Dynamic stability study of an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system with wind power generation using IG,PMIG and PMSG: A comparison

This paper presents a comparative study of reactive power control for isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system in three different cases with wind power generation by induction generator (IG), permanent-magnet induction generator (PMIG) and permanent-magnet synchronous generator. The synchronous generator (SG) is used with diesel engine set. A mathematical model of the system based on small signal analysis, is developed considering reactive power flow balance equations. The variable reactive power needed by the system is provided by a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) when wind power generation is done by IG and PMIG. When permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used for wind power generation, the variable reactive power demand is fulfilled by a voltage source converter (VSC) which is on the load side. A new mathematical approximation model for VSC connected with PMSG is proposed such that the voltage source converter fulfills the increased reactive power requirement of load and also increases its active power equal to the increased input wind power. Proportional and integral (PI) gains of the STATCOM and VSC controllers are optimized using integral square error criterion (ISE). The dynamic responses of the system for small (1%) step increase in load reactive power with and without 1% step increase in input wind power are shown. The paper also shows the dynamic responses of the system for random step change in load reactive power plus random step change in input wind power. The MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used for simulation.     

Novel reactive power controllers for the STATCOM and SSSC

The paper investigates the dynamic operation of both static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based on a new model comprising full 48-pulse GTO voltage source converter for combined reactive power compensation and voltage stabilization of the electric grid network. These key FACTS devices are power electronic GTO converters connected in parallel or series with the power system grid and are controlled by novel decoupled controllers. The complete digital simulation of the STATCOM and SSSC within the power system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the power system blockset (PSB). The STATCOM scheme and the electric grid network are modeled by specific electric blocks from the power system blockset while the control system is modeled using Simulink. Two novel controllers for the STATCOM and SSSC are presented in this paper based on a decoupled current control strategy to ensure stable operation of the STATCOM under various load excursions. A novel control scheme for the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is also implemented to provide a full controllable series compensating (buck/boost) injected voltage over a specified capacitive and inductive range, independently of the magnitude of the transmission line current. The series reactive compensation scheme with an external dc power supply can also compensate for any voltage drops across resistive component of the transmission line impedance. The novel decoupled controller uses a phase locked loop (PLL) with a novel reduced inherent time delay to improve the transient performance of the SSSC. The performance of both STATCOM and SSSC schemes connected to the 230 kV grid are evaluated. The proposed novel control schemes for the STATCOM and SSSC are fully validated by digital simulation.     

Stability enhancement of wind energy integrated hybrid system with the help of static synchronous compensator and symbiosis organisms search algorithm

Conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers are being used in the industries for control purposes. It is very simple in design and low in cost but it has less capability to minimize the low frequency noises of the systems. Therefore, in this study, a low pass filter has been introduced with the derivative input of the PID controller to minimize the noises and to improve the transient stability of the system. This paper focuses upon the stability improvement of a wind-diesel hybrid power system model (HPSM) using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) along with a secondary PID controller with derivative filter (PIDF). Under any load disturbances, the reactive power mismatch occurs in the HPSM that affects the system transient stability. STATCOM with PIDF controller is used to provide reactive power support and to improve stability of the HPSM. The controller parameters are also optimized by using soft computing technique for performance improvement. This paper proposes the effectiveness of symbiosis organisms search algorithm for optimization purpose. Binary coded genetic algorithm and gravitational search algorithm are used for the sake of comparison.     

Firefly Optimization Algorithm for the Reactive Power Control of an Isolated Wind-Diesel System

This paper investigates the application of firefly optimization algorithm to design an optimal control for voltage stability of a stand-alone hybrid renewable generation unit based on reactive power control. The studied renewable generation unit mainly consists of a permanent magnet induction generator driven by wind turbine and a synchronous generator driven by diesel engine. A STATCOM is used to stabilize the terminal load bus voltage via compensating of reactive power. The main control objective aims to stabilize the terminal load voltage against any disturbances in load reactive power and/or input wind power by adjusting the total system reactive power. This is accomplished by controlling STATCOM phase angle and hence to control the load bus voltage and also by controlling the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. The proposed renewable energy power system based on the proposed optimal controller has been tested through step change in input wind power and load reactive power. The system performance based on the proposed control is compared with model predictive control, a robust H_∞ control, and a classical PI control.     

