Experience with the dismantling of three secondary steam generators in unit A in Gundremmingen by the ‘ice-sawing’ technique

The unit A in Gundremmingen (KRB A), was the first commercial nuclear power plant in Germany. It had an electrical power of 250 MW_e and was in operation from 1966–1977. The plant was equipped with a dual cycle boiling water reactor of a former General Electric design and includes three recirculation lines each with a big recirculation pump and a steam generator comparable with those of pressurized water reactors. Therefore dismantling experience is gained for systems and components of boiling water reactors as well as pressurized water reactors.

In early 1980, it was decided to decommission the plant. Actual decommissioning work started in 1983 with the removal of the components and systems in the turbine house. Since 1990 the decommissioning activities have been expanded to all primary water systems inside the reactor building. In 1992 , KRB A obtained a licence for dismantling the remaining activated components like the reactor pressure vessel and the biological shield.

Meanwhile more than 5200 tons of contaminated components have been dismantled. Special cutting and handling tools were tested, developed and optimized for the purpose of working in radiation fields and under water. The dismantling work of the contaminated systems and components ends up in about 6000 tons of material with a rather low amount of waste, especially due to optimized decontamination techniques Eickelpasch et al. (1992). For the dismantling of the three secondary steam generators in the reactor building the ‘ice-sawing’ technique was developed and patented.     

核电厂蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值研究北大核心CSCD

合理确定蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值,并据此制定核电厂运行策略,对核电厂的安全及稳定运行意义重大。本文根据泄漏率数值使用目的,将泄漏率分为用于辐射防护设计的泄漏率取值、用于核电厂运行控制的泄漏率控制值、用于保证蒸汽发生器传热管完整性的泄漏率保护阈值三大类,并探讨了各类取值的确定依据。完成了对国内外核电厂蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值情况的调研分析,结合研究情况,提出了我国核电厂蒸汽发生器一次侧向二次侧泄漏率取值及控制的建议。     

核电厂卧式蒸汽发生器热工性能的计算和分析

文章基于卧式蒸汽发生器的工作原理及内部结构特点,建立了卧式蒸汽发生器数学物理模型,开发了针对卧式蒸汽发生器的热工水力程序。基于在役核电站卧式蒸汽发生器的设计参数,对程序进行了校核。该程序可以用来研究卧式蒸汽发生器内主要热工参数的分布情况,为卧式蒸汽发生器设计、安全分析提供指导;也可以根据在役核电站的历史运行数据对蒸汽发生器现阶段热性能进行分析评定,对蒸汽发生器一段时间内的热性能进行预测,为蒸汽发生器的运行、检修以及更换提供依据。     

核电站蒸汽发生器泄漏监测——氮-16辐射监测仪概述

蒸汽发生器是压水堆核电站核蒸汽供应系统的主要设备之一,对蒸汽发生器传热管进行泄漏监测关系到核电站的安全和经济运行。介绍了用于蒸汽发生器泄漏监测的氮-16辐射监测仪的概况、工作原理、系统组成等。     

AP1000核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故的分析研究

使用RELAP程序对AP1000核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故进行了分析研究,证明了AP1000核电站在SGTR事故下,不需要操纵员的干预就能依靠非能动安全系统在破损蒸汽发生器满溢之前终止破口流量。重点研究了不同的事故分析假设条件,如厂外电是否可用以及破损蒸汽发生器的释放阀是否打开后卡在开启位置对事故后果的影响。结果表明,即使在对破损蒸汽发生器满溢最不利的假设条件下,AP1000核电站也能避免破损蒸汽发生器满溢,且存在一定的裕量。     

AP1000核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故的分析研究

使用RELAP程序对AP1000核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故进行了分析研究,证明了AP1000核电站在SGTR事故下,不需要操纵员的干预就能依靠非能动安全系统在破损蒸汽发生器满溢之前终止破口流量。重点研究了不同的事故分析假设条件,如厂外电是否可用以及破损蒸汽发生器的释放阀是否打开后卡在开启位置对事故后果的影响。结果表明,即使在对破损蒸汽发生器满溢最不利的假设条件下,AP1000核电站也能避免破损蒸汽发生器满溢,且存在一定的裕量。     

核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管氦气检漏系统研究

本研究介绍了某核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管在役氦气检漏系统的原理及系统组成,并模拟了某核电厂蒸汽发生器在役大修期间传热管检漏试验。试验结果表明,最佳参数可设置为:蒸汽发生器二次侧氦气浓度份额为30%;抽气速率为 20 L/min;蒸汽发生器二次侧压力为0.6 MPa;系统漏点定位误差在0.5 m以内。本文研究的蒸汽发生器传热管在役氦气检漏系统可为国内核电厂安全、稳定地运行提供可靠的技术保障。      

