Discussion of electrode conditioning mechanism based on pre‐breakdown current under nonuniform electric field in vacuum

Electrode conditioning is a very important technique for improvement of the insulation performance of vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs). This paper discusses the spark conditioning mechanism under a nonuniform electric field, focusing on the pre‐breakdown current. We quantitatively evaluated the spark conditioning effect by analyzing the pre‐breakdown current based on the Fowler‐Nordheim equation. The field enhancement factor β was found to decrease with increasing breakdown voltage at the beginning of the conditioning process, and finally became saturated with the saturation of the breakdown voltage. In addition, in the case of a nonuniform field, we found that β on a high‐voltage rod electrode after conditioning varied according to the electric field strength on the rod electrode. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(2): 21‐28, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21059     

特高压直流输电线路离子流场的有限元-积分法计算

针对特高压直流输电线的地面电场和离子流密度的计算问题,采用有限元-积分方法,对双极离子流场的控制方程进行求解,同时还对空间电荷密度初值进行了改进。通过计算,发现该方法能较快地获得稳定的数值解。通过采用该方法对±400kV的直流线路进行了比对计算,验证了该算法的有效性。将该方法应用于实际的±800kV直流输电线路,对地面合成电场和离子流密度进行了计算,分析了导线对地高度、极间距、正负极起晕情况不同以及避雷线对地面合成电场和离子流密度的影响。结果显示随导线高度升高和极间距减小,地面的最大电场强度和离子流密度随之减小。在正、负极起晕不同时,负极导线下面的合成电场和离子流密度的最大值比正极大。计算中,考虑避雷线会增大地面的合成场强和离子流密度,但是不明显。     

Relation between breakdown voltage and prebreakdown current in vacuum gap

Two different surface treatments (mechanical polishing, thin film deposition) were performed on cathode surfaces, and the field emission currents from the cathodes were measured with a microchannel plate. In order to discuss the relationship between the breakdown voltage and prebreakdown current in the vacuum gap, the breakdown voltage was measured after field emission measurement. The V–I characteristics of the field emission and breakdown voltage were influenced by surface treatment, and the breakdown voltages of mechanical polished cathodes were lower than those of the thin film deposited cathodes. It was found that the probability of breakdown increased when the field emission current reached 10^–11 A. Atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements showed numerous protrusions on the cathode surface in the case of thin film deposition treatment, but we estimated by the finite element method that these protrusions make the field enhancement effect low. It was inferred that the breakdown voltage in vacuum gaps could be increased by the thin film deposition method. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(4): 11–18, 2000     

Electron‐beam‐pumped light sources using graphite nanoneedle field emitters and Si electron‐transparent films

Sputter‐induced carbon nanoneedle field emitters and Si electron‐transparent films have been developed for electron‐beam‐pumped light sources. The sputter‐induced carbon nanoneedle field emitters exhibited a stable electron emission of 0.1 mA at an average field of 13 V/µm. The 1.5‐µm thick Si electron‐transparent films achieved an electron transmittance of about 60% at an acceleration voltage of 27 kV. An electron‐beam‐pumped light source was demonstrated from the excitation of N₂ gas, and a N₂ gas spectrum was clearly observed. The increase of the beam current is important for increasing the light intensity. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

直流电絮凝法处理印染废水的研究

为提高传统化学法和生物法处理色度高、颜色变化频繁、化学需氧量(COD)值大和pH值高的印染废水的效果,试验研究了用直流电絮凝法处理实际印染废水并分析了COD、pH值和COD的变化以及极板和电能的消耗。试验结果表明,电絮凝法处理效果好,对pH值要求低,工艺简单,操作方便,成本低。     

