A simultaneous triplex TaqMan real-time PCR approach for authentication of caprine and bovine meat,milk and cheese

Goat foodstuffs are considered as healthy foods with high nutritional value. This study demonstrated the development and validation of a triplex real-time PCR on the basis of species-specific and species-conservative TaqMan probes for the simultaneous identification of caprine and bovine DNA in meats, milk and cheeses with a prerequisite designed endogenous control. In this research, caprine and bovine meat, milk and cheese were specifically identified via developed primers and probes, and the limits of detection of this methodology were 0.005 and 0.01 ng DNA of milk and cheese from goat, and 0.01 and 0.05 ng DNA of milk and cheese from cow. Taken together, this approach was elaborated to address dairy adulteration issues to eliminate the fraud of economically motivated goat milk and cheese adulteration by adding cow milk.     

Qualitative and quantitative identification of adulteration of milk powder using DNA extracted with a novel method

The extraction of high-quality DNA from processed dairy products is often the crucial step in an authentication process by PCR-based methods. In this study, we optimized a novel DNA extraction method for milk powder and used the extracted DNA for identification of milk powder based on PCR analysis. The DNA quality was assessed by amplifying target sequences from mitochondrial genes, as well as by monitoring the yield, purity, and integrity of the extracted DNA. In addition, a laboratory adulteration model of milk powder was detected by PCR-based methods (PCR and real-time PCR) using primers targeting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Results showed that a sufficient amount and quality of DNA could be isolated from milk powder with this method. Both PCR and real-time PCR detection of cow milk compositions in goat milk powder further confirmed the DNA extracted with this extraction method could be widely used in addressing milk powder adulterant by a PCR-based method.     

Milk adulteration: Detection of bovine milk in bulk goat milk produced by smallholders in northeastern Brazil by a duplex PCR assay

The aim of this study was to investigate the adulteration of goat milk produced by smallholders in semiarid northeastern Brazil with bovine milk as an adulterant. The study was requested by the association of smallholder producers in the region to investigate and to inhibit adulteration practices as a need to ensure the quality and safety of goat milk. A duplex PCR assay has been developed and standardized. Further validation was performed in 160 fresh bulk goat milk samples. The detection limit of the duplex PCR was 0.5% bovine milk in goat milk and the results indicated that 41.2% of the goat milk presented to market was positive for bovine milk. Making the test available to the association of producers, together with extension activities, have been applied to reduce adulteration in goat milk sold to small-scale dairy plants and to ensure the species origin for goat milk in the state of Paraíba.     

基于乳清蛋白的骆驼乳中掺假牛乳的检测及热处理对方法的影响

利用超高效液相色谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UPLC）技术,建立一种以牛β-乳球蛋白为掺假标识物的检测方法,用于定性定量检测骆驼乳中掺假的牛乳,并且探讨不同热处理方式对掺假标识物的影响,以期满足不同商品化驼乳制品的检测需求。结果表明：该方法能有效地检测鲜驼乳、巴氏杀菌驼乳以及驼乳粉中掺假的牛乳,3 种类型掺假乳样本的定量检测回归方程线性良好,线性相关系数（R2）分别为0.997 9、0.996 9和0.997 8;鲜驼乳、巴氏杀菌驼乳和驼乳粉中掺假牛乳的检出限分别为2%、3%和5%,可满足检测需求;利用该方法在10 种不同品牌市售纯驼乳粉中检测出4 种掺假驼乳粉产品。UPLC法可以有效地检测骆驼乳及其制品中掺假的牛乳,为骆驼乳行业的掺假检测提供一定的技术方法支持。     

Application of immunological methods for the detection of species adulteration in dairy products

A number of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed for the detection of milk adulteration in dairy products. Target antigens have been caseins, lactoglobulins, immunoglobulins and other whey proteins. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been used in a variety of formats including direct, indirect, competitive and sandwich ELISAs. ELISAs have been successfully applied to the detection of cows' milk adulteration of sheep, goat and buffalo milk. Goat milk adulteration of sheep milk has also been detected. A number of ELISAs have also been applied to cheese. It is recommended that ELISA should be used in combination with PCR to ensure compliance with current legislation.     

