两级填充床蓄热器式绝热压缩空气储能系统变工况特性研究

利用压缩机和透平的变工况模型及填充床蓄热器的非稳态模型,对两级填充床蓄热器式绝热压缩空气储能系统一次完整的充放电循环过程进行模拟,分析系统的热力学性能和各个部件的变工况特性.结果表明,系统的充放电效率可达62.4％.储能时,受洞穴内压力变化影响,两级压缩机压比、效率不断改变,从而引起下游填充床蓄热器进口温度变化;释能时...     

光热吸储系统填充床多孔结构参数研究

为了对基于二次反射式聚光集热系统的光热吸储系统的建设提供理论支持,针对带有循环风机的光热吸储系统开展数值模拟和参数化分析研究。根据能量守恒方程,建立了岩石填充床的一维二相瞬态传热模型,通过MATLAB软件模拟了一个月的储热放热过程,以储热、放热、吸收效率,太阳能-〖HT5”,7”〗火〖KG-*3〗用〖HT5”〗转换比和平均出口空气温度作为系统热性能的评价指标,分析岩石颗粒直径和孔隙率对系统热性能的影响。结果表明：在30次循环结束后,系统达到稳定运行状态;岩石颗粒直径的变化对系统热性能影响较小,颗粒直径从0.03 m增至0.05 m,孔隙率、储热效率、放热效率和太阳能〖HT5”,7”〗火〖KG-*3〗用〖HT5”〗转换比下降幅度均在2%以内,平均出口空气温度由1 120 K降至1 100 K;岩石孔隙率的变化对系统热性能影响较大,孔隙率从0.8降至0.4,储热效率由96%增至98.8%,放热效率由97.9%降至92.7%,但吸收效率和太阳能-〖HT5”,7”〗火〖KG-*3〗用〖HT5”〗转换比变化幅度在0.9%内,平均出口空气温度由1 131 K降低至1 122 K。     

岩石填充床蓄热性能试验研究

储能系统可以有效地提高能源利用率,是解决能量供需不平衡以及可再生能源不稳定问题的重要方式,近些年来已经成为国内外的研究热点。填充床是热能存储的主要形式之一,它是一个充满填充材料的热量存储装置,岩石和鹅卵石是最常用、最可靠的填充材料。文章分析了以高压空气作为传热流体的岩石填充床的蓄热特性,讨论和研究了不同试验参数对蓄热效率的影响。结果表明,岩石填充床的蓄热效率随空气压力的升高而降低,随空气质量流量的增大而增大,因而在较大的空气质量流量和较低的空气压力条件下可以得到较高的蓄热效率。     

填充型U型管式真空集热管的热性能分析

通过理论分析方法对一种新型的填充型U型管式真空集热管的热性能进行研究,建立U型管内流体的能量平衡方程,分析U型管两支管内流体沿轴向的温度变化,对热损失系数和填充层导热系数等影响集热管热性能的关键参数进行分析。并以石墨作为填充材料,对石墨填充U型管式和铝翼U型管式真空集热管进行试验研究。结果表明:理论分析和试验研究的结果吻合较好,填充U型管式真空集热管具有良好的热性能,其集热效率可较现有铝翼型U型管式真空集热管提升12%。     

多区相变材料填充床储热性能数值分析

为进一步提高相变储能填充床储热性能,运用计算流体力学软件Fluent采用DEM-CFD数值模拟方法对轴向填充不同熔点颗粒的填充床进行了储热过程的数值分析。在分别填充了240和480个相变材料颗粒的直径为200 mm的相变储能填充床内,探究沿热流体流动方向分层逐级排布更低熔点相变材料的排布方式对填充床的储能速率、储能效率、热流体和相变储热材料温度分布的影响。研究表明：在轴向分层排布不同相变点的相变材料会对床内轴向温度场有显著影响;分层排布的方式使填充床的储能速率、储能效率均得到了提高,240和480颗粒填充床平均储能速率分别提升约31.0%和25.1%。     