百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器汽水分离装置热态验证试验

对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器汽水分离装置水-空气冷态试验确定的最佳结构进行了实际核电厂运行参数条件下的水-蒸汽热态验证试验,与国外先进结构汽水分离装置试验体在热态试验条件下的性能进行了对比.结果表明,在正常运行条件下,研制的汽水分离装置试验体出口蒸汽湿度(上携带)为0.0021%,远小于百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器设计规定的0.1%的湿度指标,其在恶劣工作条件下的汽水分离性能仍满足设计要求,并优于国外先进结构汽水分离装置试验体.     

Adaptive estimator-based dynamic sliding mode control for the water level of nuclear steam generators

Steam Generator (SG) is a crucial component of nuclear power plant. The proper water level control of a nuclear steam generator is of great importance in order to secure the sufficient cooling source of the nuclear reactor and to prevent damage of turbine blades. The water level control problem of steam generators has been a main cause of unexpected shutdowns of nuclear power plants which must be considered for plant safety and availability. The control problem is challenging, especially at low power levels due to shrink and swell phenomena and flow measurement errors. Moreover, the dynamics of steam generator vary as the power level changes. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the water level control system of SG. In this paper, an adaptive estimator-based dynamic sliding mode control method is developed for the level control problem. The proposed method exhibits the desired dynamic properties during the entire output tracking process independent of perturbations. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in terms of performance, robustness and stability. Simulation results confirm the improvement in transient response obtained by using the proposed controller.     

Restraining effect of support plates on the limit loads for circumferential cracks in the steam generator tube

The steam generator in a nuclear power plant is a large heat exchanger that uses heat from a reactor to generate steam to drive the turbine generator. Rupture of a steam generator tube can result in release of fission products to environment outside. Therefore, an accurate integrity assessment of the steam generator tubes with cracks is of great importance for maintaining the safety of a nuclear power plant. The steam generator tubes are supported at regular intervals by tube support plates and rotations of the tubes are restrained. Although it has been reported that the limit load for a circumferential crack is significantly affected by boundary condition of the tube, existing limit load solutions do not consider the restraining effect of tube support plate correctly. In addition, there are no limit load solutions for circumferential cracks in U-bend region with the effect of tube support plate. This paper provides detailed limit load solutions for circumferential cracks in top of tube sheet and the U-bend regions of the steam generator tube with the actual boundary conditions to simulate the restraining effect of the tube support plate. Such solutions are developed based on three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analyses. The resulting limit load solutions are given in a polynomial form, and thus can be simply used in practical integrity assessment of the steam generator tubes.     

百万千瓦级核电站蒸汽发生器大锻件工艺评定

文章介绍了百万千瓦级核电站蒸汽发生器大锻件工艺评定的背景、依据、目的、技术指标和评定方法。根据蒸汽发生器锻件的结构特点和制造工艺,形成了一整套评定试验方案,可以对锻件各部位的化学成分、力学性能、金相组织和内部质量进行全面验证。该方案已在国内福清、方家山等多个核电工程中的蒸汽发生器锻件评定中成功应用。     

基于高抗震性能的华龙一号蒸汽发生器上部支承设计研究

为提高华龙一号核电机组ZH-65型蒸汽发生器抗震性能,提出了一种新型的蒸汽发生器支承方案,即对蒸汽发生器上部支承釆用连接拉杆与液压阻尼器结合的结构形式,并针对总体设计方案和连接拉杆的热膨胀相容性进行了设计研究。相比原有二代加核电机组蒸汽发生器上部支承,本文所设计研究的上部支承在设备重量、焊缝数量、安装调试难度等方面,均有大幅优化;可有效减少支承载荷,最大减少幅度约为24%;可降低蒸汽发生器接管焊缝载荷,最大降低幅度约为28%。      

蒸汽发生器传热管的微动磨损损伤及预测模型

蒸汽发生器是核电厂中能量转换的关键装备,内部高速流经的高温、高压流体引起传热管流激振动,造成传热管微动磨损损伤,严重时发生管道破裂。文章介绍了传热管典型的微动磨损失效案例,相应的模拟实验研究结果,以及机械磨损与冲蚀-腐蚀共同作用的损伤机制。采用工作率模型可对传热管的磨损失效进行合理的寿命预测评估,该预测模型已经在核电厂安全评估方面应用。     

