风电电动汽车协同利用对电网风电接纳能力的影响

建立包含电动汽车充、放、耗电约束的风电电动汽车协同利用模型,根据决策变量的不同将充放电模式分为自由充电、不含V2G(Vehicle to grid)和含有V2G的风电电动汽车协同利用。以风电利用率和风电在电网能源结构中电量占比作为衡量水平,分析不同充电模式、电动汽车数量和风电装机容量下的风电接纳能力。含有V2G的风电电动汽车协同利用能够最大限度提高电网风电接纳能力,且在风电装机容量较大时更能显示出含有V2G的协同利用充放电模式的优势,含有V2G的风电电动汽车协同利用是实现大规模风电并网的有效方式,同时一定负荷和风电装机水平的电网存在一个最佳匹配的电动汽车数量。     

风电电动汽车协同调度对电网的影响

建立包含风电功率和电动汽车充电功率在内的机组组合模型,分析电动汽车自由充电、延迟充电和智能充电三种充电模式下的电网运行经济性、电网风电接纳能力,并利用清洁发展机制(CDM)中计算电量边际排放因子(OM)的"简单OM"方法计算不同充电策略下的碳减排效益。     

Multi-agent approach to modeling and simulation of microgrid operation with vehicle-to-grid system

This study presents the modeling and simulation of a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system within a microgrid considering the requirements of various components of the microgrid system such as distributed renewable energy resources (DERs), plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and non-PEV loads. The system modeling is carried out using an agent-based methodology where components of the microgrid are modeled as agents. The use of PEV car batteries collectively as a virtual power plant (VPP) enables PEVs to not only act as loads but as energy sources alongside DERs such as wind and solar power generation. The smart control and scheduling of the charging and discharging of the PEVs by the charging station can be used to achieve sustainable integration of a high number of PEVs in the microgrid power system. In addition to simulating a microgrid operation, results of this study show how agents’ behavior change based on factors such as penetration of renewable energy, penetration of PEVs, travel pattern of PEV drivers and price of energy generation.     

风光储协同调度的多时间尺度决策方法

大规模可再生能源的接入给电网调度带来重大挑战,而电动汽车充电与风电、光伏发电等可再生能源之间潜在的协同性为电网更多的接纳可再生能源提供了一种可行途径。通过优化地区电网电动汽车充电站的充电计划,在满足电动汽车能源需求的前提下,能够平滑电网等效负荷波动、减轻火电机组调峰压力,进一步提高消纳可再生能源的能力。且日前计划、滚动计划、实时调度的多时间尺度协同调度决策模型的建立,能够逐级消减风电、光伏等可再生能源预测误差的影响,进一步改善等效负荷的负荷特性。最后给出了以某地区电网的实际数据为基础的应用实例,证明模型的有效性。     

Bidirectional coordinating dispatch of large-scale V2G in a future smart grid using complementarity optimization

This paper proposes a nonlinear complementarity optimization model for bidirectional coordinating dispatch of large-scale plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in a future power grid based on a hierarchically coordinated operation framework. The proposed model focuses on the top-level Independent System Operator’s operation module of the framework, in which the PEV fleets are considered as a type of dispatchable demand response and energy storage resource. Using a relaxation method for the complementarity constraints, a complementarity modern interior point algorithm is developed for solving the proposed model. Computer simulations are performed for a power grid with 10 generators and three PEV fleets. Results show that the proposed model is better than the traditional quadratic programing models and the proposed algorithm has good convergence. Optimally coordinating the dispatch of charge and discharge of PEVs are beneficial to reducing the generation cost and CO₂ emission while satisfying the transportation requirement of the PEVs.     

考虑风电波动性的微网中电动汽车分布式协调运行方法

随着风力发电的快速发展,间歇性风电引起的电网功率波动问题日益凸显,而通过制定插入式电动汽车（plug-in electric vehicles, PEVs）的合理充放电策略,可为平衡功率波动和调节系统频率提供有效支撑。文章针对含风电的微网功率波动问题,提出了基于电动汽车参与意愿度和效用函数最大的PEVs协调运行模型,并基于一致性理论设计了PEVs分布式充放电控制方法。所提方法以完全分布式方式最优调整PEVs充放电功率,可有效平抑风电功率波动,并能满足PEVs日常多种充电场景需求,包括PEVs随机到达时间和启程时间、电池荷电状态随机初始值和目标值。最后通过含有5个风电场和2 000台PEVs的微网进行验证,仿真结果表明所提PEVs协调运行模型和分布式控制方法可灵活满足规模化PEVs的充放电需求,并可有效改善微网系统的频率响应特性。     

An adaptive supervised wide-area backupprotection scheme for transmission linesprotection

Background: The increasing penetration of a massive number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and distributed generators (DGs) into current power distribution networks imposes obvious challenges on power distribution network operation. Methods: This paper presents an optimal temporal-spatial scheduling strategy of PEV charging demand in the presence of DGs. The solution is designed to ensure the reliable and secure operation of the active power distribution networks, the randomness introduced by PEVs and DGs can be managed through the appropriate scheduling of the PEV charging demand, as the PEVs can be considered as mobile energy storage units. Results: As a result, the charging demands of PEVs are optimally scheduled temporally and spatially, which can improve the DG utilization efficiency as well as reduce the charging cost under real-time pricing (RTP). Conclusions: The proposed scheduling strategy is evaluated through a series of simulations and the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and the benefits of the proposed solution.     