热能储存过程的热经济学性能评价

从以热力学第二定律为基础的热经济学角度出发,对一个湿热热能储存过程进行了热经济分析,并提出了一个评价热能储存过程热经济生性能的指标－储存单位热能的净收益,讨论了传热单元数,无因次充热时间以及加热气流和被加热液体的热容量之比等参数对其性的影响,结果表明,对热能储存过程存在一最佳的传热单元数和无因次充热时间,在传热单元数较大时,还存在一最佳的加热气流与被加热液休的热容量之比。     

柱状颗粒填充床的储能性能分析

填充床储能是一种很有发展前景的热能储存技术,它具有可降低存储成本和提高太阳能热系统开发效率等优点。研究人员多采用球形的储能单元,而圆柱体在储能填充床换热中有其独特的优势,因此基于圆柱形和拉西环形两种柱状颗粒,建立了一种潜热储能填充床的三维模型,采用数值模拟的方法分别研究两种柱状颗粒组成的填充床的储能性能,分析了储能填充床的直径比对其性能的影响。研究表明,填充床直径比越大,其储能性能越好。同时研究了圆柱形储能单元高度和拉西环形储能单元孔径对储能性能的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,由高度为3 mm的圆柱形储能单元和孔半径1.50 mm的储能单元分别组成的填充床储能速率最高。     

填充床流动求解与基于Chimera网格的分布式并行计算

填充床是一种常见的化学和生化反应器。由于内部结构的复杂性,填充床的局部流动求解一直是个颇有挑战性的问题。传统的填充床数值模拟是在CFD软件Fluent的平台上,采用非结构化网格求解。采用非结构网格求解存在网格生成困难,网格数目过多以及计算时间长等问题。Chimera网格的应用大大减少了填充床网格的数目及网格生成的难度。PVM分布式并行计算与Chimera网格的结合,使填充床的求解效率得到很大的提高。通过对两种方法在计算使用时间、内存使用量及计算结果的具体比较,阐述了Chimera网格结合PVM分布式并行计算在填充床流动求解中的优势。     

填充床熔盐蓄热器的动态温度与应力特性北大核心CSCD

建立了填充床熔盐蓄热器的热-力耦合数值模型,基于此模型,研究了多次蓄-放热循环下罐体壁面温度与应力的动态变化特性,并探讨了蓄热罐体产生高温蠕变与塑性屈服的失效区域。结果表明:单次蓄-放热循环中,①壁面温度呈4个阶段的变化趋势,即蓄热时的急剧温升与稳定阶段,放热时的缓慢温降与急剧下降阶段,且大部分罐壁均会产生蠕变现象;②筒节1~5的壁面处于低应力水平的弹性状态,壁板底端存在应力集中导致的塑性屈服现象,且峰值应力在蓄热时呈逐渐上升、放热时逐渐下降的变化趋势;多次蓄-放热循环中,①罐壁最高温度在631~836 K之间呈周期性变化,随着循环次数的增加,处于弹性状态的壁面在低应力与蠕变的作用下损伤累积,增加了蓄热器失效的风险;②内壁面峰值应力在275~423 MPa之间呈周期性变化,使得蓄热罐体可能会产生高应力(大于屈服强度)引起的低周疲劳断裂失效现象。本研究可为开展填充床蓄热器的动态应力疲劳寿命评估提供有效参考方法。     

两级填充床式压缩空气储能系统充放电行为研究

基于两级填充床式压缩空气储能系统运行原理,建立了压缩机、透平、填充床蓄热器及储气洞穴的非稳态分析模型,对两级填充床式压缩空气储能系统充放电行为进行了模拟,分析了系统在给定充电功率下的整体热力学性能和各部件的运行特性。结果表明：相比于完整充放电循环,在给定的充电功率下系统的充放电效率仅为54.33%,下降了约8.07%;受到储能功率的影响,压缩机的效率变化范围较大,仅有77.13%的电能转化为压缩空气的内能,而高/低压透平因为进口处空气温度逐渐降低而偏离设计工况导致效率下降;压缩机和透平的火用损之和占总火用损的81.51%。     

