Calculation of the Characteristics of Salient‐Pole Synchronous Machines Assisted by Permanent Magnets on the Basis of the Operating Principle

In this study we investigate a method for accurately calculating the characteristics of salient‐pole synchronous machines assisted by permanent magnets. First, the operating principle of the machines is investigated by using both finite element analysis and a simple magnetic circuit. Then, a theoretical representation of the assist effect on the permanent magnets is derived based on the magnetic circuit. Finally, the measured and calculated results are compared in order to confirm the validity of the proposed calculation method. We show that the load characteristics of the proposed machine can be accurately estimated from the no‐load and short‐circuit characteristics of the conventional machine without permanent magnets, and the size and magnetization of the inserted permanent magnets.     

Memory motors

A new class of permanent-magnet (PM) machines, named memory motors for their ability to change the intensity of magnetization and memorize the flux density level in rotor magnets is described in the article. A memory motor can be built either as a variable-flux or pole-changing machine. In both machine types, the magnetization of PMs can be simply varied by a short current pulse, with no need for permanent demagnetizing current as in conventional internal PM machines at flux-weakening mode. The demagnetizing current flows through stator winding(s) supplied from the same source as the stator current. Memory motors combine advantages of a wound-rotor machine (variable rotor flux) with those of a wide-speed machine (no excitation losses), resulting in a unique machine concept that has the potential to find numerous applications in electric drives.     

磁通可控永磁同步电动机的磁化

提出一种调速机理异于常规永磁同步电动机的新型电动机--可控磁通永磁同步电动机.在需要调速时,通过定子绕组施加一定强度的直轴电流脉冲对磁体进行去磁或充磁,在正常运行时采用i_d=0的控制策略,而独特的转子结构保证交轴磁动势不对磁体的磁化状态产生影响.由于确定磁体磁化后的最终状态是调磁变速分析的关键,本文建立了包括初始磁化和反复磁化两种情况下的磁化分析模型,扩展了现有的磁化比率曲线.将局部磁滞回线预测模型与磁体的磁化模型相结合,建立了永磁体的磁化状态计算方法.依据该计算模型,计算了不同磁化电流下的气隙磁通密度及相应的电动势波形.样机的实验结果与有限元计算结果较为吻合,证明了该电动机实现磁通可调的可行性和磁化模型的正确性.     

A Flux‐Modulating Synchronous Machine with Permanent Magnet Excitation

This paper presents a novel type of flux‐modulating synchronous machine (FMSM) in which permanent magnets (PMs) are embedded in the stator back‐iron. The rotor has neither windings nor PMs. A prototype machine with an outer‐rotor configuration was designed and manufactured to validate the operating principle of the FMSM. The characteristics in the motor mode of the prototype machine were also investigated with a vector control system. The results of the investigations show that, as in surface‐mounted PM motors, the torque of the FMSM is predominantly generated by the PM flux and can be controlled using the armature current.     

内置混合式可控磁通永磁同步电机有限元分析

提出一种转子内同时放置钕铁硼和铝镍钴两种永磁体的内置混合式转子磁路结构的可控磁通永磁同步电机。它充分利用钕铁硼剩磁密度和矫顽力都很高,铝镍钴剩磁密度很高而矫顽力很低的特点,使两种永磁体在磁性能上合理配合。通过控制直轴电流矢量脉冲的幅值和方向来控制铝镍钴的磁化强弱和方向,使气隙永磁磁通受控,实现宽范围弱磁调速。介绍了电机工作原理,进行了电磁场有限元分析,给出了不同磁化状况下电机磁场分布图及气隙磁场曲线,指出了增加交轴磁阻的必要性,总结出永磁体尺寸对电机弱磁倍数影响的变化规律。     

A study of magnetic rotor systems of high-speed electromechanical energy converters

This paper presents the results of a study of magnetic rotor systems of high-speed electromechanical energy converters in the Ansoft Maxwell software package, followed by experimental test. Two magnetic systems were considered: with semicircular and cylindrical permanent magnets. It has been found out that the system with semicircular permanent magnets makes it possible to create an electromechanical energy converter with less dense current in the windings and lower losses at identical weight and dimensions. Moreover, the rotor magnet system with semicircular permanent magnets reduces mechanical stresses in the shrouding rotor shell and, correspondingly, its mechanical expansions during operation. We have considered a case of selecting the number of terminal pairs of high-speed electrical machines with permanent magnets, which required preliminary calculations of losses in the magnetic circuit with aimed parameters for different numbers of terminals.     

