基于半监督仿射传播聚类和KLDA的室内定位算法*

室内定位中位置指纹库采集的密集程度往往跟定位精度密切相关,针对离线阶段时指纹库稀疏的情况下定位精度低的问题,提出了一种基于半监督仿射传播聚类和KLDA的室内定位算法。该算法结合了在线阶段采集无位置标签的RSSI数据,通过建立局部邻域图将无位置标签的RSSI信息反映到离线指纹数据的结构中,并使用KLDA方法抽取位置指纹库中最大的特征信息,有效利用了无位置标签的RSSI信息从而提高定位精度。实验结果表明,该算法结合在线阶段RSSI数据后定位精度得到了明显的提高。而且在仅保留离线指纹数据库三分之二的情况下,也几乎能够取得与传统KNN算法使用全指纹库时相同的定位精度,相当于减少了离线阶段采集指纹库的工作开销。     

基于深度特征学习的免校准室内定位方法

针对基于WiFi位置指纹的室内定位中设备异构带来的接收信号强度（Received signal strength,RSS）差异和定位精度偏移的问题,提出一种基于深度特征挖掘的免校准室内定位方法。离线阶段,结合最强接入点（Access point, AP）分类和普氏分析（Procrustes analysis）对原始指纹库处理,获取标准化子指纹库,采用堆叠降噪自编码器（Stacked denoising autoencoder, SDAE）学习标准化子指纹库获取深度特征指纹,构建深度特征子指纹库。在线阶段,利用与离线阶段相同的指纹处理方法,挖掘待定位点RSS数据的深度特征,采用加权最近邻算法（Weighted k-nearest neighbor, WKNN）与深度特征子指纹库匹配,获得估计的位置。在典型实验楼场景使用4种异构类型的手机进行实验,本文方法对比传统的标准化指纹的两种免校准方法,定位精度分别有5.9%和12.5%的提升,实验结果表明,本文算法提高了定位的准确性和鲁棒性。     

回溯搜索优化改进矩阵填充的高效位置指纹库构建

针对基于信号强度指示（RSSI）的位置指纹定位过程中用于其离线位置指纹库构建的全采法采集工作量较大、位置指纹库构建效率较低、而插值法通常精度有限等问题,提出一种基于回溯搜索优化算法改进奇异值阈值（SVT）矩阵填充（MC）算法的离线位置指纹库高效构建方法。首先,利用定位区域内采集到的部分参考点的位置指纹数据建立低秩矩阵填充模型;然后通过基于奇异值阈值的低秩矩阵填充算法来求解该模型,进而快速准确重构出完整的位置指纹数据库;同时,针对传统矩阵填充算法最优解模糊及平滑性欠佳的问题,引入回溯搜索优化算法,以核范数最小建立适应度函数,对矩阵填充算法的寻优过程进行改进,进一步提高了求解精度。实验结果表明,利用所提方法构建的位置指纹库与实际采集的位置指纹库之间的平均误差仅为2.7054 dB,平均定位误差仅相差0.0863 m,但却节约了近50%的离线采集工作量。上述结果表明所提算法用于离线位置指纹库构建可以在保证精度的基础上,有效降低离线采集阶段的工作量,显著提高位置指纹库构建效率,在一定程度上提高位置指纹定位方法的实用性。     

基于对数正态模型的二次匹配指纹定位算法

针对复杂室内环境WiFi信号不稳定导致指纹定位算法定位精度不高的问题,对AP选择、指纹库构建和定位算法进行研究,分别提出了基于对数正态模型的AP选择方法、RSSI虚拟指纹库构建方法以及基于对数正态模型的二次匹配指纹定位算法。在离线阶段,通过拟合对数正态模型对WiFi信号建模,筛选出最契合模型的AP并构建RSSI指纹库和虚拟指纹库。在线定位阶段,待定位节点在匹配RSSI指纹库的基础上,利用AP的契合度修正欧氏距离相似度,找出相似度更高的指纹点,初步确定待定位节点区域,接着二次匹配虚拟指纹库进行精准定位。实际环境实验结果表明,本文提出的方法突出了不同AP设备对定位造成的影响,能减少离线阶段指纹采集的工作量,有效的提高了定位精度。     

基于谱回归核判别分析的候机楼室内快速定位算法

针对机场候机楼客流量大、室内环境复杂多变的特点，提出了一种基于谱回归核判别分析（SRKDA）的室内定位算法。在离线阶段，采集已知位置的接收信号强度（RSS）数据，使用SRKDA算法提取原始位置指纹（OLF）的非线性特征生成新的特征指纹库；在线阶段，先使用SRKDA对待定位点的RSS数据进行处理，进而使用加权K最近邻（WKNN）算法进行位置估计。定位仿真实验中，在两个不同的定位场景中，所提算法在1.5 m定位精度下的误差累积分布函数（CDF）和定位准确率分别达到91.2%和88.25%，相对于核主成分分析法（KPCA）+WKNN模型分别提高了16.7个百分点和18.64个百分点，相对于KDA+WKNN模型分别提高了3.5个百分点和9.07个百分点；在大量离线样本（大于1100条）的情况下，该算法数据处理时间远小于KPCA和KDA。实验结果表明，所提算法能够提高室内定位精度，同时节省了数据处理时间，提高了定位效率。     