Numerical heat transfer analysis of the packed bed latent heat storage system based on an effective packed bed model

Due to the complexity of the fluid flow and heat transfer in packed bed latent thermal energy storage (LTES) systems, many hypotheses were introduced into the previous packed bed models, which consequently influenced the accuracy and authenticity of the numerical calculation. An effective packed bed model was therefore developed, which could investigate the flow field as the fluid flows through the voids of the phase change material (PCM), and at the same time could account for the thermal gradients inside the PCM spheres. The proposed packed bed model was validated experimentally and found to accurately describe the thermo-fluidic phenomena during heat storage and retrieval. The proposed model was then used to do a parametric study on the influence of the arrangement of the PCM spheres and encapsulation of PCM on the heat transfer performance of LTES bed, which was difficult to perform with the previous packed bed models. The results indicated that random packing is more favorable for heat storage and retrieval as compared to special packing; both the material and the thickness of the encapsulation have the apparent effects on the heat transfer performance of the LTES bed.     

Numerical study on performance enhancement of latent heat storage unit

建立了考虑液态相变材料自然对流的壳管式相变蓄热单元的三维模型,数值分析了自然对流对相变蓄热过程的影响.对比研究了外侧强化传热管和双侧强化传热管对相变蓄热单元蓄热性能的强化效果.结果表明,液态相变材料的自然对流,会引起固-液界面分布不均匀现象,采用外翅片管可以有效削弱这一现象;采用外侧强化传热管和双侧强化传热管,都可以缩短相变材料完全熔化以及整个蓄热过程所需时间.与采用光管时相比,采用外侧强化传热管时,完全熔化时间减少了18.0%;采用双侧强化传热管时,完全熔化时间减少52.5%.可见,采用带有外翅片的强化传热管,不仅可以削弱自然对流引起的固-液界面不均匀性问题,而且可以强化相变蓄热单元的蓄热性能.     

Exergetic and performance analyses of two-layered packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system

In concentrating solar power (CSP) plant, a novel method involving the use of thermocline can be employed to augment the capability of the thermal energy storage system (TES). The rate of thermocline degradation can be reduced by packing encapsulated phase change material (PCM) in the TES. The thermal performance of the packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system (PBTES) can be further enhanced by employing different diameters of PCM capsules arranged in multiple layers. In this paper, the thermal and exergetic performance of single-layered and two-layered PBTES is evaluated for varying mass flow rate, PCM capsule diameter and bed height of larger PCM capsules using a dynamic model based on simplified energy balance equations for PCM and heat transfer fluid (HTF). The single-layered PBTES has a lower TES latent charging rate than the two-layered PBTES. The charging efficiency and charging time of two-layered PBTES are increased by 15.85% and 16.85%, respectively for reducing the HTF mass flow rate by 14.29%. A higher stratification number can be achieved by using a two-layered PBTES instead of a single-layered PBTES filled with the corresponding larger diameter PCM capsules. The second law efficiency of the two-layered PBTES is found to be less than that of the single-layered PBTES. A decrease in the bed height of larger PCM capsules decreases the exergetic efficiency of the two-layered PBTES by 3.27%. The findings from this study can be used in further designing and optimising the multi-layered PBTES.     

Thermal response of a packed bed of spheres containing a phase-change material

A computational model of the transient thermal response of a packed bed of spheres containing a phase-change material (PCM) is presented. A one-dimensional separate phases formulation is used to develop a numerical analysis of the dynamic response of the bed which is subject to the flow of a heat transfer fluid, for arbitrary initial conditions and inlet fluid temperature temporal variations. Phase-change models are developed for both isothermal and nonisothermal melting behaviours. Axial thermal dispersion effects are modelled, including intraparticle conduction (Biot number) effects. Regenerative thermal storage applications involve flow reversals to recover the stored energy; this aspect of operation is included in the present model. Results from the model for a commercial sized thermal storage bed for both the energy storage and recovery periods are presented. Experimental measurements of transient temperature distributions in a randomly packed bed of uniform spheres containing a PCM for a step-change in inlet air temperature are reported for a range of Reynolds number.     

