Optimal reactive power dispatch using quasi-oppositional teaching learning based optimization

This paper presents a newly developed teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm to solve multi-objective optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem by minimizing real power loss, voltage deviation and voltage stability index. To accelerate the convergence speed and to improve solution quality quasi-opposition based learning (QOBL) concept is incorporated in original TLBO algorithm. The proposed TLBO and quasi-oppositional TLBO (QOTLBO) approaches are implemented on standard IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems. Results demonstrate superiority in terms of solution quality of the proposed QOTLBO approach over original TLBO and other optimization techniques and confirm its potential to solve the ORPD problem.     

Environmental/economic power dispatch problem using multi-objective differential evolution algorithm

This paper presents a multi-objective differential evolution (MODE) algorithm for environmental/economic power dispatch (EED) problem. The EED problem is formulated as a nonlinear constrained multi-objective problem with competing and non-commensurable objectives of fuel cost, emission and system loss. The proposed MODE approach adopts an external elitist archive to retain non-dominated solutions found during the evolutionary process. In order to preserve the diversity of Pareto optimality, a crowding entropy diversity measure tactic is proposed. The crowding entropy strategy is able to measure the crowding degree of the solutions more accurately. In addition, fuzzy set theory is employed to extract the best compromise solution. Several optimization runs of the proposed approach have been carried out on the IEEE 30- and 118-bus test system. The results demonstrate the capability of the proposed MODE approach to generate well-distributed Pareto optimal non-dominated solutions of multi-objective EED problem. The comparison with reported results of other MOEAs reveals the superiority of the proposed MODE approach and confirms its potential for solving other power systems multi-objective optimization problems.     

Quasi-oppositional differential evolution for optimal reactive power dispatch

This paper presents quasi-oppositional differential evolution to solve reactive power dispatch problem of a power system. Differential evolution (DE) is a population-based stochastic parallel search evolutionary algorithm. Quasi-oppositional differential evolution has been used here to improve the effectiveness and quality of the solution. The proposed quasi-oppositional differential evolution (QODE) employs quasi-oppositional based learning (QOBL) for population initialization and also for generation jumping. Reactive power dispatch is an optimization problem that reduces grid congestion with more than one objective. The proposed method is used to find the settings of control variables such as generator terminal voltages, transformer tap settings and reactive power output of shunt VAR compensators in order to achieve minimum active power loss, improved voltage profile and enhanced voltage stability. In this study, QODE has been tested on IEEE 30-bus, 57-bus and 118-bus test systems. Test results of the proposed QODE approach have been compared with those obtained by other evolutionary methods reported in the literature. It is found that the proposed QODE based approach is able to provide better solution.     

Multi-objective optimal reactive power flow including voltage security and demand profile classification

This paper proposes a method to optimize reactive power flow (ORPF) with regard to multiple objectives while maintaining system voltage security across a time-domain. Compromise programming is employed in the ORPF formulation, which is designed to minimize both losses and payment for the reactive power service in the framework of the UK daily balancing market. In coordination with ORPF, continuation power flow (CPF) is applied to evaluate and maintain the voltage security margin of the system. Prior to the optimisation procedure, the related control parameters can be grouped with the aid of a load classification method in order to simplify the control actions. During the optimisation, through the application of both ORPF and CPF, multi-objective optimisation can be achieved with voltage security at an acceptable level. The Ward and Hale 6-bus system and a 60-bus UK test system are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed modeling framework.     

基于多目标决策协调进化算法的电力系统无功优化

在传统无功优化模型基础上,建立了以系统有功网损、静态电压稳定裕度、电压偏差、无功补偿容量和发电机发电成本的多目标无功优化模型。采用多目标决策协调进化算法对电力系统无功进行优化,将多目标决策协调算法与群体进化理论有机结合起来,在有限的群体内对每个个体按协调算法进行排序,以提高优化方法的有效性。通过Matlab7．0编程对IEEE30和IEEE14节点算例系统进行计算。计算结果表明,该方法具有系统网损、电压偏差及无功补偿容量小、发电机发电成本低和系统稳定裕度高的特点。     