Power flow model/calculation for power systems with multiple FACTS controllers

This paper presents a new procedure for steady state power flow calculation of power systems with multiple flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers. The focus of this paper is to show how the conventional power flow calculation method can systematically be modified to include multiple FACTS controllers. Newton–Raphson method of iterative solution is used for power flow equations in polar coordinate. The impacts of FACTS controllers on power flow is accommodated by adding new entries and modifying some existing entries in the linearized Jacobian equation of the same system with no FACTS controllers. Three major FACTS controllers (STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC)) are studied in this paper. STATCOM is modeled in voltage control mode. SSSC controls the active power of the link to which it is connected. The UPFC controls the active and the reactive power flow of the link while maintaining a constant voltage at one of the buses. The modeling approach presented in this paper is tested on the 9-bus western system coordinating council (WSCC) power system and implemented using MATLAB software package. The numerical results show the robust convergence of the presented procedure.     

基于PSCAD的风电场低电压穿越无功支撑仿真研究

首先分析风电场低电压穿越(low voltage ride-through,LVRT)能力,然后介绍以双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)为主体的风电场模型以及静止同步补偿器(static synchronous compensator,STATCOM)的控制策略。最后将STATCOM和静止无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)分别应用到含风电场的无穷大系统中,在电力系统仿真软件PSCAD上搭建模型,并对系统故障状态进行仿真,在此基础上分析STATCOM和SVC的无功补偿特性,并对补偿效果进行比较。仿真结果表明无功补偿装置可以在系统故障后提供无功支撑,提高了风电场的低电压穿越能力,并且STATCOM无功补偿性能较SVC更优。     

静止同步补偿器增强风电场的低电压穿越能力的应用分析

提出利用静止同步补偿器(static synchronous compensator,STATCOM)快速补偿无功功率以增强双馈式风电机组和直驱式风电机组的低电压穿越能力.首先阐述了风电机组的动态模型,然后给出了STATCOM控制模型,最后将STATCOM装置应用到合风电场的电力系统中,比较加装STATCOM前后母线56和母线12的电压以及风电机组输出功率的变化情况.仿真结果表明,STATCOM能有效地帮助风电机组在电网发生故障后恢复机端电压和故障点电压,并防止风电机组输出功率振荡,使风电场在故障发生后能保持连续运行,增强了风电机组的低电压穿越能力.     

STATCOM versus SSSC for power system stabilization

Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS ) are gaining more attention in power utilities because of their advantages of controllability, reliability, and operation over a wide range. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static series synchronous compensator (SSSC ) are prominent FACTS topologies; they have the ability to instantaneously regulate active/reactive powers and stabilize the power system following severe disturbances. In this paper, STATCOM and SSSC are compared with regard to their damping action on power system oscillations. The comparison is extended to the controller design strategies. Two distinct meta‐heuristic optimization approaches, namely chaos (CO) and simulated annealing (SA), are recommended for the optimal design of the SSSC and STATCOM damping controller. To assess the promising FACTS topology, a single‐machine infinite bus system is subjected to several disturbances while operating at different loading levels. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a platform to investigate the dynamic performance of the system under consideration with STATCOM and SSSC . Simulation results reveal the superiority of SSSC in damping power system oscillations in terms of response speed and stability margin. Moreover, the CO optimization scheme seems to outperform the SA algorithm in terms of computation requirements and global optimal convergence. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于粒子群算法的无刷交流发电系统PI参数整定

在MATLAB/Simulink软件中搭建三级式无刷交流同步发电机调压控制系统模型时,需要选取合适的PI参数使系统的输出电压满足相应的指标。考虑到传统的PI参数整定方法计算复杂,且计算出的参数需要经过多次调整才能满足系统指标,设计了一种基于粒子群(PSO)算法整定PI参数的方法,用以提高三级式同步发电机调压控制系统模型的PI参数整定效率。仿真结果验证了PSO算法整定无刷交流发电系统PI参数的可行性,可以根据需要的输出电压指标整定合适的PI参数。     

Bacteria foraging optimization algorithm based load frequency controller for interconnected power system

Social foraging behavior of Escherichia coli bacteria has recently been explored to develop a novel algorithm for distributed optimization and control. The Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA), as it is called now, is currently gaining popularity in the community of researchers, for its effectiveness in solving certain difficult real world optimization problems. This paper proposes BFOA based Load Frequency Control (LFC) for the suppression of oscillations in power system. A two area non-reheat thermal system is considered to be equipped with proportional plus integral (PI) controllers. BFOA is employed to search for optimal controller parameters by minimizing the time domain objective function. The performance of the proposed controller has been evaluated with the performance of the conventional PI controller and PI controller tuned by genetic algorithm (GA) in order to demonstrate the superior efficiency of the proposed BFOA in tuning PI controller. Simulation results emphasis on the better performance of the optimized PI controller based on BFOA in compare to optimized PI controller based on GA and conventional one over wide range of operating conditions, and system parameters variations.     

