椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种脉冲场凝胶电泳分型的研究

目的建立椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种的脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)分型方法,并对29株分离株进行PFGE分型研究。方法分别选择5种限制性内切酶(XbaⅠ、SpeⅠ、NotⅠ、SmaⅠ、AscⅠ)酶切椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种染色体DNA以进行PFGE分析,并利用BioNumerics软件对分离株的指纹图谱进行聚类分析。结果NotⅠ、SmaⅠ和AscⅠ的酶切片段过小,而XbaⅠ酶切片段的大小适中但数量过多,不能获得清晰可辨的图谱,均不适于椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种的PFGE分型。SpeⅠ酶切的PFGE条带数量和大小适中、指纹图谱清晰可辨,对椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种具有足够的分辨率。结论本研究建立的PFGE分型方法可应用于椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种的分子分型和溯源。     

限制性内切酶组合对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的脉冲场凝胶电泳基因分型效果的影响

目的利用多种限制性内切酶提高脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)技术对阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter Sakazakii)的分型效果,找到更多的以PFGE为基础的阪崎克罗诺杆菌分子分型信息。方法本研究选用XbaⅠ、SpeⅠ、NheⅠ和BlnⅠ分别酶切34株克罗诺杆菌分离株的DNA,并经PFGE得到相应的基因图谱,通过束平均数、束菌株百分比、结与菌株比值与Simpson多样性指数对各限制内切酶以及结合酶的相对分辨率进行评价。结果 NheⅠ是PFGE单酶切分型中效果最好的一种限制性内切酶;4种限制性内切酶相结合的分型方法可提高PFGE阪崎克罗诺杆菌基因分型效果。结论运用PFGE技术对菌株进行亚分型时,选用的酶种类越多,则结果越可靠,使用XbaⅠ、SpeⅠ、NheⅠ、BlnⅠ4种内切酶结合分析,可以得到理想的菌株亚分型结果。     

PFGE与16S rDNA对阪崎克罗诺杆菌分型的研究

研究脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)与16S rDNA序列分析在阪崎克罗诺杆菌分型中的应用。对分离自不同来源的10株阪崎克罗诺杆菌进行16S rDNA序列扩增及测序,并构建系统发育树进行聚类分析。再利用限制性内切酶Xba I对这10株菌酶切后,进行PFGE电泳分型。16S rDNA序列分析显示,所有分离菌株与ATCC标准菌株在同一系统发育分支下,其序列相似性达到98.37%,并且不能进一步分型。而PFGE分型结果显示,10株分离菌株和2株标准菌株共分成11种PFGE基因型,说明PFGE的分型能力明显优于16S rDNA序列分析,部分菌株的基因型与分离来源具有一定的相关性,所以PFGE分型方法可用于阪崎克罗诺杆菌分子分型及溯源的研究。     

一起食物中毒病原菌斯坦利沙门菌的分子分型及耐药性分析

目的对引起跨区域食物中毒的斯坦利沙门菌分离株进行耐药性检测和分子分型分析,追溯并明确病因食品,为该菌防控工作提供科学依据。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法对15株斯坦利沙门菌进行18种抗生素敏感性试验,同时对菌株基因组DNA经限制性内切酶Xba I酶切后进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型,并与数据库中其他沙门菌比较。结果此次疫情分离菌株中食品分离株和腹泻患者分离株血清型一致,耐药谱基本一致。经PFGE溯源分析后具有100%同源的PFGE带型,数据库中无相同带型的菌株。结论本起跨区域食物中毒是由斯坦利沙门菌污染的煮花生引起,分离菌株对红霉素耐药,对氯霉素处于中介,对其他抗生素敏感。     

2014—2018年北京市人源性肠致病性大肠埃希菌耐药特征及分子特征研究

目的 了解北京市门诊腹泻病例肠致病性大肠埃希菌(enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,EPEC)分离株抗生素敏感性情况及分子分型特征。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法对2014—2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例EPEC分离株进行8类14种抗生素敏感性检测。参照PulseNet中非O157大肠埃希菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型方法,对不同区县不同采样时间分离的菌株采用随机抽样原则,对140株菌基因组经限制性内切酶Xba Ⅰ酶切后进行分子分型和聚类分析。结果 2014—2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例EPEC分离株总耐药率为84.8%(391/461),氨苄西林、四环素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑耐药率较高,分别为66.4%(294/443)、54.0%(249/461)、45.6%(210/461)。461株菌分为200种耐药谱,耐3类及3类以上抗生素的菌株数达249株(54.0%),有1株菌对7类12种抗生素耐药。常见耐药谱为萘啶酸耐药,占4.3%(20/461)。环丙沙星、萘啶酸、四环素、亚胺培南耐药率和耐药谱种类呈逐年缓慢上升趋势。其中140株菌共产生136种PFGE带型,带型分布较为分散,无优势带型,菌株之间的相似系数为53.3%～100.0%。结论 2014—2018年北京市腹泻病例EPEC 耐药情况严重,耐药谱复杂广泛,多重耐药菌株及耐药谱种类呈逐年增多趋势。菌株的基因型呈多态性分布。     