基于CSI信号的被动式室内指纹定位算法研究

基于信道状态信息(CSI)的定位技术在室内场景应用中被广泛关注,为了提高WiFi信号多径效应对接收信号强度指示的室内定位精度和稳定性,提出一种基于CSI信号的被动式室内指纹定位算法。该算法在离线阶段将定位场所划分为同等大小的区域块,在各连接点位置使用方差补偿的自适应卡尔曼滤波（Kalman）算法对原始数据进行滤波。再对滤波后的数据使用二分K均值聚类（K-means）算法进行分类,将处理得到的CSI幅值和相位信息共同作为指纹;在线阶段根据待测点采集的实时数据与指纹库进行匹配识别,被定位对象无需携带任何设备。仿真实验与实地实验表明,该算法利用信道状态信息中的子载波特征进行定位,能够有效减轻信号接收端的多径衰减影响,定位精度有明显提高。      

信号波动牵引下指纹清晰度扩库定位算法

为提高WIFI室内定位指纹库的构建效率和扩充指纹库的定位精度，提出了一种信号波动牵引下指纹清晰度的扩库定位算法(Database expansion and Indoor Localization based on Fingerprint Definition obtained by Signal-fluctuation, DIFS)。算法针对复杂室内环境下路径损耗指数发生区域性改变的问题，结合密度峰值聚类(Density Peek Clustering, DPC),通过对采样参考点(Sample Reference Point, SRP)进行指纹清晰度匹配，实现以信号波动程度描述子区域特性，同时构建差值近邻传播模型，避免传统信号损耗模型对目标点信号值的预测失准。在线阶段，综合考量扩充指纹库与待定位信号向量的欧氏与指纹清晰度距离，筛选出具备高辨析力的优质参考点，提升指纹库的定位精度。相对于采集全局参考点，所提方案减少了大量人力成本与时间成本。仿真实验表明，相比其他经典指纹库扩充与参考点优选算法，所提方案能够提供较高的定位精度，在室内环境下具有较高的应用价值。     

基于联合分簇和LASSO的室内指纹定位算法

为提高定位效率和定位精度，提出了一种基于联合分簇（Hybrid clustering， HC）和LASSO的室内定位算法。该定位算法首先利用簇匹配实现目标粗定位，再在簇内采用LASSO算法进行二次精确定位。通过基于接收信号强度（Received signal strength， RSS）信号特性的K中心聚类方法结合基于物理位置的联合分簇，来降低粗定位阶段的簇匹配错误以避免粗大误差。采用位置指纹RSS信号的覆盖向量的相似度作为分簇和簇匹配的准则来降低运算量。簇内定位阶段采用LASSO算法达到特征稀疏化，有利于目标节点存储空间和能耗的优化。在室内典型办公环境下的定位实验表明，本定位技术在降低在线匹配计算量的同时能保持良好的定位效果，在参考位置点间隔1.8 m时，平均定位误差为1.73 m。     

一种层次Levenshtein距离的无指纹校准的室内定位方法

随着移动计算领域的兴起,基于位置的服务越来越受青睐。目前各种室内定位的方法层出不穷,由于室内广泛部署了无线基础设施,基于WiFi指纹信息的室内定位技术是其主流方法。设备异构和室内环境变化是影响定位精度的主要因素。本文针对以上两个问题,提出一种层次Levenshtein距离（HLD）的WiFi指纹距离计算算法,实现异构设备的指纹无校准比对。将不同移动设备采集的RSSI信息转化为AP序列,根据AP对应的RSSI值的差异性计算其层次能级,结合Levenshtein距离计算WiFi指纹之间的距离。对于需定位的WiFi指纹RSSI信息,利用HLD算法获取K个近邻,采用WKNN算法进行预测定位。实验中,为了验证算法的鲁棒性和有效性,在3种不同类型的室内环境中采用5种不同的移动设备来采集WiFi的RSSI信息,其定位的平均精度达1.5 m。     

基于时间反转的二阶段Wi-Fi室内定位方法

受Wi-Fi系统有限物理带宽限制,时间反转定位算法的定位精度难以得到提升。当定位范围较大时,在线定位阶段所需的匹配运算量更大,导致定位时间增长。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于时间反转的二阶段Wi-Fi室内定位方法。首先对接收信号强度和信道频率响应进行离线采集,利用接收信号强度和k近邻匹配算法进行位置粗估计,大致确定待测点所在范围。随后根据粗估计结果筛选原始指纹库,构建指纹库子集。在位置精估计阶段,计算待测点信道频率响应与指纹库子集中各参考点处信道频率响应的信号组合共振能量,通过最大值搜索寻找组合共振能量最大的参考点,将其坐标值作为位置估计结果。实验结果表明,所提算法相比于传统定位算法在精度和运行速度上有明显提升,在非直射环境下仍能保证较高的定位精度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。