Vitamin sufficiency of young basketball players

The investigation of vitamin sufficiency of young basket-ball players 14-16 years old (17 girls and 14 boys) has been carried out 59-77 per cent of the children had the deficiency of B group vitamins, 24-54 per cent--vitamin E insufficiency, most of them (82-100 per cent)--deficit of carotenoids while they were sufficiently vitamins C and A supplied. The girls were supplied with vitamins better than boys. There was no one adequately supplied with all vitamins among boys while 12 per cent of girls had adequately sufficiency. The girls had deficit of 1-2 vitamins more often whereas the combined insufficiency of 3-4 vitamins took place in 1.8-2.3 fold more frequently among boys. Daily intake of multivitamin containing 10 vitamins in daily recommended doses, lipoic acid, methionin and 9 minerals by boys lead to their blood plasma vitamin C, E, B-2 and beta-carotene level increase. Vitamin C insufficiency disappeared. Deficit of beta-carotene and vitamin B-6 became 1.5 fold rarely, vitamin B-2--2 fold, vitamin E--6 fold. Thus daily intake of recommended doses of vitamins eliminates biochemical signs of vitamin deficiency.     

Bovine vitamin A and beta-carotene intake and lactational status. 2. Responsiveness of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes to vitamin A and beta-carotene challenge in vitro

The interaction of dietary vitamin A and beta-carotene with lactational status on the in vitro proliferation of mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied. Cows were fed (IU/cow per d) 1) 53,000 IU vitamin A, 2) 213,000 IU vitamin A, or 3) 53,000 IU vitamin A plus 400 mg beta-carotene from 6 wk before to 2 wk after dry off. Lymphocytes were incubated with retinol, retinoic acid, or beta-carotene. Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis was inhibited by 10(-6) M retinol and 10(-8) M retinoic acid in cows fed 53,000 IU vitamin A before dry off. In contrast, 10(-7) M retinol and 10(-7) M retinoic acid stimulated Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis for cows fed vitamin A plus beta-carotene before dry off. After dry off, retinol and retinoic acid did not affect Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis in all treatment groups. In vitro, 10(-5) M beta-carotene inhibited Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis before and after dry off in all treatment groups. Blastogenesis in the absence of mitogen stimulation or induced by lipopolysaccharide was inhibited by all vitamins before and after dry off in all treatment groups. These data indicate that vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation interact with lactational status to influence the responsiveness of bovine blood lymphocytes to vitamin challenge in vitro.     

Provision of workers and employees of Kuzbass industrial enterprises with vitamins C, E, A and beta-carotene

The content of vitamins C, E, A and beta-carotene was studied in the blood serum of 404 workers and employees of the Kuzbass industrial enterprises. Insufficient providing of the body with ascorbic acid, tocopherol and beta-carotene has been revealed. The number of workers and employees with vitamin C deficiency comprises at an average 95%, with vitamin E deficiency--9%, and with beta-carotene deficiency--34%. Industrial enterprises characterized by hard physical labor and occupational health hazard have been found to be most unfavourable with respect to providing with vitamins. The results of the investigations conducted have evidenced the necessity of correcting the vitamin nutrition of the subjects studied.     

Effects of biologically active food additives with different contents of vitamins on the vitamin status in humans

The comparative study of influence of two biologically active food additives with the different contents of vitamins is carried out: a drink "Zolotoi Shar", the dose of vitamins in which makes 50-90% from recommended daily consumption, and "Vitabalance 2000", the contents of vitamins in which at 2-17 of time exceeds need of organism. The use of both additives within 3 weeks resulted in increase of levels of vitamins C, A, E, B2, B6 and carotenoids in blood serum. However if in case of consumption of a drink an authentic level was reached only for vitamin C and beta-carotene, in a case "Vitabalance 2000" for all investigated vitamins except vitamin A. Thus, if the consumption of a drink has lowered frequency of deficiency of 3-4 vitamins, but has not allowed to liquidate it completely, in case of "Vitabalance 2000" consumption the simultaneous deficiency 3-4 vitamins. The received data allow to believe the biologically active food additives containing vitamins in amounts exceeding recommended consumption, are convenient for fast liquidation of hypovitaminoses, and the preparations containing vitamins in doses making 30-50% from need of organism, are acceptable for daily filling of insufficient consumption of vitamins with a usual diet for a long time.     