无刷双馈电机谐波铜耗与铁耗的分析与计算

针对无刷双馈电机谐波含量高、谐波损耗大的问题,提出考虑谐波磁场、谐波电流、集肤效应和旋转磁化影响的BDFM损耗计算模型.基于二维场路耦合时步有限元模型和谐波分析方法,分别建立两种转子铜耗计算模型和三种定转子铁耗计算模型,分析不同计算模型对转子铜耗和定转子铁耗的影响,得到定转子谐波铜耗和铁耗的变化规律.结果表明,转子铜耗模型2以及定转子铁耗模型3更精确;随着控制绕组电压的增加,定转子铜耗先减小后增加,定转子铁耗持续增加;随着负载转矩的增加,定转子铜耗和铁耗均随之增加.通过与一台相似异步电机铜耗和铁耗的电磁设计数据和实验数据的比较,验证了模型与计算结果的正确性.     

High-speed synchronous machines: A computer system for the study of the effect of rotor radial eccentricity on electromagnetic forces

The problem of the development of modern bearings (magnetic, gas, etc.) for high-speed machines with a wide range of capacities (from tens of kilowatts to megawatts) and rotational speeds (from 6000 to 60000 rpm) used in oil and gas production, robotics, space technology, and mini gas-turbine power plants is considered. The distribution of forces applied to the rotor shaft in different modes of operation is investigated including the case of shaft eccentricity. In operation, the eccentricity should not exceed 5%. A computer system is designed on the basis of the numerical method for field (2D) computation in the active part of the machine. The distribution of forces is analyzed taking into account the saturation of the magnetic circuit of the machine and the harmonic content of the mutual magnetic flux (flux in the gap). When calculating these forces in the no-load mode of operation, it was assumed that, in machines with permanent magnets, the mutual magnetic flux on the rotor is about 10–15% higher than under the rated load because of the demagnetization effect of the armature reaction. The mutual magnetic flux was specified depending on the type of rotor magnets. The computer system takes into account the relative position of the rotor poles relative to the stator field reaction under load (load angle Θ). It is also taken into account that, during use, the resulting mutual magnetic flux is distorted (compared to the no-load mode). As a result, a number of additional high harmonics appear in the gap, which affect the forces applied to the rotor shaft. Load angle Θ is calculated using graphical options of the simulation package by the iteration method. An algorithm for the implementation of this method is described. The distribution of the radial forces along the rotor shaft surface (differential parameter) and the total radial attraction force applied to the rotor shaft (integral parameter) are calculated for different values of eccentricity and different modes of operation of high-speed machines.     

Performance Evaluation of an Axial‐Type Magnetic‐Geared Motor

This paper first proposes an axial‐type magnetic‐geared motor that uses permanent magnets only in the high‐speed rotor. The operating principle of this motor is described and the torque–speed characteristics are computed by using three‐dimensional finite element method analysis. In order to increase the torque density, a novel axial‐type magnetic‐geared motor with permanent magnets on the high‐speed rotor and stator is also proposed. The torque–speed characteristics are compared to the original model with permanent magnets only on the high‐speed rotor. Finally, the computed torque–speed characteristics are verified against measurements on a prototype.     

Proposal and Feasibility Study of the Integrated Diode Synchronous Motor

This paper presents a new type of magnet‐free motor that has concentrated stator windings and rotor coils with a pair of diodes. The most important feature of this motor is that currents in the rotor coils can be generated by utilizing the changes in the spatial second harmonic of the magnetic fields due to the concentrated stator windings, which normally increase motor losses. A prototype of the motor was designed and fabricated, and its basic performance was evaluated. First, using simplified analytic models, we explain the mechanism of inducing currents in the rotor coils by the changes in the spatial second harmonic of the magnetic fields. Second, we compare the torque performance of the proposed motor and that of other types of motors including a magnet motor through finite‐element analyses. The analyzed data show that the proposed motor can possess greater torque/volume ratio than that of the other motors. Finally, using the measured data, we validate the mechanism of inducing currents in the rotor coils, and examine the torque and power characteristics of the motor.     