Sensory analysis and species-specific PCR detect bovine milk adulteration of frescal (fresh) goat cheese

The Brazilian market for dairy products made from goat milk is increasing despite the seasonality of production and naturally small milk production per animal, factors that result in high-priced products and encourage fraud. In Brazil, no official analytical method exists for detecting adulteration of goat dairy products with cow milk. The aim of this study was to design a strategy to investigate the adulteration of frescal (fresh) goat cheeses available in the Rio de Janeiro retail market, combining analysis of cheese composition and the perception of adulteration by consumers. Commercial goat cheeses were tested by using a duplex PCR assay previously designed to authenticate cheeses, by targeting the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA genes of both species simultaneously. The PCR test was able to detect 0.5% (vol/vol) cow milk added during goat cheese formulation. The analysis of 20 locally produced goat cheeses (20 lots of 4 brands) showed that all were adulterated with cow milk, even though the labels did not indicate the addition of cow milk. To estimate the ability of consumers to perceive the fraudulent addition of cow milk, a triangle test was performed, in which cheeses formulated with several different proportions of goat and cow milk were offered to 102 regular consumers of cheese. Detection threshold analysis indicated that almost half of the consumers were able to perceive adulteration at 10% (vol/vol) cow milk. Effective actions must be implemented to regulate the market for goat dairy products in Brazil, considering the rights and choices of consumers with respect to their particular requirements for diet and health, preference, and cost.     

Simultaneous identification of bovine and equine DNA in milks and dairy products inferred from triplex TaqMan real-time PCR technique

Koumiss is a popular dairy product in many lands, traditionally prepared from mare milk with spontaneous fermentation. Mare milk and its fermented derivates are more expensive than cow milk and its fermented derivates, and the possibility exists for producers and dealers to adulterate equine products with bovine items. In this work, we described the development of a triplex real-time PCR based on species-specific TaqMan probes for identification of bovine and equine DNA in milks and dairy products. In addition, a novel designed endogenous control was simultaneously amplified to eliminate possible false negatives. With this methodology, bovine and equine DNA were specifically identified by employing developed primers and probes. The limits of detection of this method were 0.001 ng for cow milk, yogurt, and mare milk, and 0.005 ng for sour soup and koumiss, respectively. In addition, the triplex real-time PCR assay for authentication of animal-derived products was effectively validated using binary DNA and milk mixtures, exhibiting well in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. In short, the triplex PCR assay was verified to be a time-saving and money-saving technique for the identification of bovine and equine DNA in milks and dairy products.     

牛、羊乳粉的DSC热学性质比较及掺假分析

为明确羊乳粉、牛乳粉的热学特征,采用差示扫描量热法（differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）对真空冷冻干燥制备的全脂羊、牛乳粉样品以及高比例掺假（75%、50%、25%）和低比例掺假（10%、5%、3%、1%）牛乳粉的混合羊乳粉样品进行热力学分析。结果表明,全脂羊乳粉和全脂牛乳粉在DSC热学指标上存在差异,全脂牛乳粉相比全脂羊乳粉缺失一个脂肪特征熔融吸热峰b,蛋白质熔融吸热峰c峰值温度和热焓值较低,而乳糖熔化分解峰e热焓值较高。对于掺入不同比例牛乳粉的羊乳粉,通过检测是否存在吸热峰b及其热焓值,可判断样品掺假牛乳粉比例是否在25%以下及判断掺入牛乳粉的量;在不同比例掺假样品中检测乳糖熔化分解峰e的焓值可判断羊乳粉掺入牛乳粉的掺假量。因此,DSC技术可以实现对羊乳粉、牛乳粉热学性质的分析和评价,也可作为乳制品行业质量保证和真实性鉴别的潜在分析工具。     

