Thevenin’s equivalent based P–Q–V voltage stability region visualization and enhancement with FACTS and HVDC

Voltage source converter based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices are considered to be key technology to alleviate voltage instability. This paper examines the enhancements in feasible operating P–Q–V space with FACTS and HVDC. Thevenin’s equivalent at the load bus is applied to draw P–Q–V curve (shows the boundary of the maximum real, reactive power and the minimum voltage magnitude) and area of voltage stability region (AVSR) in a three-dimensional diagram. A visualization framework for voltage stability region in MATLAB environment is implemented to study the impact of FACTS (SVC, STATCOM, and TCSC) and HVDC. The best possible location of shunt controllers is obtained using AVSR and index ‘L’. The line stability indices are calculated and compared to verify the weakest line for installation of series controllers. The inclusive study has been performed on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems. The results show the enhancement in area of voltage stability region in all cases with maximum in case of HVDC.     

基于改进动态阻抗法的电网静态电压稳定裕度快速评估

戴维南等效参数准确辨识是实现电网静态稳定在线评估的关键。采用两个时刻潮流的辨识方法很难保证两时刻之间等效参数不变的假设条件。首先分析了现有等效参数辨识方法存在的问题,提出了一种基于动态等效阻抗的改进等效参数辨识方法,利用当前运行点和预估点在线快速计算等效参数。改进方法解决了负荷功率恒定和多节点负荷功率同时变化时原方法失效的问题。在此基础上,利用阻抗模指标对电网静态稳定裕度进行评估。最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。     

分叉理论与Matcont在含FACTS装置的电力系统电压稳定性分析中的应用研究

随着非线性科学理论研究的发展,分叉理论作为研究非线性系统的新方法被引入电压稳定研究中。简要介绍了分叉的基本概念和主要分叉点类型,然后以基于Matlab的分叉分析软件包Matcont为工具,应用分叉理论,对典型的不含FACTS装置和含FACTS装置进行电压稳定的分析。最后重点对Matcont得出的数据进行了详细的分析,研究发现,通过添加FACTS装置,可以有效减少分叉点数量,增加负荷极限,从而提高了系统电压稳定性。     

A load flow method for weakly meshed distribution networks using powers as flow variables

The relationship between the branch powers and the node-injection powers were developed with the node-branch incidence matrix. Then based on two accurate formulas to estimate the voltage drop and angle difference, a new load flow algorithm for weakly meshed distribution systems was presented. By using active and reactive power rather than complex currents as flow variables, the algorithm reduces the computational complexity and has higher efficiency. Moreover, in order to deal with the PV nodes, a new solution was introduced based on Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. The solution deduced an accurate calculation formula to update the reactive power injections of PV nodes at each iteration and to fix voltage magnitude of PV nodes at specified values. The proposed load flow algorithm is essentially still belongs to the loop-analysis based method and has a strong ability to deal with meshed network. It reduces the iteration number and has a faster calculation speed even when network becomes more meshed and has more PV nodes. The numerical tests proved that the new method is robust and has excellent convergence characteristics.     

基于动态等效电路的含DG电力系统电压稳定性分析

分布式电源(Distributed generation, DG)接入电网对电力系统电压稳定有一定影响。首先对DG接入节点内部系统进行综合动态等效,将动态等效电路的分析方法应用于含DG的电力系统。然后将DG视为“负”的负荷,提出DG接入后评价系统静态电压稳定性的广义阻抗模裕度指标。基于广义阻抗模裕度指标,具体分析了DG不同接入方式、出力大小对系统电压稳定性的影响和优化无功补偿的效果。最后通过仿真验证了所提方法是研究含DG电力系统静态电压稳定性的一种实用和方便的方法。     

Voltage stability monitoring of power systems using reduced network and artificial neural network

This paper presents network reduction based methodologies to monitor voltage stability of power systems using limited number of measurements. In a multi-area power system, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to estimate the loading margin of the overall system, based on measurements from the internal area only. Information regarding the important measurements from the external areas is considered in measurement transformation through the network reduction process, to enhance the estimation accuracy of the ANNs. A Z-score based bad or missing data processing algorithm is implemented to make the methodologies robust. To account for changing operating conditions, adaptive training of the ANNs is also suggested. The proposed methods are successfully implemented on IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus test systems.     