A fast time-frequency response baseddifferential spectral energy protection ofAC microgrids including fault location

Background: The increasing penetration of a massive number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and distributed generators (DGs) into current power distribution networks imposes obvious challenges on power distribution network operation. Methods: This paper presents an optimal temporal-spatial scheduling strategy of PEV charging demand in the presence of DGs. The solution is designed to ensure the reliable and secure operation of the active power distribution networks, the randomness introduced by PEVs and DGs can be managed through the appropriate scheduling of the PEV charging demand, as the PEVs can be considered as mobile energy storage units. Results: As a result, the charging demands of PEVs are optimally scheduled temporally and spatially, which can improve the DG utilization efficiency as well as reduce the charging cost under real-time pricing (RTP). Conclusions: The proposed scheduling strategy is evaluated through a series of simulations and the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and the benefits of the proposed solution.     

Multi-objective optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles in unbalanced distribution networks

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) as new generations of transportation systems have recently become a promising solution to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases produced by petroleum-based vehicles. Existing power systems may face serious reliability and power quality problems in supplying emerging PEV charging loads unless the charging task is coordinated. In addition, in real world applications, most PEVs are single-phase loads supposed to be charged from residential or commercial outlets. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization framework is proposed to optimally coordinate the charging of single-phase PEVs with dynamic behavior in unbalanced three-phase distribution systems employing smart grid facilities. Objective functions include total cost of purchasing energy in a multi-tariff pricing environment as well as grid total energy losses over charging span. The objective functions are optimized subject to network security, power quality, and PEV constraints. Fuzzy memberships are used to transform differently-scaled objective functions into a same range in order to ensure the Pareto optimality of the multi-objective solution. The proposed method is tested on an unbalanced three-phase distribution system and obtained results, which are discussed in detail, confirm its efficiency in getting a solution satisfying both objective functions as well as in the speed.     

计及电动汽车和风电出力不确定性的随机经济调度

电动汽车和可再生能源发电的快速发展为电力系统的安全和经济运行带来了新的挑战。在此背景下,构建了能够计及可入网电动汽车(plug-inelectric vehicle,PEV)和风电机组的不确定性的随机经济调度模型。首先采用随机仿真方法研究PEV的充电与放电功率的概率分布。之后,在假设风速服从Rayleigh分布的前提下,导出了风电机组出力概率分布的表达式。通过理论分析得到了风电机组和电动汽车接入网络(vehicle to grid,V2G)的电源出力的数学期望的解析表达式,并在此基础上,构建了电力系统随机经济调度模型。最后,以IEEE118节点系统为例说明了所提出的随机经济调度模型的基本特征。     

Non-Gaussian multivariate modeling of plug-in electric vehicles load demand

This paper proposes an organized stochastic methodology to model the power demand of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) which can be embedded into probabilistic distribution system planning. Time schedules as well as traveling and refueling information of a set of commuter vehicles in Tehran are utilized as the input dataset. In order to generate the required synthetic data, the correlation structure of the aforesaid random variables is taken into account using a multivariate student’s t function. Afterwards, a Monte Carlo based stochastic simulation is provided to extract the initial state-of-charge of batteries. Further, a non-Gaussian probabilistic decision making algorithm is developed that accurately infers whether the PEVs charging should take place every day or not. Then, through presenting a state transition model to describe the charging profile of a PEV battery, hourly demand distributions of the PEVs are derived. The obtained distributions can be used to generate the random samples required in probabilistic planning problems. Eventually, the extracted distributions are employed to estimate demand profile of a fleet that can be efficiently utilized in various applications.     

适应清洁能源消纳的配电网集群电动汽车充电负荷模型与仿真研究

研究了配电网中集群电动汽车动态充电负荷直接负荷控制消纳清洁能源的模型和控制方法。假设调度机构可通过统一的由激励机制产生的无线激励信号,在线直接控制电动汽车充电负荷功率用以实时消纳风电出力。首先,采用面向负荷传输的方法,建立基于偏微分方程的集群电动汽车充电负荷模型。而后,通过实际居民出行数据进行模型仿真,采用蒙特卡洛模拟验证模型的有效性,并提出基于滑模控制策略采用实时供需误差,跟踪消纳风电功率输出。最后,通过实际风电输出功率曲线验证控制方法的性能,为能源互联网背景下清洁能源消纳提供一种新的途径。     

电动汽车接入电网的影响与利用

未来电动汽车(plug-in electric vehicle,PEV)的大规模接入,将给电力系统规划和运行带来不可忽视的影响。从电动汽车充电负荷建模与仿真计算、电动汽车接入对电力系统的影响、电动汽车的充放电控制与利用3大方面,讨论电动汽车接入电网的研究现状。指出电动汽车充电负荷分析应考虑的主要因素;总结电动汽车接入对电源发展、电网运行、充电设施与配电网规划方面的影响,并分析电动汽车有序充电及与电网互动(vehicle to grid,V2G)的研究现状和应用难点。最后,对今后的研究方向进行讨论。     