Robust PCR‐based method for quantification of bovine milk in cheeses made from caprine and ovine milk

To prevent fraud and enhance quality assurance, credible analysis of dairy products is crucial. A common problem is the addition of cheaper bovine milk to caprine and/or ovine dairy products and when not declared addition of bovine milk constitutes fraud. The aim was to develop a rapid, robust and sensitive method for the identification of adulteration of caprine and/or ovine cheeses with bovine milk. New quantitative real‐time polymerase (qPCR) assays were designed for the specific determination of bovine DNA (Cow1) and bovine, caprine and ovine DNA (BoCaOv). These were applied to 17 samples of caprine cheese and 24 of ovine cheese. Results showed that 17% (7/41) of these cheeses contained >5% bovine milk. As bovine milk was not declared as an ingredient in any of the samples, this represents adulteration. Other cheeses that contained detectable bovine milk at ≤5% (22%; 5/41) might pose a health risk to people allergic to bovine milk.     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测配方羊奶粉中的牛β-乳球蛋白

建立了一种可快速检测配方羊奶粉中牛β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-lg)的胶体金免疫层析检测方法。通过杂交瘤技术制备β-lg单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,mAb),半抑制浓度(50% inhibiting concentration,IC₅₀)为5.87 μg/mL。将胶体金标记的β-lg mAb包被于金标垫,β-lg和山羊抗小鼠IgG标记于硝酸纤维素膜(nitrocellulose membrane,NC膜)分别作为检测线(T线)和质控线(C线),开发了可检测β-lg的免疫层析试纸条。该试纸条对β-lg的检测限(limit of detection,LOD)值为50 μg/mL,与其他基质成分均未产生有效交叉反应,对全脂山羊乳粉中掺杂脱脂牛奶粉(nonfat skim milk,NFSM)、脱盐乳清粉(desalted whey powder,DWP)和乳清蛋白粉(whey protein powder,WPP)的LOD值分别为5%、5%和0.1%。运用该方法对9个市售配方羊奶粉进行分析,检测结果与商品化酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒一致。该方法前处理快速简单,5 min即可裸眼判定结果,可用于配方羊奶粉商品的现场快速检测。     

蛋白质组学技术在不同物种乳掺假检测中的应用

乳品是人类重要的营养源，然而乳品掺假现象时常发生，近年来尤以向乳品中掺假动、植物蛋白，向特色畜乳中掺假牛乳等方式为主，这不仅损害了消费者的利益，甚至会危害消费者的健康。该研究总结了目前常见的掺假行为及相关检测方法，并介绍了蛋白质组学技术——一种通过确立特定生物标记物来区别不同物种乳的技术。作者查询了国内外近十年来牛乳和特色乳掺假方面的研究报道，关键词设置为“蛋白质组学”、“乳品”、“真实性”、“生物标记物”等，按照奶畜乳类别将所得文献进行分类。分别对奶牛乳、羊乳、驼乳、水牛乳、牦牛乳、驴乳的掺假物、潜在标记物和检出限等方面进行了总结和分析，以期为乳品真实性鉴定和保障乳品质量安全提供有效的工作思路。     

一种适用于乳制品基因组DNA快速提取方法的研究

目的对比NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种方法提取乳制品中核酸的提取效果,优化提取条件,确定一种更适用于现场检测、简便快速的的乳制品DNA快速提取技术。方法以牛奶、水牛奶、牦牛奶、羊奶、骆驼奶、以及驴奶6种常见的乳制品为材料,分别用NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种提取方法提取乳制品中的DNA,并根据裂解液用量和裂解时间进行优化,通过PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,检测DNA提取的质量和灵敏度。结果 NaOH裂解法能够提取所有物种的乳制品DNA,而且可以在最佳裂解条件下提取模拟掺假混合乳的DNA进行检测,发现其检测限能达到1%的牛奶含量。结论该方法取样量小,成本低,在15 min内即可完成快速提取,为实验室乳制品DNA定性或定量鉴别,以及乳制品的现场掺假鉴别提供了一种快速灵敏低成本的样品前处理技术。     