基于相量测量的电压稳定裕度计算及减载方案

根据变电站实时测量的相量信息,计及数据量测误差,建立考虑等效电动势相角变化的外网最小二乘等值模型,求解精确的实时电压稳定裕度。提出一种基于实时电压稳定裕度的低压减载方案,建立了变电站紧急切负荷综合策略,实现在线动态计算切负荷量。设计了新型低压减载控制装置,软硬件平台设计采用标准化、模块化,通过高精度采样和实时数据处理,有效实现了提出的低压减载方案,保证了系统的安全稳定运行。     

含SVC和TCSC电力系统小干扰电压稳定性的雅可比矩阵行列式符号比较法

在考虑发电机组及其调节系统、负荷、SVC和TCSC动态过程的情况下,列出了系统的线性化微分方程和代数方程。得出了消去代数方程后的系统线性化微分方程组系数矩阵不出现正实特征值的必要条件为：两种潮流雅可比矩阵的行列式应具有相同的符号,这一条件可以作为小干扰电压稳定性的判据。从理论上来说,它的结果与特征值分析方法一致,而所需要的计算工作量却大大减少,并避免了QR法计算特征值可能产生的数值问题。文中给出了113机542节点西北电网的计算结果。     

含SVC和TCSC电力系统小干扰电压稳定性的雅可比矩阵行列式符号比较法

在考虑发电机组及其调节系统、负荷、SVC和TCSC动态过程的情况下，列出了系统的线性化微分方程和代数方程。得出了消去代数方程后的系统线性化微分方程组系数矩阵不出现正实特征值的必要条件为：两种潮流雅可比矩阵的行列式应具有相同的符号，这一条件可以作为小干扰电压稳定性的判据。从理论上来说。它的结果与特征值分析方法一致，而所需要的计算工作量却大大减少，并避免了QR法计算特征值可能产生的数值问题。文中给出了113机542节点西北电网的计算结果。     

青藏直流投运后藏中电网稳定特性研究

藏中电网规模较小,网架结构相对较弱,青藏直流联网工程投运后给藏中电网的安全稳定运行带来诸多挑战,交直流系统稳定问题突出。从联网工程投运前藏中电网的电源特性、大机小网等固有特性出发,结合青藏直流联网以来青藏直流以及藏中电网运行中存在的各种稳定问题,深入分析了青藏直流投运后藏中电网的电源特性变化、稳定特性转化、虎曲线功率送出、直流换相失败、以及交直流影响等安全稳定问题。同时针对西藏电网的运行特性,分析并指出了青藏直流几个重要而特殊的安全稳定运行特性。     

计及安全稳定约束的多直流送出电网新能源极限渗透率估计方法

基于电网换相换流器的高压直流系统是大型能源基地电力外送的重要技术手段,然而新能源渗透率的提高会降低送端电网的安全稳定性。为保证多直流送出电网的安全稳定运行,提出一种计及安全稳定约束的多直流送出电网可承受新能源极限渗透率估计方法。推导各类安全稳定约束的表达式,包括短路电流约束、多直流短路比约束以及频率稳定约束;在考虑安全稳定约束的情况下建立多直流送出电网优化调度模型;给出优化调度模型分段线性求解方法,并基于该方法提出新能源极限渗透率估计方法。修改的IEEE 39节点系统仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Free‐weighting matrices‐based robust wide‐area FACTS control design with considering signal time delay for stability enhancement of power systems

This paper presents a free‐weighting matrix (FWM) method based on linear control design approach for the wide‐area robust damping (WARD) controller associated with flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device to improve the dynamical performance of the large‐scale power systems. First, the linearized reduced‐order plant model is established, which efficiently considers the time delay of the remote feedback signals transmitted by wide‐area measurement systems. Then, based on the robust control theory, the design of the FACTS‐WARD controller is formulated as the standard control problem on delay‐dependent state‐feedback robust control, which is described by a set of linear matrix inequality constraints. Furthermore, in order to obtain the optimal control parameters that can endure the maximum time delay, a FWM approach is proposed to solve the time‐dependent problem of the time‐delay system. Meanwhile, an iterative algorithm based on cone complementary linearization is presented to search out the optimal control parameters. Finally, the nonlinear simulations on the 2‐area 4‐machine and the 5‐area 16‐machine test systems are performed, to evaluate the control performance of the proposed robust wide‐area time‐delay control approach. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.