削弱反磁通电机齿槽转矩的两种新方法

由于定子上永磁体的存在和定转子双凸极齿槽结构,反磁通电机不可避免地存在齿槽转矩,齿槽转矩会引起电机的振动和噪声问题,对于低速运行和要求平稳运行的场合不容忽视,严重时甚至会影响电机的正常运行.本文提出削弱反磁通电机齿槽转矩的两种新方法:转子分段法和定子极弧宽窄成对加转子分段法,通过电磁场有限元分析,证明这两种方法在基本不影响反磁通电机感应电动势的前提下,很好地削弱了齿槽脉动转矩.这两种方法制造工艺简单可行.     

高速永磁电机转子过盈配合设计及仿真研究

永磁体不能承受电机高速运行时产生的拉应力,通常在永磁体外表面装配非导磁合金钢护套,通过过盈配合连接来保护永磁体。过盈量的选取非常重要。介绍了一种转子护套和永磁体过盈量的设计方法,通过设计实例,利用解析法计算转子护套和永磁体在静态装配、冷态运行和热态运行三种不同工况下的应力,对热套工艺参数和松脱转速进行了计算,并且进行了有限元仿真验证。对过盈配合的影响因素进行了研究,为高速永磁电机转子护套与永磁体过盈量的设计提供了依据。     

Cogging Torque Characteristics of a Magnetic‐Geared Motor

This paper describes the cogging torque characteristics of a magnetic‐geared motor with permanent magnets only on the high‐speed rotor. The operational principle, which is different from that of the magnetic‐geared motor with permanent magnets on the high‐speed rotor and stator, is described. The torque characteristics, especially the order of the cogging torque, are mathematically formulated and verified by conducting 3D finite element analysis and carrying out measurements on a prototype. A novel cogging torque reduction method is proposed and verified as well.     

Mathematical simulation of a high-speed single-phase machine with alternating current direction

A new design of a single-phase flux reversal machine (FRM) and a procedure of mathematical simulation of the FRM are described in this article. Technical features of the FRM (such as efficiency, specific power, and specific torque) that are close to those of synchronous motors with magnets on the rotor have greater reliability for high speed applications. The main advantages of an FRM involve the absence of permanent magnets or electric conductors on a rotating rotor and their being positioned on a stator. The new design of a single-phase FRM consists of a rotor with four teeth and a stator with four teeth and a magnetic system. The magnetic system on the stator teeth surface has two magnets on each stator tooth and generates two magnetic poles on each one. The adjacent poles on the adjacent teeth of stator are similar. The total angular size of new design is slightly less than the perimeter of the circle. Therefore, the stator surface is much better used (unlike the prototype), which results in an increase in the specific power and power efficiency, as well as a decrease in the cost of the FRM. A method for mathematical simulation of an FRM that is based upon solving magnetostatic problems with common geometry is proposed. Different positions of the rotor are simulated by joining boundary conditions. The method allows one to determine the electric losses in steel and magnets in postprocessing.     

The influence of mistuned motor parameters on vector control performance and on line slip frequency correction strategy for induction machine operated under one‐pulse PWM mode

In high‐power, high‐speed traction drive systems, the traction motor usually operates under one‐pulse PWM (pulse width modulation) mode (square wave) during high‐speed operation. The constant output voltage in this condition makes the traditional vector control inoperative anymore. In this paper, a modified vector control strategy using open‐loop current control instead of closed‐loop current control is proposed. The modified control strategy is specially designed for an induction motor operating under one‐pulse PWM mode. As the field orientation is greatly affected by the deviation in the parameters, the influence of mistuned rotor time constant and mutual inductance (which are regarded as the most important parameters for field orientation) on the performance of modified vector control is studied comprehensively, including the influence on estimated angle and amplitude of rotor flux, d/q‐axis voltage, and output torque. Subsequently, based on the comparison between the different methods, a new slip frequency correction strategy is proposed to maintain proper field orientation for the modified vector control. The new correction strategy is based on the q‐axis current component error. It is independent of the motor parameters and can be easily realized through minor calculations. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed slip frequency correction strategy can not only eliminate rotor flux angle error in steady state but also effect rapid torque response during the transient process under one‐pulse PWM mode. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