Real-time PCR based on single-copy housekeeping genes for quantitative detection of goat meat adulteration with pork

Adulteration of goat meat with cheaper meat such as pork has been frequently found. Conventional PCR methods to distinguish goat meat from adulteration are qualitative, which easily produce false-positive results due to contamination but not adulteration. To address this problem, real-time PCR based on single-copy housekeeping genes encoding replication protein A1 was developed for goat meat and pork. By calculating the Ct ratio of goat meat/pork, the goat meat content in a suspected adulteration could be deduced by a good linear correlation (R² = 0.9868) in a range from 5% to 80%. Analysis of the simulated samples of goat meat showed high accuracy with recoveries of 104.91% and 105.00% for the goat meat contents of 40% and 60%, respectively, and coefficient of variations were as low as 9.24% and 9.09%. Thus, the developed assay supplied a useful tool for food regulation authorities to achieve quantitative authentication of goat meat.     

实时荧光PCR定量检测肉制品中猪源性成分

为了准确可靠地对肉制品中猪源性成分进行定量检测,通过生物信息学方法筛选到猪细胞核单拷贝基因(carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2-like,CACA).以CACA基因为扩增靶标,设计了特异性引物、TaqMan探针,建立了基于实时荧光定量PCR...     

多重real-time PCR技术快速鉴别特种乳中的乳源动物成分

建立一种特种乳中乳源动物成分快速鉴别多重实时聚合酶链式反应技术。通过筛选建立8?种不同乳源物种检测的多重实时聚合酶链式反应方法,在一个反应体系里可同时检测4?种乳源的特异性靶基因,绝对灵敏度达0.1～5?pg/μL,检出限可达0.1%。同时,建立了高效的DNA提取方法,样品裂解后可在12?min左右完成96?个样品的DNA提取,大大缩短了样品前处理时间。采用该方法对市售特色乳产品进行调查,结果显示标识不准确的产品比例达36.36%。     

基于便携式荧光定量PCR仪定量检测驴肉中掺假鸭肉

为建立快速方便的驴肉制品分子鉴定方法,本文以驴肉和常见的掺假肉类(鸭肉)为研究对象,筛选特异性引物和TaqMan探针,利用便携式Mini8 Plus实时荧光定量PCR仪进行灵敏度和特异性实验,通过绘制扩增标准曲线及确定驴肉和鸭肉的质量与DNA比值常数,对不同掺入比例(加入定量的鸭肉制成含量分别为20%、40%、60%、80%)的模拟样品和实际驴肉样品进行检测。结果显示,该方法对驴、鸭肉均具有良好的特异性,可以与马、猪、山羊、梅花鹿、牛、鸡、狗肉明显区分;对驴源性DNA成分的检出限为0.01 ng/μL,鸭源性DNA成分的检出限为0.1 ng/μL,对驴肉与鸭肉混合物中鸭肉成分的灵敏度为0.1%(w/w);所建立的标准曲线线性关系良好,驴肉DNA扩增标准曲线:y=-3.584x+27.003,R²=0.9982;鸭肉DNA扩增标准曲线:y=-3.538x+30.907,R²=0.9991;采用已建立的方法对35份驴肉样本进行市场试点调查,发现6份(17.1%)驴肉样本中含有鸭肉成分。以上研究结果说明,该实时荧光定量PCR方法可用于驴肉产品中其他...     