蒸汽发生器优化设计后的运行特性研究

以秦山核电厂相关设备为原型,基于已开发的蒸汽发生器模型及优化计算程序,利用系统分析程序RELAP5验证该模型的准确性,并对优化设计所给出的蒸汽发生器的设计方案的稳态运行特性和负荷提升瞬态运行特性进行了模拟分析。结果显示：已开发的蒸汽发生器数学模型是合理的;在超负荷运行过程中,经优化设计的蒸汽发生器存在循环倍率过低问题;RELAP5可作为核动力设备优化设计方案的验证程序。     

压水堆核电厂二回路水质泥渣沉积分析与控制优化

核电厂蒸汽发生器相当于一个巨大的垃圾收集器,二回路系统的杂质及异物等均进入蒸汽发生器后,容易发生杂质沉积,并导致蒸汽发生器传热管传热效率降低,严重时甚至会引起蒸汽发生器传热管腐蚀破损。因此,本文从核电厂二回路各系统管道和容器的材质、二回路水质控制以及二回路腐蚀等方面出发,分析核电厂蒸汽发生器的泥渣含量高的原因,并提出合理的技术改进。最终达到降低蒸汽发生器泥渣量的沉积,提高蒸汽发生器的安全使用寿命的目的。     

蒸汽发生器液压胀接保压时间及拉脱力的研究

蒸汽发生器是核电站的核心设备,若在正常工作中发生泄漏,将影响整个核动力装置的稳定性和安全性。蒸汽发生器中管板和换热管的连接主要靠液压胀接来完成,液压胀接处最容易发生泄漏,针对蒸汽发生器液压胀接的研究变得至关重要。本文进行了胀接试验及拉脱力试验,确定了合理的保压时间。对胀接过程进行有限元分析,研究了不同厚度管板的残余接触压力,并给出蒸汽发生器拉脱力的理论计算公式。结果表明,保压时间应控制在6~8s,蒸汽发生器拉脱力的计算应使用修正后的公式。     

核动力设备耦合优化设计研究

核动力设备重量是评价核动力装置性能的标准之一。蒸汽发生器与稳压器是反应堆一回路中的重要设备,在保证实现其各自功能的前提下,降低这2个设备的重量能提高整个核动力装置的性能。本工作基于秦山核电厂相关设备资料,自主开发了对蒸汽发生器和稳压器进行重量优化设计的计算程序,采用粒子群 模拟退火方法开展多参数优化设计。结果表明,通过参数的重新组合优化,2个设备重量之和减少了18.61%,优化效果显著,相关结果可作为工程设计参考。     

三门核电AP1000机组辐射防护设计分析

三门核电AP1000机组为第三代核电机组,在辐射防护设计中采用了一回路加锌、较高pH值运行、停堆氧化操作、蒸汽发生器一回路水室电解抛光、优化设备维修、优化屏蔽设计、无线剂量监测等措施,以期降低机组辐射水平和职业照射剂量。本文介绍了三门核电AP1000机组在功率运行及大修期间的辐射水平和职业照射剂量数据,并与国内CPR1000机组的相关数据进行了对比,对AP1000机组的辐射防护设计进行分析,给出了三门核电AP1000机组在辐射防护运行管理及技术改进方面的建议。     

运行条件对蒸汽发生器热工参数影响的仿真研究

以减轻蒸汽发生器破管事故及考察核电站电力升级为目的,参考大亚湾核电站蒸汽发生器的运行参数,基于分布参数法建立了核动力蒸汽发生器一维数学模型,开发了基于MATLAB的动态仿真程序,进行了改变运行条件时蒸汽发生器热工参数仿真计算。计算结果表明:与满负荷正常运行条件相比,在降低二回路运行温度或增加二回路流量时,二回路预热段变短,出口焓大幅升高;质量含汽率在降低温度时提高54%,增加流量时提高28%;一、二回路及管壁整体温度降低;一回路和内壁温降增大。该计算结果揭示了蒸汽发生器的内在传热规律,可为缓解U形管恶化及提升电力的相关操作提供一定理论依据。     

PGV-1500 steam generator. New problems and solutions

The basic questions concerning the development of a steam generator for a nuclear power plant with a VVé R-1500 reactor are presented. The basic design requirements which follow for steam generators from experience in operating analogs at nuclear power plants and taking account of the requirements for a reactor system are presented. The special features inherent to horizontal-type steam generators, which have been mastered and are used in nuclear power plants in our country, are noted. The domestic and world operating experience is taken into account in the development of the design. It is concluded that the design of the PGV-1500 steam generator satisfies the requirements for the concept of a VVéR reactor facility for a 1500 MW(e) unit of a nuclear power plant and is competitive on the world market for power-generating equipment for nuclear power plants. __________ Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 99, No. 6, pp. 416–425, December, 2005. An erratum to this article is availabel at .