Effect of vitamin beverages on vitamin sufficiency of the workers of Pskov Hydroelectric Power-Plant

The research of influence of vitamin complexes in the form of a drink or kissel on vitamin sufficiency of working persons has been carried out. Long inclusion (6,5 months) in a diet of vitamin drinks containing about 80% from recommended daily consumption of vitamins, was accompanied by trustworthy improvement of vitamins C and B6 sufficiency and prevention of seasonal deterioration of beta-carotene status. As initially surveyed have been well provided with vitamins A and E, their blood serum level increase had not occurred.     

Contents of vitamins A, E and beta-carotene in human milk depending on the character of maternal nutrition

The content of vitamins A, E and beta-carotene was studied in 26 samples of breast milk obtained in Estonia (20 samples) and Yakutia (6 samples). The questionnaire survey was used to determine the level of these vitamins in the ration of the women. At the early stages of lactation (3-7 days), in 13 samples of milk the content of vitamin A was 0.11 (0.04-0.3), vitamin E--1.44 (0.74-3.48), beta-carotene--0.024 (0-0.07) mg/100 ml. In the mature milk (1.5-9 months) the content of vitamin A comprised 0.049 (0.018-0.160), vitamin E--0.31 (0.07-1.06) mg/100 ml. It has been shown that the content of the vitamins studied in the milk depends not only on their level in the mother's ration but also on the balance of other components (protein, fat, carbohydrates) in the woman's ration.     

Determination of vitamin e in foods — a review

The vitamin E group includes tocopherols and tocotrienols and their isomers, esters, and derivatives. They differ not only in biopotencies as antisterility agents but also in activities in other physiological and chemical relationships. Unlike vitamins A and D, foods (vegetable oils) are among the richest sources of vitamin E, and assay methods for vitamin E include food applications more often than for the former vitamins. Phys‐icochemical methods are replacing bioassays for vitamin E and tocopherol wherever possible because of greater specificity and less variability, time, and, sometimes, expense. Unless careful purifications and isolations are carried out and some of the relative vitamin E activities of components are calculated, bioassays are still required for total vitamin E activity. The vitamin E group is separated by column, paper, thin‐layer, gas‐liquid, and high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): Gas‐liquid chromatography has been more successfully used for vitamin E than for other fat‐soluble vitamins. Recently developed HPLC methods for vitamin E are sensitive and apparently require less cleanup of extracts and less time than former methods; HPLC may prove to be the most useful technique for vitamin E in foods, especially if other fat‐soluble vitamins can be determined simultaneously on the same sample extract.     

Substantiation of the need of fortification with vitamins of the diet of children with gastrointestinal diseases

Surveys of 28 children have shown that 64 per cent of the children suffering from ulcerous disease of the stomach and the duodemun or chronic duodenitis have a combined deficiency of vitamin E, vitamins of the B group and beta-carotene. Diet No. 1 and No. 5 could not provide daily needs for vitamins. The patients were found to have a lower antioxidant activity of the blood serum, whereas the contents of hydroperoxides, double bonds and malonic dialdehydes were higher than in healthy children. The POL index in children with high beta-carotene deficiency was significantly higher than that in ailing children supplied with this carotenoid. Correlation analysis has revealed a reverse relationship between concentration of vitamin E and beta-carotene in blood serum and POL products, i.e. the better a child is supplied with these vitamins, the lower is the level of POL products. When the drink with the whole set of vitamins and an oil solution of beta-carotene was included in the diet of the children, it was found that hypovitaminosis frequency lowered with positive effects on their clinical condition and improved POL indexes. So there is a reason to fortify diets of children suffering from gastrointestinal disorders with vitamins-antioxidants.     