直流离子流场的有限元迭代计算

针对高压直流输电线下方地面处电场强度及离子流密度的问题,采用有限元迭代方法求解了双极离子流场控制方程。将正负极电流连续性方程合并,减少了计算的复杂度。利用圆筒电极问题,将该文计算结果与解析解进行对比,验证了算法的有效性。将方法应用于200kV直流输电线路模型的计算,并与文献测量结果进行对比,计算结果与实测结果较符合,认为误差主要与测量环境有关。利用该文方法计算了实际±500kV直流输电线路离子流场问题,并分析了导线对地高度、极间距变化时地面电场强度和离子流密度的变化情况,结果显示,随导线高度升高和极间距减小,地面处最大电场强度和离子流密度随之减小。     

A measurement method for atmospheric ion mobilities based on cylindrical electrodes in direct current corona discharge

Ion mobility is one of fundamental parameters to describe the motion of ions in an electric field and a significant quantity to calculate the ionized field and ion current density of ultrahigh‐voltage direct current (UHVDC) power lines. This paper presents a measurement method for atmospheric ion mobilities in a DC corona discharge. An apparatus with coaxial cylindrical electrodes is designed and utilized. A vibrating electric field meter is employed to measure the ionized field of the electrode. Experimental results show that under atmospheric conditions, the average positive and negative ion mobilities are 1.76 × 10⁻⁴ and 1.88 × 10⁻⁴m²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method is compared with previous works of others. The impact of fluctuations of the measured ionized field and ion current density on the results of ion mobilities is also analyzed. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

径向磁场与环向电流作用的电磁发射模式

常规线圈型电磁发射器的径向应力远大于轴向加速力,因此构建了径向磁场与环向电流作用的多极矩场电磁发射模式;介绍了多极矩场电磁发射器的系统设计,分析了弹射部分和多级加速部分电磁力的产生,基于抛体电流丝法建立了发射系统的机电方程;采用电磁场有限元与瞬态电路耦合法,仿真分析了单级8极矩场电磁发射的瞬态过程;搭建原理性缩比实验,验证了多极矩场电磁发射模式的可行性。     

Influence of ground and corona currents on dielectric behavior of small air gaps

This paper investigates the influence of grounding on the field distribution and on the dielectric behavior of small rod-plate and rod-rod air gaps. This effect can be attributed to the grounding of one electrode. In the different arrangements with one electrode grounded or with the electrodes symmetrically charged the experimental results of the corona and breakdown are recorded and compared to the simulation results of the field distribution. It is resulted that the grounding influences significantly the electric field distribution, the dc corona and the dc breakdown. The field is less inhomogeneous in grounded rod - plate air gaps and in rod-rod air gaps with symmetrically charged electrodes, and consequently the values of the corona onset and the breakdown voltage are higher. In longer air gaps the corona current influences the field distribution and consequently the dc breakdown. The effect of grounding on the breakdown is weakened when the dc polarity of the voltage is negative, otherwise it is enhanced. In air gaps with lengths > 3 cm (negative dc polarity) or >8 cm (positive dc polarity) it is overlapped by the effect of the corona current. Relations between the field strength, the corona current, the corona onset and the breakdown voltage arise. The principle of action-reaction is valid.     

均匀电场重频脉冲作用下的水中气泡击穿

均匀电场重频脉冲作用下处理室放电问题是高压脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)技术遇到的难题.目前现有水中空气泡的击穿研究无法说明这种平均电场强度较低(＜70kV/cm)的情况下的击穿现象.为了解决这一问题,设计了金属平板电极与水溶液电极间的气体击穿实验,利用等效实验研究了有水溶液电极的大气压...     

Effect of electrode surface roughness on breakdown conditioning under non-uniform electric field in vacuum

Breakdown (BD) characteristics in vacuum are strongly dependent on the electrode surface conditions, such as surface roughness. However, there is little known concerning the details of the relationship between the surface roughness and BD conditioning effect. In practical application, it is important to clarify how the surface roughness affects the breakdown conditioning characteristics, especially for the non-uniform field configuration. This paper discusses the effect of surface roughness on breakdown conditioning characteristics under non-uniform electric field in vacuum under applications of negative standard lightning impulse voltage. For this purpose, we examined the BD conditioning of a rod-to-plane electrode made of SUS304 and Cu-Cr. The surface roughness of R_a is controlled from 0.3 to 2.5 mum. Experimental results revealed that the enhancement of surface roughness of electrodes increases the number of BD to complete the conditioning effect. We explained the results from the observed results of the electrode surface. Consequently, we could clarify the effect of surface roughness on the conditioning effect under non-uniform electric field in vacuum quantitatively.     

