高效液相色谱法快速测定乳粉中的三聚氰胺与双氰胺

建立高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器同时检测乳粉中三聚氰胺和双氰胺的分析方法。采用1%三氯乙酸溶液提取样品中的三聚氰胺和双氰胺,氨基柱为分析柱,流动相为乙腈-水（75∶25,V/V）,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长233 nm。2 种物质在0.005～60 mg/L范围内与其峰面积线性关系良好,不同添加水平的回收率在83.2%～102.6%,三聚氰胺和双氰胺的方法定量限分别为0.17、0.15 mg/kg,方法变异系数为2.3%～7.2%（n=6）。此方法操作简便、快速、成本低,适用于乳粉中三聚氰胺和双氰胺的同时检测。     

单扫描极谱法测定牛奶中三聚氰胺的质量浓度

建立了单扫描极谱测定牛奶中三聚氰胺的定量分析方法.在浓度为0.12 mol/L的NaOH和浓度为0.16 mol/L的KCl底液中,三聚氰胺于-0.5 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)出现灵敏的极谱还原峰,三聚氰胺质量浓度在6.3x10-3～1.26 mg/L范围内与导数峰高呈线性关系,检出限1.73x10-3 mg/L.该方法简便快捷,已用于牛奶中三聚氰胺质量浓度的测定,回收率为96.7%～106.6%.     

基于纳米银颗粒团聚反应的表面增强拉曼光谱法测定牛奶中三聚氰胺的含量

建立表面增强拉曼(surface-enhanced raman scattering,SERS)技术检测牛奶中三聚氰胺含量的方法。以金属钛板作为SERS衬底材料,采用50 nm银纳米颗粒作为基底,控制银溶胶与样品的体积比为1∶2,Na Cl和Na OH溶液的浓度为4 mol/L,通过便携式拉曼光谱仪采集样品的SERS信号。在质量浓度0. 2～10 mg/L的范围内,SERS强度随着牛奶中三聚氰胺浓度的增大而增强,线性相关系数R~2=0. 998,检测限为0. 08 mg/L。使用银纳米基底对1 mg/L加标样品平行测定20次,三聚氰胺特征峰强度的相对标准偏差为4. 34%。此法简单易行,重现性好、稳定性高,可实现对牛奶中三聚氰胺含量的快速检测,为食品中污染物的SERS检测提供了参考价值。     

大米蛋白粉中三聚氰酸及其类似物的硅烷衍生化GC-MS检测方法研究

建立一种简单、快速、准确同时测定大米蛋白粉中三聚氰胺及其类似物三聚氰酸、三聚氰胺一酰胺、三聚氰胺二酰胺的方法。样品经二乙胺- 水- 乙腈(1:4:5,V/V)超声提取30min 后,提取液于70℃条件下氮气吹干,在吡啶介质中经甲基硅烷化衍生后采用气相色谱- 质谱仪测定(内标法定量)。此方法检测限为0.5mg/kg、线性相关系数(20～1000μg/L 范围内)不小于0.9989;当加标量为1.0～5.0mg/kg 时,平均回收率为72.01%～96.45%、相对标准偏差不大于6.3%。此方法可用于大米蛋白粉中三聚氰酸及其类似物的检测。     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定蛋及蛋制品中三聚氰胺残留

本文建立了液相色谱串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测定蛋及蛋制品中三聚氰胺残留量的方法,优化了样品前处理方法及液相色谱串联质谱测定条件。采用1%三氯乙酸提取,亚铁氰化钾和乙酸锌沉淀蛋白质、脂肪等物质,固相萃取小柱净化,液相色谱串联质谱检测。结果表明：在优化条件下,本方法测定三聚氰胺在0～3.0mg/kg范围内线性良好,其线性方程为y=12 342x＋242.73,相关系数R2=0.998 4,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.01mg/kg和0.05mg/kg,加标回收率为60.0%～85.0%。该方法可满足蛋及蛋制品中三聚氰胺残留量的检测要求。     

水产品中三聚氰胺的快速检测方法

建立高效液相色谱法快速检测水产品中三聚氰胺的方法。样品采用50%甲醇水+1%三氯乙酸(3+1)振荡提取,高速离心后过滤进行HPLC测定。三聚氰胺在0.2μg/mL～10.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数0.9989,加标水平在0.5mg/kg～10mg/kg范围内,回收率为85%～91%,相对标准偏差4.2%～6.4%,方法的检出限为0.5mg/kg。该方法与固相萃取前处理方法相比,过程简便、快速准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡蛋、牛奶和猪肉中环丙氨嗪及三聚氰胺的实验研究

本实验研究建立用NH2柱和97%乙腈水溶液做流动相洗脱测定鸡蛋、猪肉和牛奶中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留量的高效液相色谱法,样品均质后经NaOH和20%氨水乙腈溶液重复提取2次、浓缩、过C18固相萃取小柱净化等处理后上机检测,环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺得到了很好的分离,各自的保留时间分别是8min和12min。标准曲线在0.01～1.0μg/ml浓度范围内呈线性相关,环丙氨嗪、三聚氰胺标准曲线的相关系数(r)分别为0.9999、0.9994。检测限为0.02mg/kg,定量限低于0.05mg/kg。     

液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定乳与乳制品中的三聚氰胺

目的建立乳与乳制品中三聚氰胺的液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定方法。方法样品用三氯乙酸溶液和乙腈提取,经阳离子交换固相萃取柱(SPE)净化后,用液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定和确证,外标法定量。结果在0.01～0.50μg/ml范围内呈线性相关,相关系数为0.999 2,方法测定低限(LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。在0.01～0.10μg/ml添加浓度范围内,方法回收率为80.4%～107.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤9.4%。结论本方法操作简便,灵敏度、准确度、精密度可满足乳与乳制品中三聚氰胺的检测要求。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡组织中的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸

通过对提取溶剂、净化方法及色谱质谱条件的优化建立鸡组织样品中的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸同时测定的HPLC-MS/MS法。样品经乙腈水溶液(70:30,V/V)超声提取,正己烷脱脂,7000r/min离心后取上清液与乙腈(1:1,V/V)混匀,10000r/min离心沉淀蛋白,过滤后无需净化即可上机测定,大大缩短了样品处理时间。使用MRM模式检测和同位素内标稀释法定量,进一步提高了方法的准确性和定量线性。在1～500ng/mL范围内,目标物的峰面积与其质量浓度的线性关系良好(R20.999);在0.1、1、5mg/kg的添加水平,鸡组织样品三聚氰胺回收率为87.76%～107.89%,三聚氰酸回收率为87.31%～106.05%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.58%～2.78%和1.26%～4.33%;三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的检测限(LOD)分别为4ng/g和2ng/g。结果表明,该方法简便、快速、准确,适合鸡组织中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的确证和定量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中双酚A

建立了测定牛奶中双酚A含量的高效液相色谱方法。样品经乙腈提取,C18固相萃取柱净化,然后采用高效液相色谱测定。双酚A在3.5×10-3～10mg/kg范围内呈良好线性,线性相关系数R2=0.9991。双酚A检测限为2.1×10-3mg/kg,平均添加回收率80.07%～85.53%,相对标准偏差4.42%～9.14%。采用本文所建立的方法对市售牛奶样品进行了测定,未检出双酚A残留。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定乳及乳制品中三聚氰胺

建立快速、经济测定乳及乳制品中三聚氰胺的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。乳及乳制品样品中加入乙腈-水溶液,通过超声波提取和二氯甲烷液液萃取除去蛋白质、脂肪等杂质,进一步稀释后直接进样。经超高效液相色谱(UPLC)快速分离,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI+)多反应监测模式(MRM),实现对三聚氰胺的定性和外标法定量。乳及乳制品样品在1.2 min内完成分析,且具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 1);方法检出限和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.005 mg/kg、0.017 mg/kg;在0.5～100μg/L的基质添加浓度范围内,平均回收率为91.3%～97.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于9.03%。     

A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Determination of Melamine in Fish,Shrimp, Clam,and Winkle by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with Microwave-Assisted Derivatization

A method for rapid and sensitive determination of melamine in aquatic products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with microwave-assisted derivatization was proposed in this paper. Melamine was extracted from aquatic product samples using methanol, and the extract was cleaned with a mixed-mode cationic exchange solid phase extraction column. After elution with 5 % ammonia–methanol solution and drying with nitrogen, the residue was derivatized using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide containing 1 % trimethylchlorosilane under microwave irradiation for 1 min with a power of 420 W, then detected with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and quantified by the external standard method. Some important parameters such as extraction solvent, microwave irradiation power and time, and derivatization reagent volume were investigated and optimized. The results showed that methanol could effectively extracted melamine from aquatic products as well as precipitated the protein in samples. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit for melamine was as low as 0.006 mg/kg, and the linear range was from 0.02 to 50 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of melamine in aquatic products (fish, shrimp, clam, and winkle), and the recovery for melamine was 89.65–105.16 % with relative standard deviation of 3.0–6.0 %.     

Detection of melamine using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology

Recent cases of adulteration with melamine have led to the need for rapid and reliable screening methods. To meet this need, commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits for the detection of triazines were evaluated. The recently released Melamine Plate kit (Abraxis, Warminster, Pa.) displayed a limit of detection of 9 ng/ml for melamine in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and approximately 1 microg/ml for melamine added to dog food. An atrazine ELISA test kit produced by Abraxis required 0.2 mg/ml to generate a response more than four times the standard deviation from background. In contrast, with the EnviroGard Triazine Plate kit (Strategic Diagnostics, Inc., Newark, Del.), 1.5 mg/ml melamine in PBS generated a signal only one standard deviation from background, which was insufficient to define a limit of detection. Extraction based on dilution with 105 mM sodium phosphate/75 mM NaCl/2.5% nonfat milk/0.05% Tween 20 (UD) enabled detection of fivefold less melamine in dog food than did use of the procedure recommended by the manufacturer, which entailed extraction into 60% methanol, sonication, centrifugation, filtration, and further dilution into 10% methanol/PBS. Using the Abraxis Melamine ELISA, both extraction protocols yielded identical results with a dog food sample adulterated with melamine. The recovery of melamine spiked into gravy from dog food using UD was 74% +/- 4%. In conclusion, the recently released Abraxis ELISA for melamine proved to be a useful alternative to more cumbersome methods.     

气相色谱/质谱-同位素内标法定量分析动物源性食品中的三聚氰胺

采用同位素内标物定量法,建立了一种适合检测动物源性食品中三聚氰胺残留的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法。使用1%的三氯乙酸溶液提取动物源性食品中三聚氰胺残留,经阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化后,氮气吹干、硅烷化衍生,再由气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测和确证。选用同位素标记三聚氰胺(13C315N3N3H6)内标法定量。该方法在五种具有代表性的动物食品中三聚氰胺加标回收率78.28%~110.84%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于6.80%,在(0.02~1.00)mg/kg浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系;灵敏度高,最低检测限达到0.023mg/kg;选择性好,能有效消除复杂基体的干扰。适合于动物源性食品中三聚氰胺的确证和定量分析。     

Baseline levels of melamine in food items sold in Canada. II. Egg,soy, vegetable,fish and shrimp products

A variety of egg-containing, soy-based, fish, shrimp and vegetable products sold in Canada were analysed for melamine (MEL) using a sensitive solid-phase extraction LC–MS/MS analytical method. MEL was detected above the method quantification limit of 0.004 mg/kg in 98 of the 378 samples analysed. Concentrations in the various food product groups ranged 0.00507–0.247 mg/kg (egg-containing items), 0.00408–0.0479 mg/kg (soy-based meat substitutes), 0.00409–1.10 mg/kg (fish and shrimp products), and 0.00464–0.688 mg/kg (vegetable products). MEL was detected less frequently in egg- and soy-containing products. The presence of MEL in most of the Canadian Total Diet Study shrimp composites collected after 2001 suggested the residues in shrimp were caused by a relatively recent exposure to MEL. All concentrations of MEL reported were lower than the 2.5 mg/kg interim standard established for MEL in items containing milk and milk-derived ingredients and the respective maximum residue limits for cyromazine and its metabolite, melamine, in vegetables set by the Canadian Government (2009; http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/chem-chim/melamine/qa-melamine-qr-eng.php#8). The consumption of foods containing these low levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers.     

Applicability of Pressurized Liquid Extraction for Melamine Analysis in Pet Foods with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection

A pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was developed for melamine analysis in pet foods. The PLE method which utilized an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE®) system was also compared with sonication and polytron extraction methods. The parameters for the optimized PLE method were temperature (75?°C for wet pet food, 125?°C for dry pet food), pressure (1,500 psi), static time (10 min), flush volume (40%), purge time (1 min), and number of cycles (1). Recoveries obtained by PLE method were significantly higher (P?≤?0.05) than those of sonication and polytron methods for dry pet food samples. For the analysis of adulterated pet foods, PLE resulted in the highest melamine content followed by sonication and polytron. Using PLE, samples fortified with melamine at 2.5 and 100 mg kg^?1 resulted in recoveries ranging from 55% to 90% for wet samples and from 90% to 116% for dry samples. Low recovery rate from wet samples at low spike level (2.5 mg kg^?1) may have been caused by co-aggregation of polysaccharide and protein with melamine due to low pH during solid-phase extraction cleanup. Limit of detection and limit of quantification values were 0.5 (mg kg^?1) and 1.0 (mg kg^?1) for dry samples. Overall, PLE had the best extraction efficiency compared to sonication and polytron, proving PLE to be a useful tool for melamine analysis of pet foods.     

Preparation of [13C3]-melamine and [13C3]-cyanuric acid and their application to the analysis of melamine and cyanuric acid in meat and pet food using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

For the determination of melamine and cyanuric acid the labelled internal standards [(13)C(3)]-melamine and [(13)C(3)]-cyanuric acid were synthesized using the common substrate [(13)C(3)]-cyanuric chloride by reaction with ammonia and acidified water, respectively. Standards with excellent isotopic and chemical purities were obtained in acceptable yields. These compounds were used to develop an isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to determine melamine and cyanuric acid in catfish, pork, chicken, and pet food. The method involved extraction into aqueous methanol, liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange solid phase clean-up, with normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the so-called hydrophilic interaction mode. The method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 microg kg(-1) for both melamine and cyanuric acid in the four foods with a percentage coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 10%. The recovery of the method at this level was in the range of 87-110% and 96-110% for melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively.     

Determination of melamine concentrations in dairy samples

Melamine, a basic organic chemical intermediate, can cause renal failure because of the formation of insoluble melamine cyanurate crystals in the kidneys. This study examined a novel fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of trace melamine in dairy. The method was based on the inhibitory effect of melamine on the decolorizing reaction of the uncatalytic oxidation of acridine red by potassium permanganate in a sulfuric acid medium. The calibration graph was linear for melamine concentrations of 2.1 × 10^?4–1.6 mg/L, and a detection limit of 61.5 ng/L was obtained. The melamine was determined in dairy samples by the proposed method after liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction. The results correlated with the high-performance liquid chromatography. The recoveries were within the range of 99.6–103.3% for liquid milk and 98.5–111.1% for milk powder. The possible mechanism of the reaction was also investigated by ultraviolet spectra.     

介孔分子印迹聚合物分离分析奶粉中的三聚氰胺

以灭蝇胺为虚拟模板分子,采用溶胶凝胶技术制备灭蝇胺介孔分子印迹聚合物(MIP)。将MIP作为固相萃取吸附剂,与高效液相色谱联用检测奶粉样品中的三聚氰胺。对该聚合物进行了吸附等温线测定以及Scatchard分析,结果表明分子印迹聚合物对三聚氰胺有两种结合方式。计算得到的最大表观结合量(Qmax)和平衡解离常数(Kd)分别为:Qmax1=14.96 mg/g,Kd1=1.85 mg/L;Qmax2=26.16 mg/g,Kd2=27.03 mg/L。最后应用合成的MIP对2 g奶粉样品提取液中痕量三聚氰胺进行净化和富集,回收率为94.73%~98.56%,相对标准偏差RSD为3.2%,检出限为0.015μg/g。此方法快速、选择性高,为三聚氰胺的残留分析开辟了一条新途径。      

On-site detection of sub-mg/kg melamine mixed in powdered infant formula and chocolate using sharp-edged gold nanostar substrates

We report a facile method for sample preparation and sensitive on-site detection of melamine in powdered infant formula and chocolate using Raman spectroscopy on sharp-edged gold nanostars (AuNSs). The aggregation of AuNSs by sodium chloride (1.2 M) facilitates the more sensitive detection of melamine in comparison with spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Density functional theory quantum mechanical calculations were performed to determine the energetic stability on gold cluster atoms. Our spectroscopic data indicated that AuNSs are an efficient platform for detecting melamine in food mixtures. The detection limits of melamine in powdered infant formula and chocolate were found to be ~0.1 mg/kg and ~1 mg/kg, respectively, on AuNPs, whereas they were observed to be ~0.01 mg/kg and ~0.1 mg/kg, respectively, on AuNSs. Using a handheld Raman spectrometer, a sub-mg/kg detection of melamine in both powdered infant formula and chocolate could be achieved within a few minutes.