Association of metabolic syndrome risk factors with selected markers of oxidative status and microinflammation in healthy omnivores and vegetarians

Conditions predisposing to metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. We studied, in vegetarians (n = 90) and omnivores (n = 46), the impact of the dietary regimen on the occurrence of MetS risk factors (RFs: BMI, blood pressure, glucose metabolism and lipid profile) in relation to oxidative status (advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde, ferric reducing ability of plasma, vitamins A, E, C, beta-carotene and superoxide dismutase activity) and microinflammation (C-reactive protein, leukocytes and neopterin). The proportion of subjects without/positive for one or two MetS RFs was comparable between the groups. From the components of MetS only immunoreactive insulin levels differed significantly (95% CI: omnivores: 5.0-7.1 microU/mL, vegetarians: 4.5-5.4, p = 0.03). Omnivores had lower AOPP (omnivores: 0.29-0.36 micromol/g albumin, vegetarians: 0.36-0.52, p = 0.01) and beta-carotene levels than vegetarians, they consumed more calories, proteins, fat and saturated fatty acids, and less fibres, beta-carotene and vitamin C. Multiple regression analysis revealed vitamin E and AOPP levels as the most important independent determinants of MetS RFs. The vegetarian diet seems to exert beneficial effects on MetS RFs associated microinflammation. Whether the vegetarian diet may counteract the deleterious effects of elevated AOPPs and AGEs, remains to be elucidated.     

The experimental model of alimentary polyhypovitaminosis of different degree in rats

A model of the alimentary polyhypovitaminosis varying degrees basing on partitive simultaneous reduction of all vitamins in rats diet has been proposed. The model has a principal difference from other experimental models, based on complete exclusion of 1 or 2 vitamins from animal diet. The proposed model allows you to get as close to the actually observed combined deficiency of several vitamins among the population. 5-fold decrease of vitamin mixture resulted in the fact that animals received 20-23% of vitamins D, A, B2, 33% of vitamin B1 and 57% of vitamin E from the content of these vitamins in the diet of animals from control group because of some nature vitamins contained in such diet basic components as casein (vitamins D, A, B1, B2) and sunflower oil (vitamin E). After one month treatment a deep deficiency of all vitamins has developed in rats from this group. Liver level of vitamin A decreased 8,5-fold, vitamins E and B1 - approximately 2-fold, vitamins C and B2 by 22%. Urinary excretion of vitamin B1 and B2 declined 2 and 5,3 fold. Blood plasma concentration of vitamin A decreased 1,9 fold, and E - 1,4 fold, B2 - by 30%. Activities of blood plasma vitamin B6-dependent enzymes reduced 1,4-fold. 2-fold decrease in the amount of vitamin mixture ensured intake about 50-59% of vitamins D, A, B2, and B1 and about 71% of vitamin E of those contained in the diet of animals from control group. Vitamin status indexes of these animals occupied an intermediate position. They have developed a moderate deficit of these essential micronutrients. The proposed model may be useful for metabolic disorders identification, the study of vitamins and minerals assimilation, investigations of the influence of biologically active components of food on these processes, as well as the development of personalized approaches to the correction of vitamin insufficient accuracy.     

