PA6/MBS/PP反应共混体系的相形态和力学性能

通过扫描电镜、热分析、熔体流动速率和力学性能等测试方法研究了马来酸酐(MAH)和苯乙烯(St)多单体熔融接枝VERSIFY2300(V-2300-g-(MAH-co-St))对PA6/MBS/PP共混物的结晶行为、相形态和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在熔融共混过程中,V-2300-g-(MAH-co-St)中的酸酐基团与PA6的端氨基原位生成的接枝共聚物有效降低了共混物的界面张力,接枝物中苯乙烯基团与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(M)-丁二烯(B)-苯乙烯(S)三元共聚物(MBS)作用,有助于提高共混物的相容性。当PA6/MBS/PP共混物加入V-2300-g-(MAH-co-St)质量分数为20%时,共混物分散相的尺寸明显减小,力学性能得到较大提高。     

马来酸酐混合单体改性PP/PS共混物的结晶与动态力学性能

用熔融法制备了马来酸酐（MAH）及其与苯乙烯（St）混合单体改性PP／PS共混物,以及MAH、St改性聚丙烯（原住形成PP／PS共混物）。用DSC、DMA和FT—IR研究了改性共混物的结晶与熔融行为、动态力学性能和接枝产物。结果表明,MAH加入对PP／PS共混物中PP的结晶温度影响不大,但其与St混合单体对共混物中PP的结晶温度影响明显,原位生成PP／PS的结晶温度也有较大提高。改性对共混物中PP的熔融温度影响不大,但熔融峰形变化明显。改性PP／PS共混物具有高的E′和E″强度。     

PA6/PP复合材料吸水性及摩擦磨损性能研究

尼龙6具有良好的耐磨性,由于自身的吸水性而限制了其应用.本工作采用多单体接枝增容聚合物共混新技术,利用烯烃类聚合物自身的润滑性、以及耐吸水性,通过与尼龙6复合来改善尼龙6的吸水性和摩擦磨损性能.将自制的PP-g-(MAH-co-St),PP-g-(GMA-co-St)和PP-g-(MMA-co-St)三种相容剂添加到PA6/PP共混物中,熔融挤出造粒,注塑成型,制得PA6/PP为80/20的不同相容剂增容的聚合物共混物.研究了不同相容剂对PA6/PP共混合金吸水性和摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:自制的三种相容剂都能够在不同程度上改善PA6/PP共混材料的吸水性.其中,PP-g-(GMA-co-St))对PA6/PP共混体系增容、耐水性及耐磨性改善效果最好.     

聚丙烯接枝物反应挤出增容PP/PA6共混物的形态结构

采有PP熔融接枝MAH和不饱和羧酸混合单体通过反应挤出增容PP/PA6共混物，研究了增容共混物的形态结构。SEM、TEM观察表明，接枝物能明显降低共混物的分散相尺寸，改善体系的分散状况，提高共混物两相的相容性；增容共混物的两相界面结合改善，相界面变得模糊。WAXD、DSC测试表明，用该接枝物增容后的共混物，组分的Xc下降，分散相微晶尺才减小。研究结果表明该接枝物是PP/PA6共混体系的有效增容剂。     

HDPE/PA6共混阻隔材料的制备及研究

采用熔融挤出法制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)与马来酸酐(MAH)的接枝物(HDPE-g-MAH),并用红外光谱证实了接枝反应。以此接枝物为相容剂制备HDPE/PA6共混材料。研究了PA6和相容剂用量对共混材料形态结构、力学性能及阻气性能的影响。SEM表明相容剂可以明显改善HDPE与PA6的相容性。PA6的加入显著提高了HDPE对氧气的阻隔性能。     

马来酸酐/N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮双单体接枝聚丙烯的制备及对聚丙烯微孔膜的亲水改性

