电子束辐照降解氯苯类废水

氯苯类是重要的有机污染物,采用常规处理方法难以降解。利用束流为1mA、电子束能量为1 5MeV的高能电子束辐照处理氯苯、邻,间,对 二氯苯、1,2,4 三氯苯5种氯苯类化合物的模拟废水。辐照剂量分别为35、70、105、140、210kGy。实验表明,电子束能够降解氯苯类废水,邻二氯苯、间二氯苯、对二氯苯、氯苯降解率为50%时所需剂量分别为:38、35、46、206kGy。相同剂量下各化合物的降解率顺序为:氯苯<二氯苯<1,2,4 三氯苯,辐照降解过程中氯离子的质量浓度增加,辐照后溶液呈强酸性,pH=2～3。     

γ射线辐射作用下硫醚的去除特性研究

随着环保要求的不断提高,对各类燃油中硫化物含量所制定的限制标准将越来越严格。常规的加氢脱硫方法存在工艺复杂、运行成本高等问题,因而探索了利用Y射线辐射去除油品中硫醚硫的新方法。以丁硫醚．十二烷为对象,考察了影响硫醚去除的主要参数。结果表明,丁硫醚的去除率随辐射剂量的增加而上升,去除反应符合一级动力学;在总辐射剂量相同的情况下,使用低剂量率进行辐照可得到较高的去除率,所对应的能量利用率或G因子也较高。另外,氧气对丁硫醚的去除有明显促进作用,当辐照剂量为290kGy时,通入空气时硫醚去除率接近80％,比相同剂量下的静态辐照和通氮气辐照分别提高了近30％及50％。在有氧气的情况下硫醚的辐照产物主要为极性较强的亚砜,很容易从油品中分离。而烷烃在辐射过程中去除量很少,油品的辐射损失不大。此外,还对硫醚的辐射转化机制进行了初步探讨。     

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的耐辐射性能研究

研究了较低剂量的γ辐射对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的结构与性能的影响。在试验中,选用44.57 Gy/min的剂量率,分别采用2,4,6,10 kGy剂量对浸泡在pH=10的氢氧化钠溶液中的中空纤维膜进行辐照。对辐照前后的样品作相关的性能测试,结果表明:随着辐射剂量的增加,透水通量先增大后减小,最大孔径持续减小,最大幅度至14.9%,分离性能增强。在≤10 kGy的剂量内,断裂强力呈现增大趋势,断裂伸长率呈现下降趋势,爆破强度先增大后减小。工艺优化的剂量为2 kGy。微观形貌和红外分析表明,辐射对膜的外表面化学基团及内表面的形貌产生一定的影响。热分析表明,辐照使膜的结晶度有所提高。     

γ辐照作用下GFRP热分解动力学研究

玻璃纤维增强塑料（GFRP）因其良好的热绝缘性能和力学性能,在高能物理和核物理实验领域被用来制作支撑设备,而高能物理和核物理实验会对其支撑设备产生一定的γ和中子辐照,为保证GFRP支撑设备在γ辐照条件下的结构稳定性,需研究辐照对其热分解性能的影响。结果表明,GFRP在氮气氛围中的热分解可分为3个阶段;GFRP失重率随辐照剂量的增大而增大;辐照使GFRP的活化能增加,Friedman法计算得出平均活化能由辐照前的96.1 kJ·mol^-1增加到200 kGy辐照后的116.6 kJ·mol^-1,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa（FWO）法计算得出平均活化能由辐照前的107.6 kJ·mol^-1增加到200 kGy辐照后的125.4 kJ·mol^-1。扫描电镜对微观形貌观察发现辐照后环氧树脂与玻璃纤维结合度降低,差示扫描量热法分析得出辐照使环氧树脂进一步固化反应。     