基于电子舌的掺假羊奶快速定量预测模型

为实现对掺假羊奶的快速、客观辨别,模仿人体味觉感知机理研制了一套便携式电子舌检测系统,并建立了一种能够快速鉴别掺假羊奶的新方法。系统检测时,首先对样本溶液进行大幅脉冲扫描,用以获取掺假羊奶的"指纹"信息,然后利用离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform,DWT)对"指纹"数据中的特征信息进行提取,最后在此基础上,采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)方法对不同掺假比例的羊奶进行定性辨别。采用粒子群优化极限学习机(Particle swarm optimization extreme learning machine,PSO-ELM)对不同掺假比例的羊奶进行了定量预测。通过试验数据得出,PCA对6种不同掺假比例的羊奶区分达到100%,区分效果好。PSO-ELM羊奶纯度预测模型拟合曲线非常接近实测值曲线,因此采用PSO-ELM方法建立掺假羊奶纯度定量预测模型具有较高的预测精度。     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bovine milk adulteration in caprine and ovine milks using native-PAGE

Native-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was used for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of bovine milk adulteration in caprine and ovine milk using whole milk samples as well as their whey protein fraction. Quantification was based on measuring band intensity of bovine β-lactoglobulins in all milk mixtures and bovine α-lactalbumin in caprine/bovine milk blends. Linear relationships were established between the band intensity of bovine β-lactoglobulins and α-lactalbumin vs. volume percentage of added bovine milk in all milk analysed, with the correlation coefficient from 0.9950 to 0.9998. These correlations enabling the quantification of bovine milk percentage within the wide range from 3% or 5% to 90% in caprine/bovine and ovine/bovine milk blends, respectively. The differences between the actual percentages of bovine milk present in the adulterated milk samples and those calculated using the regression lines were less than or equal to 5% for all samples. This method offers a rapid determination combined with unequivocal identification of the bovine whey proteins in almost every caprine/bovine or ovine/bovine milk mixtures.     

Real-time PCR和双向电泳联合鉴别婴幼儿配方羊乳粉的乳源成分

为实现对婴幼儿配方羊乳粉中乳源成分的准确判别,将基因检测作为初筛方法,以蛋白质双向电泳作为确证方法,研究该技术路线下对乳源成分检测的灵敏度、准确性等指标。优化建立的基于嗜热蛋白酶的一步式DNA提取法,仅需通过温控反应在17 min内完成DNA步骤,极大缩短了样品前处理时间;建立的快速实时聚合酶链式反应（real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR）程序仅需28 min 26 s即可完成检测。通过牛（家牛、水牛、牦牛）、羊（山羊和绵羊）、山羊、绵羊单一乳源成分,以及哺乳动物内参照检测体系,可以实现对低至10～100 pg/μL DNA的检测,对混合样品中牛源性成分检测的灵敏度可达1%（m/m）。然后结合双向电泳技术进一步确证产品的蛋白成分来源,可以判定牛基因检测阳性的样品是否含有来源于牛乳酪蛋白或乳清蛋白,进而对样品的真实性进行判定。real-time PCR法和双向电泳技术联合检测解决了以往婴幼儿配方乳粉检测中因配料复杂乳源判别困难的瓶颈问题。     

Detection of adulteration in milk: A review

Milk is a wholesome nutritious dairy product and is consumed by a majority of the population worldwide for drinking as such, as well as via dairy products. However, the practice of adulteration of milk invariably reduces its quality and may introduce hazardous substances into the dairy supply chain jeopardising consumers’ health. Various instances of adulteration of milk have been reported globally, wherein substances such as extraneous water, foreign proteins, whey proteins, melamine and urea, vegetable or animal fats, plus many minor constituents of milk fat have been added as potential adulterants in milk and milk products. This review focusses on the different methods of detection of these adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP‐HPLC, LC‐GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA‐based methods and MALDI‐MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years. The combination of advanced IR spectroscopy and chemometrics provides a powerful tool for quality and authenticity analysis of milk. An electronic tongue is an easy and economic tool for the detection of caprine milk adulterations with bovine milk. Biosensors having the ability to furnish real‐time signals have been developed for the detection of urea in milk. An attempt has been made to give a clear understanding of the most suitable methods for the determination of various sources of adulteration.