利用氢氧化铝和碳酸钙制备六铝酸钙

以工业氢氧化铝和轻质碳酸钙为原料,采用反应烧结法合成了六铝酸钙( CA6),研究了成型压力(分别为50、100、150 MPa)和煅烧温度(分别为1200、1300、1400、1500℃)对CA6性能、相组成和显微结构的影响.结果表明:以150 MPa压力成型,在1500℃保温3h煅烧,可以合成出体积密度达1.49 9·cm-3,常温耐压强度达34.4 MPa的CA6材料.对于1500℃烧后试样,成型压力不会影响试样的相组成和CA6的结晶程度;但随着成型压力的增大,试样中CA6片状晶体的架空程度明显减弱,晶粒尺寸有所减小,厚度逐渐增大.     

β-sialon/Al2O3/CaO系材料烧结性能及反应过程研究

以β-sialon、活性氧化铝微粉和纯铝酸钙水泥为原料，研究了焦炭保护情况下，在1500～1650℃温度范围内，sialon／Al2O3／CaO体系材料的烧结性能和物相变化，借助SEM和XRD等手段对材料的显微结构和反应过程进行了观察和分析。结果表明：该体系材料烧结性能与试样组成和烧成温度有关。温度升高，试样体积密度增加，显气孔率降低，当温度升高至1650℃，试样烧结性能反而下降。试样在烧成过程中存在质量变化，1500℃下烧成试样均表现为质量增加，而1600℃以上试样表现为质量损失。从热力学分析推测烧成过程中试样内部存在复杂化学反应，在温度低于1500℃时sialon与CO反应使碳析出，导致试样质量增加；而温度进一步升高，sialon和Al2O3将被还原形成Al7O9N(s)和SiC(s)，导致试样质量损失。X射线衍射分析显示：烧成材料中除含有刚玉、sialon相外，随烧成温度增加还出现物相变化：1500℃形成钙黄长石相；1600℃时钙黄长石相消失，出现了Ca-α-sialon和SiC；温度升至1650℃，出现γ-AION。     

SiO_2微粉加入量对钛铝酸钙烧结性能的影响

为充分利用铝热还原制备钛铁合金过程中产生的副产品钛铝酸钙,并改进其烧结性能,以d50=35μm钛铝酸钙及d50=1.37μm的SiO_2微粉为主要原料,干压成型后在1 450、1 500、1 550和1 600℃保温180 min热处理后制备了钛铝酸钙试样,研究了SiO_2微粉加入量(w)分别为0、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和1.2%时对试样的线收缩率、体积密度、显气孔率以及显微结构的影响。结果表明:加入0.9%(w)SiO_2微粉时,试样线收缩率较大,体积密度达到最大值3.25 g·cm~(-3),显微结构致密,且加入SiO_2能够促进钛铝酸钙晶粒生长;随着温度的升高,试样的线收缩率以及体积密度逐渐增大,且晶粒不断变大,在1 550℃保温180 min时,钛铝酸钙晶粒间排列较为紧密。     

Si3N4-Al2O3-CaO系材料烧结性能及反应过程研究

以氮化硅、活性氧化铝微粉和纯铝酸钙水泥为原料 ,研究了在焦炭保护情况下 ,Si3N4-Al2 O3-CaO系材料经 1 5 0 0℃、1 6 0 0℃和 1 6 5 0℃烧成时的烧结性能和物相变化 ,同时借助SEM、EDX和XRD等手段对其显微结构和反应过程进行了观察和分析。结果表明 ,该体系材料的烧结性能与试样的组成和烧成温度有关 :温度由 1 5 0 0℃升至 1 6 0 0℃ ,试样体积密度增加 ,显气孔率降低 ,但升至 1 6 5 0℃时 ,试样的体积密度反而下降 ,显气孔率增加 ;在同一温度下 ,试样中Si3N4含量增加 ,体积密度下降。同时 ,试样在烧成过程中存在质量变化现象 :1 5 0 0℃烧成试样均表现为质量增加 ,当温度升至1 6 0 0℃和 1 6 5 0℃时 ,试样质量又由增加变为减小。根据热力学分析推测 ,试样烧成过程中存在复杂的化学反应 ,低于 1 5 0 0℃时 ,反应Si3N4(s) +3 /2CO(g) =3 /2Si2 N2 O(s) +1 /2N2 (g) +3 /2C(s)是试样质量增加的主要机理 ;高于 1 5 0 0℃时 ,反应Si3N4(s) +3 /2CO(g) =3 /2SiC(s) +3 /2SiO(g) +2N2 (g)是引起质量损失的主要机理。XRD分析显示 ,烧后试样中除存在刚玉和Si3N4相外 ,在烧成过程中还发生了物相变化 :1 5 0 0℃时出现了钙黄长石相 ,1 6 0 0℃时钙黄长石又消失 ,出现了Ca -α Sialon和β Sialon ,温度升至 1 6     