2014~2018年北京市人源性肠产毒性大肠埃希菌耐药性与PFGE分子分型研究

目的 分析北京市门诊腹泻病例肠产毒性大肠埃希菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC)分离株抗生素敏感性及分子分型特征。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法对2014~2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例ETEC分离株进行8大类14种抗生素敏感性检测。参照PulseNet中非O157大肠埃希菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PFGE)分型方法, 对不同区县不同采样时间分离的菌株采用随机抽样原则, 对178株菌基因组经限制性内切酶Xba I酶切后进行分子分型和聚类分析。结果 578株2014~2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例ETEC菌株总耐药率为94.29%, 对萘啶酸、氨苄西林、头孢唑林耐药率较高, 分别为61.58%、60.38%、36.19%。578株菌分为152个耐药谱, 耐3种及3种以上抗生素的菌株数达340株(59.00%), 有1株菌对12种抗生素耐药。常见耐药谱为耐喹诺酮类的萘啶酸, 占20.18%, 其次为耐β-内酰胺类的氨苄西林-头孢唑林-头孢噻肟, 占12.29%, 再次为耐β-内酰胺类的氨苄西林-喹诺酮类的萘啶酸-大环内酯类的阿奇霉素, 占6.79%, 且耐药谱种类逐年缓慢上升。其中178株菌共产生153种PFGE带型, 带型分布较为分散, 无优势带型, 菌株之间的相似系数为31.60%~100.0%。结论 2014~2018年北京市腹泻病例肠产毒性大肠埃希菌耐药情况严重, 耐药谱复杂广泛, 多重耐药菌株占比呈逐年缓慢上升趋势。PFGE带型呈多态性分布。     

市售婴幼儿食品中克罗诺杆菌分离菌株脉冲场凝胶电泳分型及耐药性研究

目的研究婴幼儿食品中克罗诺杆菌分离菌株的分子分型特征和耐药情况。方法 2010—2016年在国内32个企业生产的婴幼儿食品中分离获得50株克罗诺杆菌,使用限制性内切酶XbaⅠ对基因组DNA进行酶切和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型,利用BioNumerics软件进行聚类分析,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验,分析分离菌株的耐药情况。结果 50株克罗诺杆菌分为47个PFGE型,相似度为28.7%～100.0%,具有较高的遗传多态性。不同地区、不同企业的分离株分散在各簇,无地区聚集性和特异性,但有2个企业不同批次产品的分离菌株分别属于同一克隆株。50株克罗诺杆菌对萘啶酸、环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松均敏感,对磺胺嘧啶、氨苄青霉素、氯霉素、复方新诺明、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、卡那霉素和庆大霉素具有不同程度的耐药,7株克罗诺杆菌表现出对抗生素的多重耐药性。结论部分婴幼儿食品加工企业存在克罗诺杆菌持续污染,且有多重耐药株出现,应加强关注。     

广西香港海鸥菌分离菌株脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型研究

目的 探讨香港海鸥菌分子分型方法,了解广西水产品监测所分离的香港海鸥菌的相关性.方法 以NotⅠ限制性内切酶对2005年分离的香港海鸥菌酶切后进行脉冲电泳,用BioNumerics 5.1聚类分析获得电泳图谱.结果 7株香港海鸥菌分为6个分子型,其中从南宁分离的与从河池分离的2株香港海鸥菌高度同源,相似度达100％.结论 PFGE可应用于香港海鸥菌分子分型,有助于发现香港海鸥菌流行规律和传播途径,水鸟可能是香港海鸥菌传播环节的一种重要媒介.     

阪崎肠杆菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型及耐药研究

目的：研究北京、新疆、广东、辽宁等地和新西兰、美国、印度进口食品中分离的阪崎肠杆菌(ES)分子型别和耐药情况。方法：用限制性内切酶Xba Ⅰ酶切ES 染色体DNA 进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)实验,用BioNumerics 软件对不同地区分离的ES 进行比对,分析菌株之间的相似度。用Vitek 2 进行药敏实验,分析ES 耐药情况。结果：38 株ES(其中ES12 为标准菌株)分成37 个PFGE 型,相似度在25%～100%,未表现出优势带型和地区特异性,而部分食品被遗传紧密相关的ES 克隆株污染。药敏实验结果显示37 株ES 共有9 种耐药谱,部分菌株对呋喃类、头孢类、β- 内酰胺类耐药。结论：建立的PFGE 方法可应用于ES 的分子分型和溯源。     

乳酸杆菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型的条件优化

目的:通过将脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法应用于乳酸杆菌分型研究,以建立乳酸杆菌PFGE分型的最优方法。方法:针对不同内切酶、酶切浓度、酶切时间、脉冲时间等影响PFGE分型结果的重要因素进行优化,使用优化后的条件对乳酸杆菌22株标准菌株进行分型研究。结果:在乳酸杆菌的PFGE分型研究中,选择AscI为内切酶、酶切浓度为30U/150μL、酶切时间为4.5h、脉冲时间为1～15s为PFGE电泳的最优条件,在所分析的22株乳酸杆菌标准菌株中,5种乳酸杆菌的PFGE图谱各不相同,但种内不同株电泳图谱的区别并不稳定。结论:PFGE方法可用于乳酸杆菌的基因分型研究。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the