一种可蓄热太阳能睡床结构及性能分析

介绍了一种兼具蓄热与散热两种状态的太阳能供暖用睡床。该睡床的下部为蓄热水箱,可从太阳能集热板获取热量供给睡床。研究了基于该睡床的供暖系统在北京地区的应用情况,并分析了不同状态下床板上表面的散热量与被褥内的温度。结果表明：在全天散热状态下,典型年供暖季集热器效率为37.7 %,复合型睡床的有效供热量为4 390.2 MJ,太阳能保证率为80.7 %;在白天保温−夜间散热下,集热器效率为33.1 %,复合型睡床的有效供热量为4 441.1 MJ,太阳能保证率为81.8 %。     

Full scale thermal testing of latent heat storage in wallboard

Full scale thermal storage tests were conducted in a room lined with PCM wallboard having latent heat storage capacity. The results were compared with those obtained from tests conducted in a similar room lined with ordinary wallboard. The research showed that PCM wallboard can function efficiently as a thermal storage medium which can be applied to peak load shifting, improved use of waste and solar heat as well as more efficient operation of heating and cooling equipment.     

Discharge characteristics of latent heat storage columns packed with cross-linked plastic particles

This investigation deals with experimental and numerical analyses carried out to investigate the discharge characteristics of latent heat storage columns, using cross-linked cylindrical plastic particles as a phase-change type of heat storage material and ethylene glycol as a heat transfer medium. In the experiment, the transient response of the outlet temperature of the heat transfer medium was measured under conditions of varying the initial temperature in the column, the inlet temperature of the heat transfer medium, the mass flow rate of the heat transfer medium, and the mass of the heat storage material packed in the column. In the numerical analysis, the transient temperature distributions in the column was calculated by using an empirical formula for estimating the heat transfer coefficient for a fixed bed, which was recommended in the authors' previous paper. The experimental results were found to be in fair agreement with the numerical results. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 26(3): 193–206, 1997     

Thermal efficiency analysis of the cascaded latent heat/cold storage with multi-stage heat engine model

The cascaded thermal storage technique has emerged as an important solution for efficient conversion and utilization of thermal energies. In this paper, an exergy optimization was performed for cascaded latent cold/heat storage using multi-stage heat engine model. The optimization solution for both heat storage and cold storage systems was obtained, which was used for guiding the selection of PCMs with two examples presented. Cascaded thermal storage with increased stage number can not only extend temperature band for multi-grade thermal energy, but also reduce the exergy of the outlet HTF. It was found that heat transfer enhancement (improving NTU) is very necessary for a cascaded thermal storage system. The COP of cold energy may be greater than 1, which is also higher than that of heat for the same temperature difference in a cascaded thermal storage system. The increased environment temperature improves the COP of the cascaded cold storage (from 0.54 to 0.68) but reduces that of the cascaded heat storage (from 0.42 to 0.366). In the practical design of the cascaded thermal storage system, the stage number should be determined by balancing economics and system complexity.     

Thermal performance analysis on unit tube for heat pipe receiver

To reduce the mass and improve the thermal performance of the heat receiver, a heat pipe receiver was researched for the space solar dynamic power system. Corresponding mathematical and physical models were built, and a method was devised to provide a numerical equation by which the temperature of the containment canister outer wall, heat pipe wall temperature, working fluid exit temperature and the liquid PCM fraction of the total heat transfer tube were calculated and compared with those obtained from the baseline heat receiver. The results show that it is possible to improve receiver performance, to reduce the fluctuation of the working fluid temperature and to decrease the weight of the heat receiver.