以马来酸酐(MAH)为功能单体,N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)为共聚单体,采用熔融接枝法制备两亲性改性剂PP-g-(MAH-co-NVP),并通过热致相分离法制备聚丙烯(PP)亲水微孔膜。通过红外光谱仪和元素分析仪表征了PP-g-(MAHco-NVP)的化学结构和接枝率,使用差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪表征了PP-g-(MAH-co-NVP)的结晶性能。利用接触角、热失重分析、扫描电子显微镜和孔隙率测试对改性前后的PP膜进行研究。结果显示,亲水支链成功接枝到PP大分子链上,相比于MAH作为唯一的接枝单体,NVP的加入使MAH的接枝率增加了270%;且NVP的加入促进了PP分子链的结晶。改性PP微孔膜的热稳定性能提高,膜孔数增多,孔隙率增加了2. 8%。并且改性PP微孔膜的亲水性也得到改善,接触角下降了28. 5%。     

马来酸酐/N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮双单体接枝聚丙烯的制备及对聚丙烯微孔膜的亲水改性EI北大核心CSCD

以马来酸酐(MAH)为功能单体,N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)为共聚单体,采用熔融接枝法制备两亲性改性剂PP-g-(MAH-co-NVP),并通过热致相分离法制备聚丙烯(PP)亲水微孔膜。通过红外光谱仪和元素分析仪表征了PP-g-(MAHco-NVP)的化学结构和接枝率,使用差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪表征了PP-g-(MAH-co-NVP)的结晶性能。利用接触角、热失重分析、扫描电子显微镜和孔隙率测试对改性前后的PP膜进行研究。结果显示,亲水支链成功接枝到PP大分子链上,相比于MAH作为唯一的接枝单体,NVP的加入使MAH的接枝率增加了270%;且NVP的加入促进了PP分子链的结晶。改性PP微孔膜的热稳定性能提高,膜孔数增多,孔隙率增加了2. 8%。并且改性PP微孔膜的亲水性也得到改善,接触角下降了28. 5%。     

熔融接枝法提高膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯的相容性和阻燃性能

通过熔融共混工艺,采用熔融接枝和阻燃剂表面处理技术,利用双螺杆挤出机制备出无卤膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯(PP)。研究了聚磷酸胺(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)、三聚氰胺(MEL)作为一种混合体系对PP的阻燃作用,并用对比法分析讨论了三种组分分别在体系中所起的作用。研究了多组分体系下不同单体熔融接枝PP对各组分间的相容性和阻燃性能的影响,结果表明,极性较大单体MAH接枝处理PP,能够有效地提高体系的相容性和阻燃性能。     

力化学方法制备PP-g-HMA增容PA6/PP/硅灰石复合材料的形态和力学性能

以力化学方法制备的N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-HMA)作尼龙6(PA6)/聚丙烯(PP)共混体系的增容剂,将增容尼龙6/聚丙烯共混体系与硅灰石复合.研究了复合材料的形态结构、硅灰石用量、偶联剂种类和用量以及增容剂等对复合材料的力学性能的影响.结果表明,PP-g-HMA能提高PA6/PP/硅灰石复合材料的力学性能,而KH-550和ON-330两种偶联剂复配使用则可以显著提高PP-g-HMA增容PA6/硅灰石复合材料的力学性能.     

PP固相接枝物增容PP/PA6共混物的界面相互作用和力学性能

研究了PP固相接枝混合三单体（gPP)增容PP／PA6共混物的界面相互作用和力学性能，结果表明，该gPP是PP／PA6共混物的有效增容剂，在PP／PA6共混物的所有组成范围内，加入少量的gPP均可达到良好的增容效果，能显著提高共混物的力学性能，固相接枝物对PP／PA6共混体系的增容效果与固相接枝物用量及制备固相接枝物时第三单体的用量相关，通过Molau实验，傅里叶红外谱换光谱测试，抽提实验等证实；gPP的加入使得PP／PA6共混物在共混过程中就地形成了两相之间的增容剂PP－gPA6，增强了两相界面间的相互作用，gPP用量越大，PP－g-PA6的生成量越大，两相间的界面相互作用越强     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...