稀土和铁氧体混用永磁辅助同步磁阻电机（英文）

永磁辅助同步磁阻电机在宽转速范围内的高效率优点,使其成为高性能调速驱动应用的重要方案。虽然永磁体仅用于辅助目的,但其特性仍然对电机产生重要影响。例如,稀土永磁体辅助的同步磁阻电机面临着成本高、供应链波动大的问题,而铁氧体辅助的同步磁阻电机面临永磁体磁性能较差、易退磁等问题。本文在综合考虑稀土和铁氧体特性差异的基础上,提出了一种新型混合永磁辅助同步磁阻电机。通过在靠近转子外围的磁障中放置少量稀土永磁体,可显著提高电机的抗退磁能力。分析结果表明,稀土与铁氧体的体积比例在略高于5%时,即可在抗退磁能力、单位转矩的成本等因素之间取得很好的平衡。本文设计了一台稀土体积占比为5.5%的混用永磁辅助同步磁阻电机样机,并与两台已有的常规电机（分别是铁氧体辅助和稀土辅助）进行了对比研究。有限元分析和实验结果表明：在三台电机电磁性能基本相同的前提下,混用永磁辅助电机的抗退磁能力显著高于铁氧体辅助电机,而成本明显低于稀土辅助电机。     

宽调速可控磁通永磁同步电机磁路设计和有限元分析

提出了一种内置混合式转子可控磁通永磁同步电机,是真正意义上的宽调速电机.其径向永磁体采用剩磁密度和矫顽力都很高的钕铁硼,而切向永磁体采用剩磁密度高但矫顽力却很低的铝镍钴.通过定子直轴电流矢量脉冲控制铝镍钴的磁化方向和强弱,使钕铁硼产生的磁通部分穿过气隙,部分被铝镍钴在转子内部旁路,使永磁气隙主磁通受控.给出了永磁体尺寸和磁路结构尺寸的选取原则,特别是将交轴磁路磁阻设计的较大,交轴电感较小时,弱磁效果会更好,还能减少电枢反应对永磁气隙主磁通的影响.对两种极端磁化状况下模型电机内部磁场的分布进行了有限元分析,说明所提出的设想是可行的.     

High-speed synchronous reluctance machine with minimized rotorlosses

This paper presents a refined design of a high-speed synchronous reluctance machine with minimized eddy-current losses in the rotor. Design criteria are the ability of the rotor to withstand high speeds, ability to operate in vacuum, negligible zero-torque spinning losses, high reliability, high efficiency, and low manufacturing cost. The rotor of the synchronous reluctance machine consists of bonded sections of ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic steels. Finite-element code, incorporating rotor rotation, has been developed in MATLAB that calculates steady-state eddy currents (and losses) in the rotor. A stator iron and stator winding have been designed to minimize rotor losses, and two such prototype machines have been fabricated. Experimental results show an efficiency of 91% at a 10 kW 10000 r/min operating point, and rotor losses less than 0.5% of input power     

塑料粘结磁体磁场注射成型机的设计与制造

注射成型塑料粘结磁体与模压成型粘结磁体相比有更多的优点。磁场注射成型机是制造塑料粘结磁体的关键设备。     

高频非晶合金轴向磁通永磁电机温度场计算

高频非晶合金轴向磁通永磁电机永磁体涡流损耗分布不均,所以在电机温度场计算时不能简单地给永磁体赋一个平均生热率,需要根据永磁体不同位置的涡流损耗密度赋相应的生热率。本文将永磁体分成多块,利用有限元分别计算每块永磁体上的涡流损耗大小,给出了永磁体的不同位置涡流损耗分布规律。根据涡流损耗分布规律,改进了的永磁体分块原则,提高了电机温升计算效率。最后,利用有限体积法对考虑涡流损耗分布和未考虑涡流损耗分布两种情况下电机的温升分别进行了计算,结果显示,考虑涡流损耗分布计算出的电机温升结果更接近实测值。