氯化镁对铝酸钙水泥结合浇注料性能的影响

为了改善铝酸钙水泥结合浇注料的高温体积稳定性,以w(Al2O3)≥99.5%的板状刚玉为骨料,w(Al2O3)≥99.7%的活性Al2O3微粉和板状刚玉细粉(≤0.044 mm)为基质,以铝酸钙水泥Secar 71为结合剂,添加适量氯化镁制备铝酸钙水泥结合浇注料,分别在1 100℃3 h和1 450℃3 h进行热处理,测定浇注料试样的常温物理性能,并分析基质试样的物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:氯化镁的加入会导致浇注料经高温处理后的体积密度下降,显气孔率升高,并降低浇注料高温处理后的力学性能;但是,含氯化镁的浇注料经高温处理后的线膨胀较小。通过显微结构分析发现,在含氯化镁的浇注料基质中有发育良好的板片状CA6,氯化镁分解所产生的孔隙可以为高温下CA6的形成提供部分可膨胀的空间,从而降低CA6形成所带来的体积膨胀,有利于改善浇注料经高温处理后的体积稳定性。     

添加纳米TiO_2对刚玉浇注料性能的影响

以板状刚玉、活性氧化铝微粉BL-2、铝酸钙水泥Secar 71为主要原料,加入不同含量的纳米TiO_2(加入质量分数为0、0. 5%和1%),比较了纳米TiO_2加入量对于刚玉浇注料物相组成、显微结构和物理性能的影响。结果表明,纳米TiO_2的加入加速了CA6的生成,提高了1 250℃烧后试样的强度,有利于浇注料中温强度的提升;当加入量较大时,CA6的片状厚度增加,难以形成相互交叉堆叠结构,导致试样的强度降低;当纳米TiO_2加入量(w)为0. 5%时,试样高温下强度降低较少,但中温强度明显提升,高温烧后呈现微膨胀,为最佳加入量。     

反应烧结法制备六铝酸钙多孔材料

以轻质碳酸钙和工业氧化铝为原料 ,采用反应烧结工艺制备了六铝酸钙多孔材料 ,并借助XRD和SEM等手段研究了煅烧温度 (130 0℃、14 0 0℃、15 0 0℃、16 0 0℃ )、炭黑加入量 (0～ 4 0 % )对多孔材料的显微结构和性能的影响。研究表明 :制备六铝酸钙多孔材料的最佳煅烧温度为 15 0 0℃ ;添加炭黑可以改变六铝酸钙多孔材料的显微结构 ,随着炭黑加入量的增加 ,六铝酸钙片状晶体的厚度减小 ,多孔材料的气孔率增加 ,耐压强度下降。考虑到实际应用中对多孔材料的耐压强度的要求 ,炭黑的加入量不宜超过 2 0 %。     

钙铝质原料对六铝酸钙多孔陶瓷性能的影响

以氢氧化铝、氢氧化钙、氧化铝和碳酸钙为原料在不同温度下烧结合成六铝酸钙多孔陶瓷,研究钙铝质原料、烧结温度对六铝酸钙性能的影响,结果表明:采用氢氧化铝和氢氧化钙合成的CA6性能最优.其最佳的烧结温度为1 500℃,可以合成显气孔率达60%、体积密度为1.55 g/m3的六铝酸钙多孔陶瓷.     

钙铝质原料对六铝酸钙多孔陶瓷性能的影响

以氢氧化铝、氢氧化钙、氧化铝和碳酸钙为原料,在不同温度下烧结合成六铝酸钙多孔陶瓷,研究钙铝质原料、烧结温度对六铝酸钙性能的影响,结果表明：采用氢氧化铝和氢氧化钙合成的CA6性能最优,其最佳的烧结温度为1500℃,可以合成显气孔率达60%、体积密度为1.55g/m^3的六铝酸钙多孔陶瓷。     

不同Al2O3微粉对合成CA6性能的影响

将煅烧α-Al2O3、活性α-Al2O3和ρ-Al2O3三种微粉分别与轻质CaCO3按六铝酸钙(CA6)的化学计量比配料,采用反应烧结法,分别于1 200、1 300、1 400和1 500℃空气气氛中保温3 h合成CA6,并研究了不同的Al2O3微粉对合成CA6材料相组成、显微结构及性能的影响。结果表明:由三种不同Al2O3微粉与轻质CaCO3配制的试样,其合成CA6的反应均在1 500℃基本完成,试样中均只有片状CA6,但片状CA6晶体的排列方式稍有不同;由煅烧α-Al2O3微粉和ρ-Al2O3微粉分别与轻质CaCO3制成的试样,烧后基本全部呈体积收缩,而由活性α-Al2O3微粉与轻质CaCO3合成的试样呈体积膨胀;由活性α-Al2O3微粉与轻质CaCO3合成的试样,其常温耐压强度最高,当试样中只有单相CA6时(1 500℃烧后),其耐压强度可达42.5 MPa;由ρ-Al2O3微粉与轻质CaCO3合成的试样,其生成CA6的温度最低,显气孔率最高,当试样中只有单相CA6时(1 500℃烧后),其显气孔率最高,可达70.1%;由煅烧α-Al2O3微粉与轻质CaCO3合成的试样,其体积密度最大。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。