Optimal reactive power dispatch based on harmony search algorithm

This paper presents a harmony search algorithm for optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem. Optimal reactive power dispatch is a mixed integer, nonlinear optimization problem which includes both continuous and discrete control variables. The proposed algorithm is used to find the settings of control variables such as generator voltages, tap positions of tap changing transformers and the amount of reactive compensation devices to optimize a certain object. The objects are power transmission loss, voltage stability and voltage profile which are optimized separately. In the presented method, the inequality constraints are handled by penalty coefficients. The study is implemented on IEEE 30 and 57-bus systems and the results are compared with other evolutionary programs such as simple genetic algorithm (SGA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) which have been used in the last decade and also other algorithms that have been developed in the recent years.     

基于混沌免疫混合算法的多目标无功优化

针对目前评价多目标函数解的不足,提出了将多目标函数各个解映射成多维空间中不同的点,利用这些点与理想点之间的欧氏距离来衡量各个解的优劣;同时针对无功优化、混沌优化算法和免疫算法的特点,提出了在采用免疫算法进行无功优化的记忆抗体群中,运用混沌优化方法和免疫算法的交叉和变异等操作对无功优化的连续变量和离散变量进行交替优化求解,并将它们运用于以降低有功损耗,提高电压稳定裕度及减小电压偏移为目标的无功优化中;通过 IEEE-30和IEEE-118节点算例系统验证了混合算法及最优解评价方法的正确性和可行性。     

Line outage ranking for voltage limit violations with corrective rescheduling avoiding masking

This paper describes a technique for ranking line outages causing voltage limit violations taking into account the post-outage correctability of the network during contingency selection process. Due to the choice of large even powered of performance index (PI): (i) masking is avoided; and (ii) complete potential of correctability of power network is utilised. Fletcher and Reeves conjugate gradient method is used for optimisation. Use of newly derived compensated voltage shift factor has been made. To restrict the reactive power limit violations at generation buses, use of newly derived reactive power compensated shift factor has been made. Control corrections have been optimised for each line outage in the same base case pre-outage condition itself. This allows the use of same set of pre-outage sensitivity coefficients and line outage distribution factors. It is to be stressed here that the control corrections have been obtained for each line outage in pre-contingency condition mainly for computational convenience. But actually these corrections are applied in respective post-outage conditions. The algorithm is tested on IEEE 25-bus, 30-bus and 91-bus test systems.     

含高比例风光新能源电网的多目标无功优化算法

为适应新能源大量接入电网的趋势,基于不同时刻的风速、光照强度、温度等气象条件信息,评估出风光新能源的无功调节容量,搭建了含高比例风光新能源参与调控的电网多目标无功优化模型。为快速获得电网中变压器分接头档位调节、无功补偿设备投切、传统发电机组电压调节以及风光的无功输出等控制措施的帕累托最优解集,采用寻优性能高效的多目标樽海鞘群算法（multi-objective salp swarm algorithm, MSSA）进行无功优化求解。为更客观找出电网线损、电压偏差、静态电压稳定裕度等不同目标之间的折中解,采用改进的理想点法进行多目标最优解集决策。最后,利用扩展的IEEE标准9节点和39节点算例进行仿真分析,并引入传统多目标智能优化算法来进行比较验证。仿真结果表明：与其他2种传统多目标智能优化算法相比,所提算法获得的帕累托前沿分布更广、更均匀;利用改进理想点法进行决策之后,可有效降低电网的线损和电压偏差,同时提高了电网的静态电压稳定裕度。     

Quasi-Oppositional Swine Influenza Model Based Optimization with Quarantine for optimal allocation of DG in radial distribution network

