SDS, ethoxylated nonylphenol ENP and an unknown composition ethoxylated nonionic Surfynol 440 respectively) were employed for surfactant-enhanced washing assessments in the presence of a commercial dispersant. Drilling fluids were contaminated with 135,400 mg of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)/kg soil, including seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from 1.18 to 57.28 mg/kg. TPH removal efficiencies as high as 55.7% were reached when washing drilling fluids with SDS (4%), followed by ENP 906 (1%), which showed a TPH removal of 52.2%, and ENP itself at a lower dose (0.1%). SLES and S440 gave removal of around 10–15% with the assessed doses.

Adsorption, Desorption and Adsolubilization Properties of Mixed Anionic Extended Surfactants and a Cationic Surfactant

Anionic and cationic surfactant mixtures exhibit desirable synergism, but are limited by their tendency to form precipitates. This research evaluates the adsorption, adsolubilization and desorption of mixtures of carboxylate-based anionic extended surfactants and a pyridinium-based cationic surfactant. The mixture of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), selected as the cationic surfactant, with four anionic extended surfactants were studied. The anionic surfactants studied were alkyl propoxylated ethoxylated carboxylate with average number of carbon chain length of 16 and 17 or 16 and 18 with 4?mol of propylene oxide groups and either 2 or 5?mol of ethylene oxide groups. The adsorption of anionic extended and cationic surfactant mixtures onto a negatively charged metal oxide surface (silica dioxide) was evaluated. The adsolubilization of phenylethanol, styrene and ethylcyclohexane were evaluated for these mixed surfactant systems. The desorption potential of individual and mixed surfactant systems was also evaluated by varying the number of washing (desorption) steps. It was found that the plateau adsorption of mixed anionic extended surfactant and cationic surfactant occurred at lower surfactant concentration than that of the CPC alone, although the maximum adsorption capacity of CPC was not enhanced in our mixed surfactant systems. Adsolubilization capacities of these mixed surfactant systems are higher than that of the individual surfactant system. For desorption studies, these mixed surfactant systems showed lower stability than the individual surfactant system.     

Wetting Power in Aqueous Mixtures of Alkylpolyglucosides and Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohols

The wetting power of aqueous solutions of mixtures of an ethoxylated fatty alcohol (AE) and an alkylpolyglucoside (AG) and (concentration ratios expressed in dry weight AE:AG = 1:0, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:2, 0:1) has been evaluated. At low concentrations, the mixtures show better wettability than the pure surfactants. The wettability of mixtures of these surfactants is not significantly influenced by the water hardness or citric acid concentration. Together with the chemical nature of these surfactants, these properties make them especially interesting for the formulation of biodegradable detergents or wetting agents.     

Novel hydroperoxides as primary autoxidation products of a model ethoxylated surfactant

Ethoxylated alcohols, widely used as surfactants, are susceptible to oxidation when exposed to air. A complex mixture is formed, in which alkylated aldehydes, alkylated formates, hydroxyaldehydes, and formaldehyde have previously been identified by our group. The compounds identified so fat are all secondary oxidation products, some of which have been shown to be skin sensitizers and irritants. The primary oxidation products from ethoxylated surfactants have been described as peroxides and hydroperoxides, but their structures have not been elucidated more closely. Hydroperoxides are reactive species and can be suspected to be biologically active as skin sensitizers and irritants. In the present study we used a small model compound, diethylenglycol monoethylether (C₂E₂), to facilitate the identification of primary oxidation products formed at autoxidation of ethoxylated surfactants. By performing NMR and HPLC-MS analyses, we found that at least four different hydroperoxides were formed at autoxidation of C₂E₂, one of them dominating in concentration over the others. The hydroperoxide present in the highest concentration was identified as 2-[2-(1-hydroperoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol.     

Stability of Dye Dispersions in the Presence of Some Eco-Friendly Dispersing Agents

The stability of dye dispersions in the presence of ethoxylated sorbitan lauryl and oleyl esters were reported and compared with dye dispersions containing a conventional dispersing agent, i.e. naphthalene sulfonic acid methylene-bis sodium salt (NSAB). The optimum operating conditions obtained using a central composite design and stability of dye dispersions were evaluated by a turbidimetry method. Results showed that the dose of surfactants and the temperature of operation were important factors in preparing stable dye dispersions. Also, the best conditions for preparing dye dispersions were as follows: dose of surfactant 0.05 g, temperature 25 °C and time 5 min. In addition to, findings indicated that both of the used surfactants had better performance in dispersing the dyes in water. However, ethoxylated sorbitan oleate had better efficiency relative to other used dispersing agents. The performance of both sorbitan esters were compared with NSAB. The results indicated that they can create stable dye dispersions in aqueous media and have approximately the same effectiveness with NSAB. In this series, although oleate ester had a better performance than the laurate, the difference in performance of using dispersing agents was not significant. This finding was confirmed by the results of the particle size analysis of dye dispersions.     