Partial vacuum breakdown characteristics of helium at 20 kHz for inhomogeneous field gap

In general, power devices and systems operating in vacuum or space environment are more susceptible to partial discharges, corona, or volume discharges due to the partial vacuum conditions. Additionally, high frequency operation of a power system is a contributing factor in lowering the breakdown voltage of insulation. In this paper we present our studies on the breakdown characteristics of helium operating in DC and 20 kHz AC field in partial vacuum, for a point-to-point and point-to-plane electrode configurations. Breakdown voltage as a function of pressure in the range of 27 to 400 Pa (0.2 to 3 torr) for both the DC and 20 kHz AC cases is presented. Voltage and current waveforms along with the optical emission waveform of the breakdown events are also presented. A variable DC power supply for DC and an in-house built variable DC-offset-AC power supply for the high frequency breakdown experiments are used. A high voltage probe and a Pearson current sensor are used for the voltage and current detection, and a photo-multiplier-tube with a digital pico-ammeter and a video camera are used for the optical signal detection of this set-up. The breakdown voltage as a function of pressure for both the AC and DC experiments, along with voltage breakdown waveforms for both electrodes are presented.     

特高压直流线路的场分布影响因素分析

线路附近地面的场分布是输电线路电磁环境中的一个重要指标。首先验证了半经验公式法的有效性。然后使用该方法分析了极导线水平排列的±800 kV直流线路合成场强、标称场强和离子流密度的影响因素和变化规律。研究表明地面,标称电场强度受线路对地高度的影响很大,而合成电场强度和离子流密度除受导线对地高度的影响较大外,受导线直径和分裂数的影响也很大。     

Field enhancement at a triple junction in arrangements consisting of three media

The field singularity occurs at an edge point where wedge-like interfaces of dielectrics meet. This phenomenon is well known as "Takagi-effect" or "triple-junction effect" in the cases of two dielectrics. Its significance is twofold; (1) the negative phenomena of possible discharge or breakdown inception, and (2) the positive application of the field enhancement to field emission or electron beam generation in vacuum. This paper describes the analytical expression which gives the exponent of the field singularity in three dielectric media, and applications of this expression in various simple conditions. The analytical expression is also compared with the value given from the numerical field calculation.     

时变激励下接地网模拟计算

接地网模拟计算对工程接地网设计有着重要的指导作用。接地阻抗、接触电压、跨步电压是接地网设计的重要指标, 根据这些接地网参数来判断接地网设计的合理性。时变激励下的接地网模拟计算能够较为准确地求得接地网上的电压分布, 从而进行变电站内电子设备之间的电磁干扰分析。基于时变场中电流元在分层媒质中产生的电磁场问题的研究, 利用接地网导体棒表面沿轴向电场强度分量连续的边界条件, 列写了以各段导体棒电流为未知量的方程组, 从而求得各段导体电流, 进而得到各接地网参量以及接地网电压分布。采用该方法编制的一套软件可以得到接地网的接触电压、跨步电压、接地阻抗及其频率特性、接地网各点和接地网周围各点电压, 在计算效率和计算精度上能够满足实际工程设计的需要。     

Influence of aging effect on behavior of field emission sites in a broad‐area vacuum gap