Antioxidant nutritional quality of tomato

Regular consumption of tomatoes has been associated with decreased risk of chronic degenerative diseases. Epidemiological findings confirm the observed health effects are due to the presence of different antioxidant molecules such as carotenoids, particularly lycopene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E and phenol compounds, particularly flavonoids. In this work, eight components contributing to the healthy quality of tomato (i. e. lycopene, beta-carotene, other carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins C and E, dry residue) were studied in the framework of breeding programs aiming to develop nutritional superior genotypes. Twelve tomato advanced breeding lines and six open pollinated cultivars were grown in strictly controlled conditions and analysed for their content of antioxidants. Among the 18 genotypes analysed, 10 showed a high level of total carotenoids, 6 high level of beta-carotene, 9 high lycopene levels, 15 high flavonoids and 2 relevant concentration of vitamin E. Based on such data and on a literature survey on tomato composition, an index, called index of antioxidant nutritional quality (I(QUAN)), was proposed as a tool to address the breeding programs in selecting tomato genotypes with antioxidant nutritional qualities.     

膳食纤维对营养素吸收的影响

膳食纤维是人体所必需的营养素之一,其本身不能直接被机体所吸收利用,但对胃肠道功能及多种营养素的吸收都有一定的影响。这些营养素包括常量营养素-蛋白质、脂类及碳水化合物和微量营养素--维生素、矿物质及微量元素。膳食纤维对于蛋白质代谢及氮平衡的影响不大,但可减少脂类和碳水化合物的吸收及利用。有些实验显示膳食纤维对矿物质及微量元素的吸收无影响,而另一些实验则表明纤维可促进矿物质及微量元素的吸收利用。有些实验结果表明膳食纤维可损害维生素A、维生素E及维生素B12的吸收,但对其它维生素的生物利用无明显影响。     

Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction

Vitamins and minerals affect reproductive function. Vitamin A deficiency has long been known to affect reproductive function in cattle. More recently, a role has been proposed for the vitamin A percursor, beta-carotene, in reproductive efficiency. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E and selenium may reduce the incidence of retained placenta, but these nutrients may also affect reproductive function in other ways. Calcium and phosphorus deficiencies affect reproduction in cattle, and vitamin D may directly affect reproductive function in addition to its role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Dietary manipulation of a number of other vitamins and minerals also influences reproductive function. However, the specific roles of nutrients in reproductive tissues are not well-defined in dairy cattle, and nutrient requirements for optimal reproductive efficiency in modern dairy cattle deserve careful reevaluation. This review provides a background of the effect of vitamins and minerals on reproduction and it attempts to provide a basis for further investigation of specific mechanisms by which reproductive function is affected. The interface between nutritional science and reproductive physiology provides considerable potential for optimizing reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle.     

Simultaneous determination of the vitamins A, E, their esters and coenzyme Q10 in multivitamin dietary supplements using an RP-C30 phase

A sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of the fat-soluble vitamins A, A-acetate, A-palmitate, E, E-acetate and coenzyme Q₁₀ in multivitamin dietary supplements using a C30 phase. Because of the dual-wavelength detection applied, it was possible to monitor vitamins and additionally carotenoids in one run. For identification of vitamins, mass spectra were recorded using LC-(APcI)MS. The vitamins were extracted from 10 commercial dietary supplements (seven soft gel capsules, three tablets) and quantified on the basis of extern calibration graphs. Method performance was studied by addition of vitamin-A- and -E-acetate to a blank matrix: recoveries ranged from 95.7 to 97.8%. On the basis of the amounts labeled, only two products contained substantially lower concentrations of vitamin A-acetate (34% and 46%, respectively). All other concentrations varied between 98% and 245% with respect to vitamin labeling. One product contained vitamin E as alcohol, all other formulations esterified forms of vitamins A and/or E. The presented method may be used by quality assurance laboratories for routine control of nutritional labels.     

Increase of nutritive value of poultry egg by of vitamin fortification of laid-hens diets

Real content of vitamins A, E, B1 and B2 in hen's eggs from different poultry farms and personal farm varies in wide range and differs from the data of national food chemical tables. Elevated nutritive value eggs with maximal vitamin content may be obtained from hens fed diets with optimal vitamin level. Such way fortified one egg contributes 30% of recommended daily intake of vitamin E, about 10% of vitamins A and B2, 3% of vitamin B1. Intensification of egg yolk pigmentation by means of carotenoids additives to hens ration leads to their 10-fold increase comparing with the data of food chemical tables. Coloured egg provides for 5-10% of carotenoids adequate daily intake.     