苯基硅橡胶高剂量辐射老化性能研究

该研究采用不同剂量的伽马射线对苯基硅橡胶样品进行辐照老化实验。对样品的力学强度、硬度、回弹性和交联度等宏观性能进行了研究,并通过热失重仪和红外光谱仪对样品的热稳定性和分子结构进行了分析。力学性能测试结果显示,辐照剂量不超过500kGy时,样品的断裂伸长率明显下降,从482%降至65%;而拉伸强度在辐照剂量超过1000kGy后才有明显减小,从6.2MPa降至0MPa;回弹率和硬度随着辐照剂量增加而增加,但当剂量超过2000kGy后开始减弱。凝胶含量和热失重实验结果显示,低剂量辐照会提高样品的交联度,从94%增加至97%;而辐照剂量超过1000kGy后交联度变化较小,同时样品的热稳定性得到提升。红外光谱分析显示,在低剂量下,样品的侧链易受氧化而发生断裂,而在高剂量下,主链破坏时产生的少量大分子会重新交联侧链。     

γ射线辐射对聚硫密封剂耐高温燃油性能的影响

γ射线的辐射既可以使高分子发生交联，也可以使高分子降解。当γ射线剂量在16kGy以下时，以分子交联为主，在16kGy以上时，以分子降解为主。本文主要研究了不同剂量γ射线辐射对巯基封端液体聚硫橡胶及其耐高温航空煤油性能的影响，确定了适宜的辐射剂量为16kGy。     

马来酸酐辐照接枝三元乙丙橡胶的研究

采用辐照技术,用马来酸酐(MAH)对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)进行接枝改性,测定接枝物的交联度和接枝率.分析了辐照剂量、马来酸酐用量以及阻交联剂用量对接枝物交联度和接枝率的影响.同时,采用正交试验优化了试验参数.结果表明,当辐照强度为0.3 kGy/h、辐照剂量为0.15 kGy、MAH与EPDM的质量比为0.025:1以及阻交联剂的质量分数为0.02%时,接枝率达到1.35%.     

辐照玉米淀粉降解薄膜的制备及性能

以~(60)Co-γ射线辐照玉米淀粉为主要材料,甘油为增塑剂,通过挤出造粒、熔融吹塑工艺制备了辐照玉米淀粉降解薄膜。探讨了~(60)Co-γ射线辐照剂量对淀粉分子结构,降解薄膜力学性能、亲水性和降解性能的影响。结果表明:~(60)Co-γ射线能够有效破坏淀粉分子内和分子间氢键;辐照剂量为40 kGy的辐照玉米淀粉降解薄膜具有较高的实用性,值得推广。     

辐射固化丙烯酸酯防腐涂料的制备及性能研究

为将绿色环保的辐射固化技术用于制备金属防腐涂料,分别选用了聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、双酚A型环氧丙烯酸酯以及改性双酚A型环氧丙烯酸酯作为涂料的主要成膜物质,选用紫外光（UV）、电子束（EB）2种固化方式以及5种辐照剂量（80 kGy、160 kGy、240 kGy、320 kGy、400 kGy）制备了一系列辐射固化防腐涂层。通过凝胶含量、双键转化率、基础性能、吸水率、电化学阻抗谱测试和盐雾试验探究了不同辐射固化方式和辐照剂量对涂层固化程度以及性能的影响。结果表明：多数情况下EB固化涂层的双键转化率和凝胶含量大于UV固化涂层;辐照剂量越大,涂层的双键转化率和凝胶含量越高;对于分子链刚性较大的树脂体系,辐照剂量过大时会严重影响涂层的附着力,致使涂层耐腐蚀性下降;对于分子链柔性较好的树脂体系,EB固化涂层由于固化程度较高,其耐腐蚀性优于UV固化涂层,且随着辐照剂量增加,涂层硬度、附着力和耐腐蚀性都有所提高;对于分子链柔性适中的树脂体系,EB固化涂层和UV固化涂层都具有较高的固化程度及较强的附着力,两者的耐腐蚀性并没有明显差异。     

γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖的工艺和机理研究

采用γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖,对反应的工艺和壳聚糖辐照降解的机理进行了研究。结果表明:固态辐照200 kGy后得到相对分子质量为4×104壳聚糖,液态辐照110 kGy后得到相对分子质量为5×103的低聚壳聚糖,但辐照降解加工效率低。采用固态加液态的辐照降解方法,辐照处理效率提高。壳聚糖辐照降解符合无规降解动力学规律。     

Veränderung von Polyvinylidenfluorid durch Gammastrahlen

Alpha-substituted vinyl polymers normally degradate without crosslinking under radiation. The present paper, however, shows that polyvinylidene fluoride evidently undergoes a strong crosslinking accompanied with chain degradation under the influence of gamma rays and air oxygen.     

Degradation of EPDM and FPM elastomers irradiated at very high dose rates in mixed gamma and neutron fields

Elastomers are widely used in radioactive environments, where ionizing radiations induce a deterioration of their properties due to degradative phenomena occurring in the polymer structure. Their radiation resistance is usually assessed using γ‐rays and relatively low dose rates, but in actual applications, they are often exposed to mixed radiation fields and higher dose rates. Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is known for its excellent resistance to γ‐rays but absorbs a larger dose by neutron interactions than fluoroelastomer (FPM). In this work, EPDM and FPM were irradiated in mixed neutron and gamma fields, using high dose rates (from 22 to 700 kGy h^?1) and total absorbed doses between 0.2 and 3.5 MGy. The effects of irradiation were assessed by swelling tests, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and tensile tests. The results show that, even if irradiations were carried out in air, degradation took place under nonoxidative conditions owing to the high dose rates employed. Under such conditions, crosslinking is the dominant radiation‐induced reaction in both elastomers. Moreover, material degradation seems to be influenced mostly by the total absorbed dose and not by the type of radiation. Contrary to what observed at the lower dose rates employed with γ‐rays, major dose rate effects are not observed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2522–2532, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Changes in structural characteristics of LLDPE functionalized with DEM using gamma‐irradiation

This work studies the structural changes produced by gamma‐radiation as a source of free radicals for functionalizing linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) with diethyl maleate (DEM). The grafting of the DEM onto the LLDPE was carried out in solution using gamma‐rays from a ⁶⁰Co source in air at room temperature, at a dose rate of 4.8 kGy/h and absorbed doses ranging from 15 to 400 kGy. The increase in the dose produced a higher concentration of free radicals and hence a higher grafting degree. The effects of DEM concentration are only perceptible at absorbed doses higher than 50 kGy. For a concentration of 30% DEM, the functionalization degrees ranged from 0.04 to 0.44 mol%. The use of gamma radiation modifies the structural and physical characteristics of the functionalized polyethylene with respect to the unmodified one, because, depending on the dose, the effects of gamma‐rays can lead to crosslinking of materials with decreased flowability. The effects of gamma‐radiation onto the molecular structure and molecular weight distribution of LLDPE are mitigated by the presence of DEM, due to the competition with the chain scission, branching and crosslinking reactions, for the consumption of the free radicals. The results provided by applying the successive self‐nucleation and annealing technique allow reaching an unequivocal conclusion: that the free radicals formed by gamma radiation for the DEM insertion and main chain modifications are preferentially generated in the secondary carbons of the more regular ? CH₂? sequences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Thermoplastic elastomer based on waste polyethylene/waste rubber containing activated carbon black: Impact of gamma irradiation

The effect of using gamma radiation on the prepared activated carbon (AC) from carbon black using dose 500 kGy was studied. Moreover, AC powder were blended in internal mixer to prepare thermoplastic elastomer with percentage (75/25/10) wt% based on waste polyethylene and waste rubber which irradiated before mixing at dose100 kGy separately and AC. Chemical activity of composites was improved as a result of using gamma radiation which was examined by electron spin resonance estimations. Composites were studied by different techniques, such as FTIR, mechanical, thermal, morphology, and X‐ray diffraction. The results indicated that optimistic effect of using gamma rays with improving the properties of the composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E166–E176, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Cold Plasma Modification Effects on the Water Flow through Sintered UHMWPE Membranes