In order to discuss the characteristics of field emission sites, an aging effect on field emission current was measured in terms of cathodes subjected to two different surface treatments: mechanical polishing and thin film formation. A field was applied to the test cathodes up to an emission current of 10^–11A. Such measurement was repeated 50 times. It was found that the field emission current decreased with increasing number of test runs, and the amount of such degradation was larger for the case of mechanical polishing than for thin film formation. The field enhancement factor β evaluated by F–N plot was kept constant with increasing test runs for the mechanical polishing, while β increased with increasing test runs for the thin film formation. It was estimated by means of emission site observation that the emission sites on the mechanically polished cathode were related to the adsorption gases or weakly attached foreign particles, while the emission sites on the thin film formation cathode were related to the metallic whiskers. The characteristics of emission sites could be controlled by the surface treatment, especially by the thin film formation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 10–18, 2001     

特、超高压交、直流并行输电线路周围混合电场的测量方法

由于交、直流并行输电线路周围电场既有直流分量,又有交流分量,为混合电场,传统的仪器无法直接开展测量工作。为此,在分析现有直流线路地面电场测量装置(旋转伏特计)、地面离子流密度测量装置(离子流板)测量原理的基础上,研究了交、直流混合电场下已有测量设备输出结果的频谱特征,建立了交流和直流电场与测量结果频谱的对应关系,从而提出了交直流并行输电线路下同时考虑直流和交流分量的地面电场和离子流密度测量方法。在缩尺模型下的实际测量和分析表明,所提出的交、直流混合电场下地面电场和离子流密度的直流和交流分量测量方法是有效的。     

Preparation and Field Emission Performance of Metal-Doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene Composite Material

Abstract

Al doped and Cu doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene composite material are synthesized by introducing the concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% using hydrothermal method, and their structure and morphology are characterized by XRD, EDS and SEM, XPS. The results show that Al:6% doped and Cu:4% doped ZnO/Graphene nanorod array have the best crystal quality and morphology compared to other concentrations of doped samples. Other than that, the field emission performances of Al:6% doped and Cu:4% doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene are measured. The turn-on field and field enhancement factor of Al:6% doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene are 1.51?V/mm and 11264. The turn-on field and field enhancement factor of Cu:4% doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene are 1.80?V/mm and 10076. It is found that the field emission performance of Al: 6% doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene is higher than the sample with doped Cu, which indicating that Al-doped ZnO NRAs/Graphene might have promising applications for various field emission devices.     

高压电场中金属丝段的电爆现象

金属丝电爆是制备超细粉的一种新方法,为了解决通常所采用金属丝与电极接触后通入大电流的电爆方法容易发生电极烧蚀这一问题,开发了高压电场中金属丝段与电极非接触电爆的设备。通过改变电极间距、金属丝长度和电场电压,进行了系列高压电场中金属丝段电爆试验。结果表明,在高压电场中电极与金属丝的端部发生气体放电,将大电流导入金属丝段而发生电爆,可减轻对电极的烧蚀;由于金属丝段的端部与电极之间的等离子体旁路作用,金属丝段的端部残留0.5~2 mm长的金属丝不发生电爆;适于制备粉末的电场中金属丝段电爆的工艺条件是,电场电压为6、7、8 kV时,与之匹配的电极间距与丝长之差的范围分别为:1.8~4 mm、2.2~5.8 mm和3.2~8 mm。     

The effect of space charge on the initial growth of electrical trees in polyethylene

This paper describes the influence of space charge on the growth of an electrical tree which is an important factor of the dielectric breakdown in polyethylene-insulated power cables. Polyethylene and ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer with a semi-conducting needle were used as the treeing specimens. The statistical analysis showed that the growth rate and the unbalance of positive and negative partial discharges increased as the vinyl-acetate content increased, and that the growth per cycle decreased with the increase in frequency. A model of the tree growth accompanied by the space charge behavior was proposed considering the above experimental results. The tree growth is considered to be caused by the dielectric breakdown due to the field enhancement at the tree tip during the positive half cycle of the applied voltage, the field enhancement being due to residual negative space charge injected during the previous negative half cycle. The negative space charge in polyethylene would be mainly supplied through the partial discharge inside the tree.