Rheological Behavior of Selected Water-Nonionic–Anionic Surfactant Quasi-ternary Systems

The results of studies on the rheological behavior of ternary mixtures comprising water, linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, and a non-ionic surfactant from a group comprising ethoxylated fatty acid methyl esters are presented in this paper. In the latter group, those examined include ethoxylated rapeseed and coconut fatty acid methyl esters, and ethoxylated lauryl acid methyl ester. The flowing curves, effect of temperature on viscosity, as well as the relationship between viscosity and composition of the examined ternary systems were studied. As a practical objective, the studies were intended to utilize the findings for optimizing unit operations which are applied in the process of technology to make washing powder formulations.     

Chemie und Technologie der Herstellung nichtionischer Tenside

Chemistry and Technology of Manufacture of Non-Ionic Surfactants Classification of surfactants and the historical development of nonionics are outlined. A great deal of data reveals the increase in economical significance of nonionic surfactants compared to other groups of washing agents including soaps. The supply of raw materials is guranteed for the production of nonionics, which assures a positive trend of future development for this group of surfactants. Relationship between chemical constitution of nonionics and their biological degradability is described briefly, which is followed by chemistry and synthesis of nonionics. Special reference is made to catalytic oxethylation and the properties of oxethylated products, such as solubility and turbidity point in aqueous solutions. One section deals with the synthesis of uniform and chemically defined nonionics which are important model substances. The last section describes the technical production of some common types of nonionics.     

Laundry detergents: an overview

Nowadays laundry detergents are becoming increasingly popular as they can be metered automatically into the washing machine, impart softness, antistaticness, resiliency to fabrics, mild to eyes and skins and shows good dispersibility in water. Because it is consumed when it is used, the sale of laundry detergent is a rather large business. There are many different kinds or brands of laundry detergent sold, many of them claiming some special qualities as selling points. A Laundry detergent composition is a formulated mixture of raw materials that can be classified into different types based on their properties and function in the final product. The different classes of raw materials are surfactants, builders, bleaching agents, enzymes, and minors which remove dirt, stain, and soil from surfaces or textiles gave them pleasant feel and odour. The physico-chemical properties of surfactants make them suitable for laundry purposes. Laundry detergent has traditionally been a powdered or granular solid, but the use of liquid laundry detergents has gradually increased over the years, and these days use of liquid detergent equals or even exceeds use of solid detergent. This review paper describes the history, composition, types, mechanism, consumption, environmental effects and consumption of laundry detergents.     

Soap and fat-based detergents

Many materials made from fats and oils derive their importance from their ability to modify the surface behavior of the liquid in which they are dissolved. These compounds are grouped under the broad classification of surface active agents or surfactants. Depending on their use, they are classified as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, dispersing agents, etc. The oldest, and still one of the most important surfactants, is ordinary soap; twentythree percent of all the tallow produced in the United States goes into soap. This paper covers the present state of the art of soap technology, and the most important classes of fat-based surfactants.     

Formation and investigation of microemulsions based on jojoba oil and nonionic surfactants

The properties of jojoba oil make it uniquely suited as a raw material for the cosmetics industry. Water-based, thermodynamically stable preparations of jojoba oil are essential in many formulations. New microemulsions were prepared based on jojoba oil and different nonionic surfactants, namely polyoxyethylene-(ethylene oxide)₁₀-oleyl alcohol (Brij 96V) and ethoxylated sorbitan esters (Tweens). The effects of the surfactants and of primary alcohols as cosurfactants on the isotropic regions of the phase diagram were elucidated. It was found that, up to a certain cosurfactant chain length, the isotropic region expanded considerably as chain length increased. The size of the isotropic region also increased as a function of the ethylene glycol content of the aqueous phase in microemulsions based on ethoxylated alcohol but shrank when ethylene glycol was included in microemulsions prepared with ethoxylated sorbitan esters. Secondary structural phase transitions from water-in-oil to bicontinous and to oil-in-water structures (as determined by measuring conductivity and viscosity) were found to be related to jojoba oil content. Dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering studies established that incorporation of jojoba oil into Brij 96V micelles caused micellar transformation from elongated to spherical droplets and a decrease in the aggregation number.