负载不平衡条件下MMC-STATCOM补偿策略研究

文中介绍了静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)在电网中的无功补偿原理及电压补偿原理,针对传统STATCOM拓扑电平数提升困难问题,采用了模块化多电平换流器(MMC)拓扑的STATCOM补偿负载不平衡条件下的电压。针对传统平衡条件下的控制策略在负载不平衡时控制效果较差的问题,在正负序模型下对此无功补偿器进行分析并提出了采用将电压和电流分成正序和负序分别控制的分序控制策略,用解耦双同步参考坐标系的锁相环技术锁住公共连接点处电压,同时对MMC子模块电容电压平衡采用分布式控制,最后在电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建五电平静止无功补偿器,通过仿真验证了分序控制策略和子模块电容电压分布式控制策略的有效性。     

Analytical Comparison of Static and Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Isolated Wind–Diesel System Using Dynamic Load Interaction Model

This article presents static and dynamic reactive power compensators together for a self-excited induction generator and synchronous generator based isolated hybrid power system. Reactive power is required for excitation of the induction machine and for load under steady-state and transient state operations in an isolated hybrid power system. For small perturbation of load reactive power and input wind power, the use of a dynamic compensator alone may give better voltage stability but at a high cost; in contrast, the static compensator reduces the cost on compromising with the voltage stability. The proper rating selection of both compensators used may give the optimum solution between the voltage stability as system performance and cost of compensation. The fixed costs and voltage profiles are compared for the different participations of the fixed capacitor bank and STATCOM. The interaction of the dynamic load model is also introduced to make the system more reliable and hence a new power balance equation is derived. A 10% step disturbance in the dynamic load model as well as wind power input is considered for the system study. Four different cases designed for unique participation of static and dynamic reactive power compensators are presented. The analytical comparison is based on cost, rating selection, and voltage stability under transient condition.     

混合动态无功补偿装置及其应用研究

为解决交流电弧炉给电网中其他用户所带来的电能质量问题,尤其是电压波动和闪变,提出了由一套大容量SVC、小容量STATCOM和串联电抗组成的混合无功补偿装置,其中SVC负责跟踪补偿负载无功功率变化以提高功率因数、改善三相不平衡,STATCOM利用其快的响应速度去补偿SVC由于响应慢而导致的补偿误差,从而提高了整个补偿系统的响应时间。两者通过专家规则进行解耦控制,串联电抗用于缓解电压闪变蔓延。将该系统投入实际运行,对比分析了系统投入前后的电能质量指标,证明其补偿效果可以等效于单独使用等容量的STATCOM,具有工程实用性。     

潮流和最优潮流分析中FACTS控制器的建模

综述了最近FACTS控制器的数学模型在电力系统潮流和最优潮流分析中的新进展.不仅讨论了单换流器FACTS控制器,如静止同步并联补偿器(STATCOM)和静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC);而且也讨论了多换流器FACTS控制器,如统一潮流控制器(UPFC)、相间功率控制器(IPFC)、通用统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)和电压源型直流输电(VSC HVDC).此外还讨论了基于电压源换流器技术的HVDC的数学模型.不仅涵盖FACTS控制器的单相数学模型,而且也涉及FACTS控制器的三相数学模型.此外,还探讨了多换流器FACTS控制器的电流、电压以及功率等不等约束在潮流计算中的数学模型及计算机实现.     