Effect of dietary fat on vitamin status of rats

The influence of low (1%) and high (31%) diet fat content (sunflower-seed oil and lard 1:1 at a ratio of 1:1) on vitamin A, E, B1 and B2 status of growing Wistar rats (8 rats per group) with initial body weight 80-100 g has been investigated. The semi-synthetic diet contained vitamin mixture in doses covering the physiological requirement of these animals. The increase of fat content (31%) in the diet due to the presence of vitamin E in sunflower-seed oil automatically lead to 1,7-fold increase consumption of this vitamin compared to the control group. Diet fat content did not affect the level of vitamins B1 and B2 in rat liver. Excessive intake of fat and vitamin E for 6 weeks did not influence on the content of blood plasma vitamin E and rat liver vitamin A occurs at the same time, while significant 1,9 fold elevation of liver vitamin E level and 26 per cent increase of blood plasma vitamin A concentration. The almost complete exclusion of fat from the diet had no effect on blood plasma level of alpha-tocopherol and retinol, but resulted in a significant decrease of vitamins A and E content in rat liver by 40 per cent, indicating a deterioration of sufficiency with these fat-soluble vitamins. The analysis of the results obtained in this investigation and literature data have suggested that under excessive as well as under decreased consumption of fat there is a risk of the development of polyhypovitaminosis. Vitamin complex supplementation is required to prevent a possible worsening of vitamin status under diets with modified fatty component.     

Beta-carotene isomerization in various food products

The technique of division both quantitative definition a trans- and two cis-beta-carotene in the foodstuff, not containing an alpha-carotene is developed. Division is carried out by Open-chromatography on aluminium oxide by system acetone-hexane from 0 to 3% of acetone in hexane (ml/ml) with an interval of 0.25%. Using the developed technique, it is carried out determination trans- and cis-beta-carotene in foodstuff, past thermal processing (tomato juice, tomato paste and the products enriched with carotene (milk sterilized and dry, bread, oil vegetative). In the investigated products from 20 to 45% beta-carotene was in cis-from, that considerably reduces biological value of a product at an estimation in terms of retinol-equivalent.     

Effectiveness of use in preventive nutrition the food ptoducts with contents of pectin and vitamins

Daily inclusion in the diet of Pskov GRES workers the drinks or kissels containing 2 g pectin per daily serving (cup) during 6 months was accompanied by a statistically significant decline of their supply with vitamins C, B2, A and beta-carotene. This is reflected both in reducing the average vitamin concentration in blood serum and in the increase of the quota of people with deficiency of several vitamins. Additional inclusion of 13 vitamins in these drinks and kissels, in a dose about 80% of the RDA, has prevented the deterioration of vitamin status.     

Vitamin composition of wild onion species

The data on vitamins C, B1, B2, A, E and carotenoids content in fresh-cut leaves of some species of genus of Allium cultivated in the Main Botanical garden (Moscow) are submitted. Their significance as these nutrients source is evaluated. Onion leaves usually used as flavor-odour additive (10-20 g) give only 1-4 per cent of vitamin B group and E daily recommended allowance. At the same time this quantity supply with vitamin C (20 per cent of vitamin C daily recommended allowance) and carotenoids (20-50 per cent).     

Contents of vitamin C, E, B6, beta-carotene and food fibers in of mushrooms

For specification and entering of the data in to Tables of a chemical compound of foodstuff definition of the content of vitamins C, E, B6 beta-carotene and dietary fibers in some kinds of the mushrooms collected in woods of Moscow suburbs was carried out. The received data testify to high enough content in them of vitamin C, especiale in white mushrooms and "fox" 24.0 and 28.8 mg%. The content of vitamin E in terms of a tocopherol-equivalent has made from 0.03 to 0.98 mg%.