Optimal allocation of Distributed Generations (DGs) is one of the major problems of distribution utilities. Optimum locations and sizes of DG sources have profoundly created impact on system losses, voltage profile, and voltage stability of a distribution network. In this paper Quasi-Oppositional Swine Influenza Model Based Optimization with Quarantine (QOSIMBO-Q) has been applied to solve a multi-objective function for optimal allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution systems. The objective is to minimize network power losses, achieve better voltage regulation and improve the voltage stability within the frame-work of the system operation and security constraints in radial distribution systems. The limitation of SIMBO-Q algorithm is that it takes large number of iterations to obtain optimum solution in large scale real systems. To overcome this limitation and to improve computational efficiency, quasi-opposition based learning (QOBL) concept is introduced in basic SIMBO-Q algorithm. The proposed QOSIMBO-Q algorithm has been applied to 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution systems and results are compared with other evolutionary techniques like Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), combined GA/PSO, Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) and Quasi-Oppositional Teaching Learning Based Optimization (QOTLBO). Numerical studies represent the effectiveness and out-performance of the proposed QOSIMBO-Q algorithm.     

多负荷水平下含风电接入的配电网无功优化

由于风电输出功率的随机性,风电机组的大量接入给配电网无功优化带来更多不确定性因素。为了提高配电网无功优化对风力发电并网的适应能力,建立了多负荷水平下基于场景分析的考虑风电接入的多目标无功优化模型。该模型综合考虑了节省电能损失费用和节点电压偏差2个指标,将2个指标进行模糊化,采用最大化模糊满意度指标法将多目标优化问题转换为单目标优化问题,然后采用自适应遗传算法进行求解。并以IEEE 33节点测试系统为例,计算和分析了在不同场景时最大负荷、一般负荷和最小负荷3种负荷水平下,电容器投切、系统有功损耗、节点电压以及节省电能费用情况。计算结果表明,所提出的无功模糊优化方法,在不同负荷水平、不同场景下改善电压质量和降损节能效果显著,适合多负荷水平下含风电机组的配电网无功优化需要。     

考虑提高系统无功备用容量的无功优化调度

充裕的无功备用容量是保证系统电压稳定的一个重要因素,因此在日常无功优化调度过程中考虑提高系统的无功备用容量是防止电压失稳的重要手段之一。文章在分析发电机备用容量数学模型的基础上,定义了基于电压稳定的系统无功备用容量的计算公式,提出了考虑增大无功备用容量、减少网络损耗以及减小电压偏移的多目标无功优化调度算法。并将该算法应用于IEEE 30节点系统,证明了所定义的基于电压稳定的系统无功备用容量计算公式的正确性及提高备用容量的无功优化调度算法的可行性。     

基于免疫进化细菌觅食算法的多目标无功优化

为了更好地解决电力系统多目标无功优化问题,分析了当前多目标无功优化算法存在的缺陷,提出了一种基于免疫进化的改进多目标细菌觅食优化算法。该算法求得的Pareto最优解分布均匀,收敛性和鲁棒性好。IEEE14,IEEE30节点测试系统的算例结果表明所提的算法在多目标无功优化中具有良好的效果,为各目标之间的权衡分析提供了有效工具,是一种求解多目标无功优化问题的有效方法。     

多目标无功优化的向量评价自适应免疫粒子群算法

为了克服粒子群算法在高维复杂问题寻优时容易陷入局部搜索的现象,提出了一种自适应免疫粒子群算法。该算法利用引入免疫系统的免疫信息处理机制和自动调整动量系数的自适应因子,从整体上达到系统的最佳控制方案。并将基于目标向量的个体评价方法与自适应免疫粒子群算法相结合,提出了基于向量评价的自适应免疫粒子群算法(vector evaluated adaptive immune particle swarm optimization,VEAIPSO)来解决多目标无功优化问题。通过引入静态电压稳定指标,建立了以系统有功损耗最小、节点电压偏移量最小及静态电压稳定裕度最大为目标的多目标无功优化模型。IEEE30和IEEE118节点系统算例仿真结果表明,该算法能有效地解决多目标无功优化问题,并具有良好的收敛稳定性和较高的寻优精度。     

伪并行遗传算法在无功优化中的应用

在无功优化中，应用矩阵奇异值分解理论，引入了静态电压稳定裕度最大化目标和并行遗传算法思想，提出了用于无功优化的伪并行遗传算法。该算法在一定程度上避免了常规遗传算法容易出现的“早熟”现象，收敛速度也有一定提高。对Ward＆Hale 6节点和IEEE 14节点系统进行了测试，计算结果表明，本文所提模型和算法是合理可行的。     