具有代数约束的STATCOM与凸极式发电机励磁协调控制研究

主要研究含有静态同步补偿器装置的电力系统协调控制方法,以单机无穷大(single machine infinite bus,SMIB)系统为例,采用凸极式发电机(χd'≠χa)模型,并利用几何反馈线性化方法,进行励磁与静止同步补偿器(staticsynchronous compensator,STATCOM)的协调控制.在所研究的系统模型中,假定STATCOM输出的电压向量方向与无穷大系统电压向量的夹角为任意的δs,建立凸极式发电机与STATCOM所组成的具有约束代数方程的非线性系统模型,弥补了凸极式发电机励磁与STATCOM协调控制技术研究的不足.克服了以往的STATCOM模型需要假设STATCOM输出电压向量在d轴的强约束条件,使得所研究的STATCOM模型与控制方法更加符合实际的工程应用.仿真结果表明了所提出的模型和协调控制方法的合理性和有效性.     

风电并网系统中无功电源优化配置方案分析

分析了风电场无功电源的优化配置,针对实际运行状况,给出一种基于无功优化理论的静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)控制策略。利用风电场并网系统的无功优化数学模型和非线性原对偶内点法解决非线性规划问题的方法,实现了无功电源STATCOM的优化控制,并通过有功网损/灵敏度分析法确定并网系统的无功补偿点。在电力系统仿真软件DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中对某地区部分风电场并网系统进行无功电源配置。仿真结果表明,STATCOM配置方案对提高并网系统电压稳定性、有功网损和电压偏差有更好的改善作用,控制策略有效、可行。     

三电平STATCOM的电压和电流波形分析

三电平静止同步补偿器（STATCOM）在配电网无功补偿领域发挥重要的作用。在不考虑系统有功损耗的情况下,对三电平STATCOM在基频调制方式下的电压和电流进行了理论分析,给出了相应的解析表达式。利用Matlab／Simulink对三电平STATCOM的瞬时有功功率和无功功率变化情况以及电压和电流波形进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明所提出的电压和电流理论分析方法是正确、有效的,可推广应用于其他类似结构的电力电子电路的理论分析与仿真研究中。     

静止同步补偿器的最优控制策略

基于双机系统,建立了静止同步补偿器(static synchronous compensator,STATCOM)的数学模型,设计了最优控制器。通过数字仿真,对比分析了STATCOM分别采用最优控制与传统PI控制时,在电网发生短路故障和负载阶跃工况下的性能,着重分析了其对电压和无功的影响。结果表明最优控制器具有更好的静、暂态稳定性能,并且响应速度优于PI控制,证明了所设计最优控制器的优越性和有效性。     

基于超级电容器储能的STATCOM对直驱风力机并网性能改善的研究

本文主要研究了采用基于超级电容器的静态同步补偿器(STATCOM)的永磁(PMSG)直驱变速风力机控制策略。基于Matlab/Simpower实现对风力发电机侧整流器最大功率提取、电网侧逆变器和STATCOM的控制策略,采用不同容量超级电容器储能的STATCOM系统在电网出现故障或者受到干扰时提升风力发电系统稳定状态和动态性能。大量仿真结果表明:与传统的STATCOM相比,采用基于超级电容器的STATCOM能有效改善并网过程中出现的电压闪变及波动,减小频率的波动,并能对故障期间的电流进行有效控制,从而较为显著地改善了直驱风力发电系统的有功、无功功率,提升了风电并网系统故障穿越能力和动态性能。     

静止无功发生器与晶闸管投切电容器协同运行混合无功补偿系统

提出一种低成本混合型无功补偿系统(hybrid var compensator,HVC),它由一台较小容量的静止无功发生器(static synchronous compensator,STATCOM)和较大容量的多组晶闸管投切电容器(thyristor switched capacitor,TSC)构成,其中STATCOM用以实现快速连续无功调节,TSC实现无功的大容量分级调节,二者协同工作使HVC系统兼具STATCOM快速连续无功补偿及TSC低成本大容量无功补偿的优势,实现低成本大容量的无功连续补偿。在分析HVC基本工作原理的基础上,提出基于专家决策的HVC协调控制方法,实现离散子系统TSC和连续子系统STATCOM的协调控制,确保HVC能进行快速大容量的无功补偿,针对传统的STATCOM串级电压控制器中调节器多、控制器参数难以设计的缺点,提出基于瞬时功率平衡的电压控制策略,以降低STATCOM控制复杂度,提高可靠性,使系统更易于实现。仿真及现场应用结果证明HVC能够实现无级连续无功补偿,并且成本低,在满足高电耗企业节能降耗需求的基础上,为应用单位减少了投资。