电力市场环境下含风电机组的环境经济调度模型及其仿真

电力市场环境下的传统经济调度不考虑环境补偿因素。文章在传统经济调度的基础上,考虑各机组和各种能源的环境成本,提出了火电机组名义环境补偿成本,用电方不需实际支付费用,发电方排污特性越好,火电机组的名义环境补偿成本越低;同时考虑了风电备用容量补偿成本,反映风电接入系统后火电热备用容量的变化;建立了电力市场环境下含风电机组的环境经济调度模型。基于Matlab优化工具箱,对一个包含2个火电机组和1个风电机组的系统进行优化仿真,结果表明：基于所提出的模型,环境友好的发电机组或能源将获得更大的调度权重。     

电动汽车充电与风电协同调度的碳减排效益分析

在电动汽车充电与风电协同调度模型的基础上,提出了协同调度碳减排效益的测算模型,定量分析了电动汽车充电与风电协同调度在电网和交通领域的碳减排效益。首先计算火电碳排放因子,然后比较协同调度和自由充电模式下的碳排放量。通过电动汽车单位碳排放量的计算模型,比较燃油汽车、纯火电充电、自由充电和协同调度充电电动汽车的碳排放水平。分别以电网平均碳排放水平和车辆单位碳排放水平衡量,协同调度相对于自由充电模式贡献的减排效益都随着风电装机容量增加而显著增加。因此,协同调度是实现风电和电动汽车规模化协调利用的一种有效手段。     

电动公交车充电站代理商的月度交易模型与日运行优化策略

以电力大用户参与电力市场交易为背景,研究电动公交车光储充电站通过代理商参与月度电力交易的优化问题。基于实际电动公交车充电站的充电历史数据,提出了电动公交车代理商参与月度市场双边交易的优化模型,该模型考虑了充电站内光伏发电和充电负荷的随机性;提出了最小化偏差电量惩罚的充电站日运行优化策略与实施方法,通过控制充电站内储能系统充放电策略减小月度合同的偏差损失。算例结果表明,所提出的模型和策略可给出代理商月度交易的优化方案,并可显著减少合同偏差电量、降低惩罚费用。     

Evaluation of alternatives for power system coordination andpooling in a competitive environment

The paper defines and classifies essential issues that relate the need for electric power system coordination with the increasing development of competition. Principles are formulated and a coordination model and a market structure are proposed, emphasizing the need for economic dispatch in the wholesale market. A detailed comparison is made of the market and pooling implementations developed in Argentina and Chile, countries that have pioneered the creation of competitive markets in the electric energy sector. An evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of those two implementations is included     

电力市场的日有功优化调度

在电力市场条件下,电力系统日有功调度已由单纯的电能供需平衡分配过渡到追求全网总共电成本最小、寻求用户电价最低为目标。针对这一特点,提出了在多约束的条件下,寻求全网经济效益最优的两步简单求解法。首先应用优先级法以求得机组经济组合,然后再采用改进型优先顺序法进行经济负荷分配。该方法还可应用于水火电混合电力系统和互联电力系统的日有功优化调度。该研究成果已被开发成软件系统,投入省级电网的调度运营,效益十分显著。     

考虑节点边际电价的配电网与多微电网双层鲁棒经济调度

可再生能源出力的不确定性给市场定价机制带来了挑战,实现市场参与者的利益均衡分配成为亟待解决的关键问题。提出一种计及风电出力不确定性的节点边际电价市场出清机制。建立配电网与多微电网协调优化调度的双层模型,上层模型为考虑风电出力及功率交互不确定性的配电网数据驱动鲁棒经济调度模型,下层模型为考虑电价型需求响应的微电网数据驱动鲁棒经济调度模型。通过配电网与微电网之间功率交互与电价信息的传递进行上、下层模型的迭代求解,实现不同市场参与者的利益均衡分配。测试系统的仿真结果验证了所提模型及求解方法的有效性。     

基于双层优化的电动汽车充放电调度策略

大量电动汽车无序充放电会给电力系统的安全与经济运行带来严重的负面影响。为避免这一问题,引入了对电动汽车进行分层分区调度的理念,并构建了基于双层优化的可入网电动汽车充放电调度模型。在上层模型中,通过优化各电动汽车代理商在各时段的调度计划(包括充电负荷和放电出力),使系统在研究时间区间内总负荷水平的方差最小化,从而实现削峰填谷;在下层模型中,通过各电动汽车代理商对其所管辖电动汽车充放电时间的优化管理,以便与上层的调度计划尽可能一致。之后,采用AMPL/IPOPT和AMPL/CPLEX高效商业求解器对上下层问题分别进行迭代求解。最后,以包含5个电动汽车代理商的、修改的IEEE 30节点测试系统为例,说明了所提出的模型与方法的基本特征。