Optimal placement of DG in radial distribution systems based on new voltage stability index under load growth

This paper presents a comparison of Novel Power Loss Sensitivity, Power Stability Index (PSI), and proposed voltage stability index (VSI) methods for optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in radial distribution network. The main contribution of the paper is: (i) optimal placement of DGs based on Novel Power Loss Sensitivity and PSI methods, (ii) proposed voltage stability index method for optimal DG placement, (iii) comparison of sensitivity methods for DG location and their size calculations, (iv) optimal placement of DG in the presence of load growth, (v) impact of DG placement at combined load power factor, (vii) impact of DG on voltage stability margin improvement. Voltage profile, the real and reactive powers intake by the grid, real and reactive power flow patterns, cost of energy losses, savings in cost of energy loss and cost of power obtained from DGs are determined. The results show the importance of installing the suitable size of DG at the suitable location. The results are obtained with all sensitivity based methods on the IEEE 12-bus, modified 12-bus, 69-bus and 85-bus test systems.     

A new approach for estimating voltage collapse point based on quadratic approximation of PV-curves

The MW-distance to voltage collapse is a good indicator of voltage stability at a given operating condition in power systems. This indicator is determined using PV-curves obtained through continuation power flow (CPF) program. The CPF method performs several power flow runs requiring a large amount of computing time. This method is reliable for off-line voltage stability studies, but not very much suitable for real-time operation of today's stressed power systems. Given that, it is essential for system operators to have quick information about voltage stability, a new method is needed for a fast estimation of voltage collapse point. This is the main thrust of the presented paper. It is well known that PV-curves are approximately quadratic functions and become exactly quadratic in close neighborhood of the collapse point. Some authors used this fact and suggested methods that use two to three power flow solutions for a relatively quick, but approximate, calculation of the collapse point. The present paper, also based on quadratic approach, proposes a new method for the determination of voltage collapse that uses only one power flow solution and gives more accurate estimate of the collapse point when compared with other existing methods. Another advantage of the presented method is that the estimation becomes more accurate for stressed power systems. In addition, application of the presented method for performing the top/stable portion of the PV-curves provides an effective step-size that reduces the number of power flow runs. The method is tested using the New England 39-bus and the IEEE 300-bus test systems. The results confirm the effectiveness of the presented method.     

基于广域量测信息的负荷裕度灵敏度计算新方法

提出一种基于广域量测信息的电力系统负荷裕度灵敏度(LMS)分析方法。根据电力系统的广域量测信息,在线计算电力系统中各负荷节点的负荷裕度;依据所得的负荷裕度,提出一种基于广域量测信息的节点负荷裕度对有功、无功及机端电压的灵敏度分析方法;针对所提的LMS方法,进一步提出了改善系统电压稳定性的相关控制策略;最后将所提方法应用到New England 39节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统中,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

电力系统实时等值及电压稳定性分析

根据实时测量的负荷节点的电压、电流相量,将整个系统等值为一简单的两节点系统,在此基础上进行电压稳定性分析,提出了一种根据定义的节点电压稳定性指标能快速估计节点电压稳定性的方法,并将其扩展到计及负荷静态特性的情况.文章分析了发电机无功功率极限对电压稳定性的影响.通过中国电力科学研究院EPRI-36节点系统算例,验证了该分析方法是一种简单、快速、有效的方法,且可应用于电力系统电压稳定性的实时监控.     

含风电场的配电网无功优化策略研究

针对传统的配电网无功优化调节手段离散化、难以实现电压的连续调节等问题,研究了含风电场的配电网无功优化模型和算法,分析了双馈感应电机的无功发生能力,将风电场作为连续的无功调节手段参与配电网无功优化。并针对风电出力随机性的特点,用场景功率描述风电的随机出力,使之更具代表性。考虑了配电网的网损、电压偏差以及电压稳定性指标,建立了多目标无功优化模型。提出了基于量子粒子群算法(QPSO)的无功优化方法,该算法通过波函数描述粒子的状态,增加了种群的多样性,有效地避免了种群早熟等问题。用该算法对改进的IEEE33节点进