Natural rubber latex and various concentration of natural antioxidant were blended in different ratios and irradiated at various absorbed doses by gamma rays from Co-60 source at room temperature. The aqueous extraction of Diospyros peregrina was used as natural antioxidant. It was found that the addition of different concentration of natural antioxidant into natural rubber latex improve the aging property of the film. Decreasing in tensile strength of rubber film with 10 phr natural antioxidant and 15 kGy radiation dose after 24 hours aging at 100°C was 9.34% compared to 13.89% for film without natural antioxidant. The tensile strength, tear resistance and modulus at 500% elongation of the rubber film were found to be optimum at 15 kGy radiation dose and with 10 phr natural antioxidant. Elongation at break, permanent set and swelling ratio decreases with the increasing absorbed radiation dose as well as the concentration of the natural antioxidant.     

Effects of gamma radiation on properties of halogen‐free flame retardant EPDM‐PVMQ rubber blends

In this study, the effects of gamma radiation on properties of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) and its blends with phenyl vinyl methyl silicon rubber (PVMQ) were studied. The samples were irradiated with the dose rate of 171.7 Gy/min, and the total dose was up to 500 kGy. Mechanical properties, electrical insulation, limiting oxygen index (LOI), crosslink density, and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy of the rubber were carried out to characterize the properties via irradiation. The results indicated that PVMQ acted as an irradiation degradation retarder for EPDM. After a postvulcanized period corresponding to 50 kGy dose, the elongation at break and electrical insulation decreased with LOI unaffected, while the crosslink density and tensile strength presented a complicated change with the increasing of radiation dose. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Radiation‐induced polymerization of butyl acrylate for recovery of organic solvents

Radiation‐induced polymerization of butyl acrylate using ⁶⁰Co gamma rays has been investigated under different conditions, such as irradiation dose (0–130 kGy), dose rate (10 kGy/h), and temperature (25–70°C). A linear relationship between conversion and temperature of irradiation was found. The activation energy (E) of 9.37 kJ/mol was obtained from kinetic analysis of the result from the polymerization at 10 kGy/h. Thermal properties were examined using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. Efficient extraction of organic solvents including chloroform, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, styrene was revealed by the swelling and releasing measurements. These results indicate the feasibility of applying this polymer, which was prepared by radiation‐induced polymerization, to management of organic wastes in the field of environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

The effect of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the thermal and mechanical properties of injection‐moulded high crystallinity poly(propylene)

In the present study, the effect of gamma and electron beam (EB) irradiation on the thermal and mechanical properties of high crystalline polypropylene (HPP) was studied. To study the structural modifications of HPP polymer which could occur following these treatments at different doses (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kGy) were applied to all samples. Nonirradiated HPP were used as control samples, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and Mechanical tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of both irradiation treatments (EB and gamma irradiation) on HPP samples. Irradiated samples of HPP decreases melting temperature (T_m) of matrix in EB more than in gamma rays up to 5°C. The changes of mechanical properties exhibit different radiation stability towards ⁶⁰Co‐gamma radiation and EB radiation. This difference reflects much higher penetration of the gamma radiation through the polymeric material as a function of sample thickness. The degradation on polymer properties caused by gamma irradiation was more than that caused by EB irradiation. Next, we compared the effects of gamma and EB irradiation to determine which of these two processes better maintained the integrity of the irradiated product. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Thermal behavior of gamma‐irradiated amorphous poly (ethylene terephthalate) films

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was irradiated in air by gamma rays at dose rate of 28 kGy/h for doses up to 3500 kGy. The influences of gamma irradiation on the glass transition and degree of crystallinity were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. For amorphous PET, the observed glass transition temperature T_g and step of heat capacity ΔC_p decreased with absorbed dose. These decreases were attributed to a predominant chain scission process. The glass transition temperature may be useful as an indicator of radiation to the PET. The results also showed that such chain scission increases in mobility lead to a greater crystallizability. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1374–1377, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers