植物乳杆菌ST-III发酵苦荞面团中蛋白质降解规律的研究

苦荞蛋白作为苦荞中最主要的生物活性物质以及重要的营养成分之一,具有生物价高与氨基酸比例均衡等优点。但由于苦荞蛋白的组成中面筋蛋白含量较少且本身难以被吸收等方面的问题,其加工利用一直受到较大的限制。面团发酵技术作为一种能够提升面团加工品质以及最终产品营养价值的微生物发酵技术,能够提高谷物中蛋白质的利用率。本文选用植物乳杆菌ST-III(Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III)应用于苦荞面团发酵,通过比较苦荞发酵面团(Buckwheat Sourdough,简称BS)、小麦发酵面团(Wheat Sourdough,简称WS)和混合发酵面团(Wheat-Buckwheat Sourdough,简称WBS)发酵过程中变化发现：植物乳杆菌ST-III在BS发酵过程中菌落密度始终较大且显著高于WS和WBS中植物乳杆菌ST-III的菌落密度(p＜0.05),发酵24 h后可达到13.62 logCFU/g酸面团,同时,BS的pH为6.58,接近植物乳杆菌ST-III的最适pH,总酸含量最高达到24.39 mL,其中,乳酸以及乙酸含量分别是WS 与WBS的1.61-1.75倍以及1.06-1.15倍。此外,通过对三种面团发酵过程中总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白以及游离氨基酸含量的测定,并利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳发现,植物乳杆菌ST-III在发酵过程中对三种酸面团中总蛋白及其各组分的降解作用有显著差异(p＜0.05),其中,植物乳杆菌ST-III发酵对BS中苦荞蛋白的降解效果最为明显,且游离氨基酸含量随着发酵的进行呈上升趋势。综上可知,利用植物乳杆菌ST-III发酵苦荞酸面团不仅能够改善苦荞中面筋蛋白含量不足导致的加工品质较差的问题,而且提升了苦荞中蛋白质的利用率。     

乳酸菌发酵酸面团对青麦仁面包品质的影响

为研究乳酸菌发酵酸面团对青麦仁面包品质的影响,利用植物乳杆菌发酵制作酸面团,添加到青麦仁面包中,并测定小麦面包、青麦仁面包、青麦仁酸面团面包3种样品的质构、感官评价、慢消化性淀粉含量(SDS)、挥发性风味物质等.结果表明:添加酸面团能显著降低样品的硬度、咀嚼性,增大弹性(P＜0.05);添加酸面团的样品其感官评分接近于...     

不同类型乳酸菌对全麦酸面团发酵特性的影响

选择3种类型共7种乳酸菌,研究全麦粉为发酵基质的酸面团的发酵特性。发酵类型为兼性异型发酵(FHe)的植物乳杆菌和专性异型发酵(OHe)的短乳杆菌在全麦酸面团中的增殖速度最快,二者具有明显的生长增殖优势,尤其是植物乳杆菌。相较于其它乳酸菌,FHe型的植物乳杆菌产酸能力最强,能快速降低全麦酸面团的pH值和不可溶膳食纤维含量,显著提高全麦酸面团水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性膳食纤维和总酚含量。在开发以全麦粉为发酵基质的全面酸面团时,FHe型的植物乳杆菌具有明显的优势,有利于节约成本,更好地改善全麦酸面团以及全麦烘焙面包的品质。     

酶解对豆粕营养成分及体外消化率的影响

为了探讨酶解对豆粕营养价值的影响,试验以豆粕为原料进行体外酶解预消化处理,测定样品的营养成分及体外消化率。结果表明,经过酶解之后的豆粕与原料相比,粗蛋白质、酸溶蛋白、还原糖以及氨基酸含量有了明显的提高(P0.05),氢氧化钾蛋白质溶解度、粗蛋白质消化率以及干物质消化率也有显著增加(P0.05)。酶解之后的豆粕营养价值明显提高。     

酸面团发酵过程中面团流变及面筋蛋白降解变化研究

实验选用酿酒酵母、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和短乳杆菌进行不同菌种的酸面团发酵,研究发酵过程中面团流变及面筋蛋白降解变化,为酸面团制品及其品质与生产提供理论参考。分析了酿酒酵母(Sce)发酵、酿酒酵母和德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种混合(Sce-Lb)发酵以及酿酒酵母和短乳杆菌(Sce-Lbr)混合发酵过程中面团流变及面筋蛋白降解变化。研究结果表明:3种发酵方式下面团pH值都随着发酵时间增加而降低,且Sce-Lbr发酵时酸化速度最快;发酵过程中面团的弹性模量和黏性模量都随着发酵时间的增加而降低,发酵过程中弹性模量始终大于黏性模量即面团的损耗因子始终小于1,其中Sce-Lbr发酵过程中黏弹性降低程度最大;发酵过程中面团的湿面筋含量和面筋指数都降低,且降低程度为Sce-Lbr>Sce-Lb>Sce,与酸化程度一致,其中Sce-Lbr发酵至12 h时由于过度酸化导致面筋蛋白结构的完全破坏已经无法洗出湿面筋;发酵过程中面团中的游离巯基含量随着发酵时间的增加而显著增加,其中Sce发酵12 h后游离巯基含量趋于稳定,而Sce-Lb和Sce-Lbr长时发酵后其游离巯基含量持续显著增加。     

生物发酵法改善菜粕品质的研究

通过生物发酵的措施来改善菜粕的营养价值。采用枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母、黑曲霉、芬氏纤维微菌以及从土壤中筛选的三株菌(命名为T-1、T-2、T-3)分别对菜粕进行单菌固态发酵,以降低硫苷、单宁、粗纤维和提高酸溶蛋白、蛋白质溶解度为目标筛选出高效菌株,将这些高效菌株以不同比例进行混合,获得最优组合并优化其发酵条件,将发酵菜粕替代基础饲粮中25%、50%、75%、100%的未发酵菜粕,通过肉鸡饲养试验验证发酵菜粕的使用效果。结果表明:1)单菌发酵以地衣芽孢杆菌、T-1、芬氏纤维微菌的效果最优,其中地衣芽孢杆菌能显著降低硫苷、单宁的含量(P0.05),T-1能显著提高酸溶蛋白和蛋白质溶解度(P0.05),芬氏纤维微菌能显著降低粗纤维的含量(P0.05);2)混菌发酵以地衣芽孢杆菌、芬氏纤维微菌、T-1按1:2:2的比例混合时效果最优,在混合菌液总有效菌数为10~9 CFU/mL、接种量为10%、料水比为1:0.6、发酵温度为37℃的条件下,发酵48 h时,硫苷降解率达89.4%(P0.05),单宁降解率为28.6%(P0.05),粗纤维含量由10.0%降至8.6%(P0.05),酸溶蛋白提高了254.0%(P0.05),蛋白质溶解度提高了31.6%(P0.05);3)使用发酵菜粕替代未发酵菜粕后,显著提高了肉鸡1~21日龄的平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低了肉鸡1~21日龄的料重比(P0.05)。通过生物发酵能有效降低菜粕中的抗营养因子,提高其营养价值,发酵菜粕能改善肉鸡生长性能。     

产单宁酶乳酸菌发酵红豆、扁豆酸面团的生化特性及其对馒头体外消化的影响

本研究利用一株本课题组前期从自然发酵的豆粉中筛选出的高产单宁酶的发酵乳杆菌D23,来分别发酵红豆、扁豆两种豆类酸面团并制作成馒头,通过测定酸面团发酵前后缩合单宁等抗营养因子含量、多肽分子量分布、游离总酚、游离氨基酸含量,以及馒头淀粉、蛋白质体外消化率,对酸面团的生化特性及馒头的体外消化进行了对比研究。结果表明:通过菌株D23的发酵作用,两种豆类酸面团中缩合单宁含量显著下降(P<0.05),在红豆、扁豆酸面团中分别降低了57.87%、53.54%;大分子量肽含量降低,小分子肽含量升高;游离总酚含量分别升高了75.74%、65.94%;必需氨基酸含量增加了429.31%、358.20%;同时相比普通馒头,酸面团馒头最终消化液中的还原糖含量分别增加了3.27%、5.55%,淀粉的体外消化率得到了提升;蛋白质的最终体外消化率也分别由67.68%、70.21%增加为73.21%、76.97%。因此,该株具有高单宁酶活力的发酵乳杆菌D23可以通过酸面团的发酵作用有效降低豆类基质中缩合单宁等抗营养因子带来的不利影响,并增强最终馒头产品的营养价值,在发酵豆类制品中拥有良好的应用潜力。     

乳酸菌发酵对燕麦淀粉物化及热力学特性的影响

以燕麦粉为原料,分别利用植物乳杆菌(L.p)和旧金山乳杆菌(L.s)两种乳酸菌对其进行发酵,研究燕麦淀粉在发酵过程中各种物化及热力学特性的变化。结果表明：燕麦粉经过两种菌发酵后pH 值下降,且L.p 发酵的燕麦粉pH 值下降的速率和产酸量都大于L.s。但是到发酵后期,两种乳酸菌发酵的燕麦粉pH 值相近。发酵燕麦淀粉的溶解度和溶胀力都随着温度的升高而增加,在不同温度下,其溶胀力和溶解度在发酵过程中的变化趋势不同,经L.P 发酵的样品的溶胀力低于L.s,但溶解度大于经L.s 发酵的样品。快速黏度分析仪(RVA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析得到发酵过程中燕麦淀粉的变化：发酵后燕麦淀粉糊化过程中峰值黏度随着发酵时间的延长而降低,糊化起始温度提前,糊化所需时间延长,糊化焓升高,且L.s 发酵样品的糊化焓值高于L.p。发酵后燕麦淀粉的直链淀粉含量在发酵过程中呈上升趋势,L.p 发酵的样品的直链淀粉的含量高于L.s。     

不同益生菌发酵剂对复合果蔬汁品质的影响

以沙棘、胡萝卜和黑枣为原料制备复合果蔬汁,分别接种植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌及其组合（1∶1,体积比）进行发酵,比较复合果蔬汁发酵过程中乳酸菌总数、pH值、总酸、可溶性蛋白、还原糖、有机酸、总黄酮、总多酚和体外抗氧化活性等指标的变化。结果表明,植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌及其组合发酵复合果蔬汁中还原糖含量无显著差异。相比直接接种植物乳杆菌或鼠李糖乳杆菌单一菌种发酵复合果蔬汁,植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌耦合发酵可显著增加乳酸菌的菌落总数（P<0.05）,提高总酸、总黄酮、总多酚、乙酸和乳酸等物质的含量（P<0.05）,增加体外抗氧化活性（P<0.05）。     

辣木叶多糖对益生菌生长及耐受性的影响

利用体外发酵试验考察不同质量浓度(0.2%、0.5%、1%、2%、4%)辣木叶多糖对保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)增殖作用及在模拟人体胃肠道逆环境中的耐受能力的影响。研究结果表明,辣木叶多糖可显著促进保加利亚乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌的生长。随着辣木叶多糖含量的增加,益生菌液浓度先增加后降低,在多糖质量浓度为2%时菌液浓度达到最大,表明辣木叶多糖添加量为2%时最有利于益生菌的生长。辣木叶多糖可显著提高保加利亚乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌对酸和胆汁盐的耐受性(P0.05),可显著增强保加利亚乳杆菌对胃肠液的耐受性(P0.05),但对植物乳杆菌肠液的耐受性影响不显著。     

Parameters of rye,wheat, barley,and oat sourdoughs fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum LUHS135 that influence the quality of mixed rye–wheat bread,including acrylamide formation

A Lactobacillus plantarum strain was used for the production of rye, wheat, barley, and oat sourdoughs, and the influence of different sourdoughs on mixed rye–wheat bread quality parameters and acrylamide formation was evaluated. L. plantarum LUHS135 demonstrated versatile carbohydrate metabolism, good growth and acidification rates, and the ability to excrete amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes in various cereal sourdoughs. The same starter and different cereal substrates allow to produce sourdoughs showing different characteristics. The type of sourdough and its quantity had significant influence on acrylamide content in bread (P ≤ 0.0001), and using 5% or 10% of wheat sourdough, 5%, 15%, or 20% of barley sourdough, and 5% or 15% of oat sourdough, it is possible to reduce acrylamide content in bread. Thus, manufacturers need to take into account application of apparent technological approaches for acrylamide in bread reducing.     

Effects of wheat sourdough process on the quality of mixed oat-wheat bread

The aim of this work was to study the effects of sourdough fermentation of wheat flour with Lactobacillus plantarum, on the quality attributes of mixed oat-wheat bread (51 g whole grain oat flour and 49 g/100 g white wheat flour). Emphasis was laid both on β-glucan stability as well as bread structure and sensory quality. The variables of the sourdough process were: dough yield (DY), fermentation time, fermentation temperature, and amount of sourdough added to the bread dough. The sourdough process was shown to be a feasible method for mixed oat-wheat bread, and, when optimized, provided bread quality equal to straight dough baking. A small amount (10g/100 g dough) of slack sourdough fermented at high temperature for a long time resulted in the most optimal sourdough bread with the highest specific volume (3.5 cm³/g), the lowest firmness after 3 days storage (0.31 kg), and low sensory sourness with high intensity of the crumb flavour. Wheat sourdough parameters did not affect the content of oat β-glucan in the bread. Additionally, both straight dough and sourdough bread contained 1.4-1.6 g β-glucan/100 g fresh bread. The average molecular weight of β-glucan was 5.5 × 10⁵ in both types of bread, while that of oat flour was 10 × 10⁵. This indicates that a slight degradation of β-glucan occurred during proofing and baking, and it was not affected by variation in the acidity of the bread between pH 4.9-5.8.     

植物乳酸菌M616对发酵酸面团发酵特性的影响

本文研究了在酸面团发酵过程中,植物乳酸菌M616(Lactobacillus plantarum M616)对面团p H、TTA以及糖类含量变化的影响,并利用F3流变式发酵仪和吹泡仪对面团发酵力及流变特性的变化进行了研究。结果表明植物乳酸菌M616不仅对酵母菌的生长具有一定抑制作用,而且在面团p H和TTA的变化过程中起主导作用;另外,乳酸菌对淀粉的降解作用大于对还原糖的吸收,从而使面团中还原糖的含量增加,增加面团的甜味。在发酵后期,面团p H降低至3.73,这在一定程度上抑制了体系中霉菌和其它杂菌的生长。植物乳酸菌的生长代谢不仅显著提高了面团黏度、筋力,而且减缓了面团在发酵过程中韧性的降低。其中发酵酸面团对面团黏度和筋力影响最大,发酵过程中酸面团的最大黏度和筋力可以达到酵母发酵面团的2倍。     

东北粘豆包酸面团菌群多样性与自制酸面团中菌群变化规律的研究

东北粘豆包是我国北方地区一种历史悠久、风味独特的民族传统食品,长期以来深受广大北方人民的喜爱,但对东北粘豆包酸面团的研究十分匮乏。本文以不同地区采集的东北粘豆包酸面团和自制的东北粘豆包酸面团为研究对象,利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术探究了东北粘豆包酸面团中微生物菌群的多样性及动态变化。实验结果表明:在东北粘豆包酸面团中共鉴定了6个菌属、11个菌种的细菌,推测其中的发酵乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌为细菌优势发酵菌种;同时鉴定了3个菌属、4个菌种的真菌,推测其中的酿酒酵母为真菌优势发酵菌种;自制东北粘豆包酸面团中微生物菌群多样性比较丰富,在不同发酵阶段,菌群多样性与优势发酵菌种都会随时间推移而有所改变。     

传统酸面团中植物乳杆菌发酵馒头抗氧化特性及挥发性风味物质特征

以普通小麦馒头（记为WS）和植物乳杆菌标准菌株发酵馒头（记为LPS）为对照,通过测定总酚含量和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力,同时采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,研究传统酸面团中植物乳杆菌植物亚种发酵馒头（记为ZLPS）的抗氧化特性及挥发性风味物质特征。结果表明：乳酸菌发酵,尤其是植物乳杆菌植物亚种的发酵可以明显改善蒸制带来的馒头抗氧化特性降低,与WS相比,ZLPS中总酚含量增加了108.70%,DPPH自由基清除能力为WS的13.65 倍;乳酸菌发酵酸面团使得馒头的挥发性风味物质含量增高,酸面团发酵馒头的挥发性风味物质总含量分别增加了53.11%（LPS）、56.92%（ZLPS）,且ZLPS还产生了一些独特的挥发性风味物质,如乙酸异戊酯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、3-辛醇、2-乙基己醇、乙酸-2-苯乙基酯等;ZLPS各项指标评分均较高,更具有获得消费者青睐的潜力。     

植物乳杆菌B02012对酸面团小麦蛋白结构和免疫特性的影响

本实验以植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）B02012和消化乳杆菌（Lactobacillus alimentarius）20998两株具有相近产酸速率和酸化性能的乳酸菌制备长时发酵酸面团（分别简称为SLB02012和SL20998）,并以传统酵母菌长时发酵酸面团（SY）和可食性有机酸化学酸化面团（SCA）为对照,通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer,FTIR）、内源性荧光扫描（intrinsic fluorescence scanning,IFS）、竞争性酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）并结合层次聚类分析（agglomerative hierarchical clustering,AHC）等方法研究不同发酵面团中小麦蛋白分子二、三级结构及麦醇溶蛋白免疫性的变化和相关性。SDS-PAGE结果显示,乳杆菌的添加对降解面团蛋白质起主导作用;与面团SL20998相比,面团SLB02012的高分子质量麦谷蛋白及部分麦醇溶蛋白发生了更明显降解。FTIR和IFS进一步验证,面团SLB02012的蛋白分子柔韧性增加,α-螺旋含量下降最明显,α-螺旋含量/β-折叠含量的比值最小;面团SY、SLB02012和SYLB02012的λmax发生蓝移,而SL20998的λmax发生红移,蛋白质三级结构得到伸展。ELISA结果表明,对比空白组,面团SLB02012麦醇溶蛋白的免疫性下降了35%,且与面团SCA差异不显著,而SL20998麦醇溶蛋白的免疫性增加了29.5%。AHC结果表明,不同发酵条件获得的发酵面团中麦醇溶蛋白的二、三级结构及其免疫性呈现良好的聚类关系。本研究结果表明,植物乳杆菌B02012可作为制备低敏发酵制品的优势菌,为进一步深入研究乳酸菌降敏机理提供理论支撑。     

Fundamental study on the effect of hydrostatic pressure treatment on the bread-making performance of oat flour

The use of sourdough in wheat and rye breads has been extensively studied; however, little is known about its potential effect when baking oat bread. Consequently, the impact of sourdough on oat bread quality was investigated. Two different sourdoughs were prepared from wholegrain oat flour without the addition of starter cultures, by continuous propagation at 28 (SD 28) or 37 °C (SD 37) until the composition of the lactic acid bacteria remained stable. The dominant LAB were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA isolated from pure cultures. LAB from SD 28 belonged to the species Leuconostoc argentinum, Pedicoccus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria, while Lactobacillus coryniformis dominated SD 37. The isolated LAB were further used as starter cultures for the production of oat sourdoughs. Fundamental rheology revealed softening of the sourdoughs compared to non-acidified and chemically acidified controls, which could not be attributed to proteolytic activity. Incorporation of oat sourdough into an oat bread recipe resulted in significantly increased loaf-specific volume as well as improved texture, independent of addition level or sourdough type. Overall, the results of this study show that sourdoughs containing lactic acid bacteria isolated from oats have the potential to enhance oat bread quality.     

Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from oat sourdoughs and investigation into their potential for the improvement of oat bread quality

The use of sourdough in wheat and rye breads has been extensively studied; however, little is known about its potential effect when baking oat bread. Consequently, the impact of sourdough on oat bread quality was investigated. Two different sourdoughs were prepared from wholegrain oat flour without the addition of starter cultures, by continuous propagation at 28 (SD 28) or 37 °C (SD 37) until the composition of the lactic acid bacteria remained stable. The dominant LAB were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA isolated from pure cultures. LAB from SD 28 belonged to the species Leuconostoc argentinum, Pedicoccus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria, while Lactobacillus coryniformis dominated SD 37. The isolated LAB were further used as starter cultures for the production of oat sourdoughs. Fundamental rheology revealed softening of the sourdoughs compared to non-acidified and chemically acidified controls, which could not be attributed to proteolytic activity. Incorporation of oat sourdough into an oat bread recipe resulted in significantly increased loaf-specific volume as well as improved texture, independent of addition level or sourdough type. Overall, the results of this study show that sourdoughs containing lactic acid bacteria isolated from oats have the potential to enhance oat bread quality.     

Use of selected sourdough strains of Lactobacillus for removing gluten and enhancing the nutritional properties of gluten-free bread

Forty-six strains of sourdough lactic acid bacteria were screened for proteolytic activity and acidification rate in gluten-free (GF) flours. The sourdough cultures consisted of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis LS40 and LS41 and Lactobacillus plantarum CF1 and were selected and used for the manufacture of GF bread. Fermentation occurred in two steps: (i) long-time fermentation (16 h) and (ii) fast fermentation (1.5 h) using the previous fermented sourdough as inoculum (ca. 43%, wt/wt) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). GF bread started with baker's yeast alone was used as the control. Gluten was added to ingredients before fermentation to simulate contamination. Initial gluten concentration of 400 ppm was degraded to below 20 ppm only in the sourdough GF bread. Before baking, sourdough GF bread showed phytase activity ca. sixfold higher than that of GF bread started with baker's yeast alone. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the higher phytase activity resulted in an increased availability of free Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+. The concentration of free amino acids also was the highest in sourdough GF bread. Sourdough GF bread had a higher specific volume and was less firm than GF bread started with baker's yeast alone. This study highlighted the use of selected sourdough cultures to eliminate risks of contamination by gluten and to enhance the nutritional properties of GF bread.