A robust green traffic-based routing problem for perishable products distribution

Nowadays, transportation and logistics are considered as the drivers of economic development in the countries due to their impacts on the main variables of the country's economy such as production, employment, price, and the cost of living. Statistics indicate that fuel consumption constructs a major part of transportation costs, where its optimization leads to the creation of an energy-efficient and sustainable transportation system. On the other hand, vehicles' traffic is also one of the main criteria affecting the travel time of vehicles between demand nodes in a supply chain, increasing fuel consumption, and, consequently, damaging effects of greenhouse gasses. In this paper, a novel robust mixed-integer linear programming model is developed for a green vehicle routing problem with intermediate depots considering different urban traffic conditions, fuel consumption, time windows of services, and uncertain demand for perishable products. To validate and solve the suggested model, CPLEX solver of GAMS software is employed as an exact method. Finally, a case study problem is investigated to evaluate the applicability of the proposed model and determine the optimal managerial insights and policies in the real-world conditions using sensitivity analyses. Moreover, a novel robustness threshold comparison is conducted to find the optimal level of budget assignment.     

Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Improved Fuel Economy

This brief proposes a model predictive control method using preceding vehicle information within hybrid electric vehicles' (HEVs') predictive cruise control system to improve car following performance and reduce fuel consumption. This paper adds two original contributions to the related literature. First, a real‐time optimization approach using Pontryagin's minimum principle with analytical methods rather than numerical iteration methods is proposed. Second, to compute the desired battery state of charge trajectory as a function of vehicle position, only the topographic profile of the future road segments must be known. Both the fuel economy and the driving profile are optimized using the proposed approach. Simulation results show that fuel economy using the proposed method is improved significantly.     

.基于GIS的城市道路交通流信息发布系统应用研究*

根据基于GPRS/GPS/GSM浮动车交通流信息采集系统实时采集的交通流瞬时速度、路段速度、车辆定位等信息,借助面向对象技术、GIS技术、数据库技术设计、开发了基于GIS的城市交通流信息发布系统,系统采用数据库中的存储过程技术处理海量交通流信息与GIS信息等数据表的多表连接,实现了高效率信息查询,并融合GIS专题地图技术和数据库技术实现浮动车辆历史轨迹动态回放、交通流路段速度查询、可视化显示。开发的系统在天津市部分路段进行试验,系统能稳定、可靠地实现交通流信息发布,并能快速有效查询城市道路交通流信息及识别城市道路网络路况瓶颈,可以辅助交通管理者进行交通管理决策。     

基于信号灯状态的燃油最优车速规划与控制

基于车联网（Vehicular ad hoc networks,VANETs）进行车辆和信号灯的协同控制是下一代智能交通系统（Intelligent transportation systems,ITSs）中非常重要的核心技术之一.本文提出了一种预测信号灯信息的车辆低油耗环保驾驶控制系统.首先,根据道路信息和牛顿第二定律建立车辆动态模型,根据系统测量的信号灯状态信息,获得车辆避免刹车情况下通过前方信号灯的参考速度.然后,结合基于油耗模型和速度跟踪的综合优化指标,运用模型预测控制（Model predictive control,MPC）方法计算车辆的最优控制输入,并利用Laguerre函数方法对MPC问题进行求解.仿真表明,该系统可减少路口不必要的停车和刹车操作,节约燃油.     

Model predictive control for hybrid vehicle ecological driving using traffic signal and road slope information

This paper presents development of a control system for ecological driving of a hybrid vehicle. Prediction using traffic signal and road slope information is considered to improve the fuel economy. It is assumed that the automobile receives traffic signal information from intelligent transportation systems(ITS). Model predictive control is used to calculate optimal vehicle control inputs using traffic signal and road slope information. The performance of the proposed method was analyzed through computer simulation results. Both the fuel economy and the driving profile are optimized using the proposed approach. It was observed that fuel economy was improved compared with driving of a typical human driving model.     

Towards a reference architecture for fuel-based carbon management systems in the logistics industry

The current practice in the logistics industry is to calculate the carbon footprint of transportation activities based on the distance covered, using long-term fuel consumption averages per kilometer. However, fuel consumption may actually vary over time, because of differences in road characteristics, traffic situations, driving behavior, etc. Therefore, distance-based emission calculations are not accurate. Our approach is fuel-based and it calculates transport greenhouse gas emissions by obtaining the actual fuel consumption during trips via board computers installed in vehicles. Thus, we propose an architecture for a fuel-based Logistics Carbon Management System (LCMS) that monitors and collects real-time data about the fuel consumption during trips, and, consequently, calculates detailed and accurate carbon footprints of transportation services. Furthermore, this system is integrated with the logistics service provider’s business processes and with typical software applications (e.g., Transport Management Systems and Board Computers). We validate and implement the proposed architecture by means of a prototype.     

多重处理的道路拥堵识别可视化融合分析

目的 随着城市交通拥堵问题的日益严重,建立有效的道路拥堵可视化系统,对智慧城市建设起着重要作用。针对目前基于车辆密度分析法、车速判定法、行驶时间判定法等模式单一,可信度低的问题,提出了一种基于DBSCAN+（density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise plus）的道路拥堵识别可视化方法。方法 引入分块并行计算,相较于传统密度算法,可以适应大规模轨迹数据,并行降维聚类速度快。对结果中缓行区类簇判别路段起始点和终止点,通过曲线拟合和拓扑网络纠偏算法,将类簇中轨迹样本点所表征的路段通过地图匹配算法匹配在电子地图中,并结合各类簇中浮动车平均行驶速度判别道路拥堵程度,以颜色深浅程度进行区分可视化。结果 实验结果表明,DBSCAN+算法相较现有改进的DBSCAN算法时间复杂度具有优势,由指数降为线性,可适应海量轨迹点。相较主流地图产品,利用城市出租车车载OBD（on board diagnostics）数据进行城区道路拥堵识别,提取非畅通路段总检出长度相较最优产品提高28.9%,拥堵识别命中率高达91%,较主流产品城区拥堵识别平均命中率提高15%。结论 在城市路网中,基于DBSCAN+密度聚类和缓行区平均移动速度的多表征道路拥堵识别算法与主流地图产品相比,对拥堵识别率、通勤程度划分更具代表性,可信度更高,可以为道路拥堵识别的实时性提供保障。     

自然场景中道路交通标志形状的检测与校正

道路交通标志的自动识别可以应用于车辆的自动或半自动辅助驾驶系统中,为车辆驾驶提供对周围环境的理解。道路情况的复杂性使得交通标志的背景很复杂,加之光照条件的变化以及车辆运行过程中的抖动等,这些都会导致交通标志失真及变形。本文提出一种快速有效的交通标志形状检测及校正算法,先结合颜色和形状信息,有效定位道路标志位置,然后再利用透视变换校正道路标志。实验结果表明,该方法对光照具有很好的鲁棒性,而且能很好地处理相机拍摄角度引起道路标志在图像中的形变问题。     

夜晚车辆异常事件分析

夜晚车道模型是车辆跟踪和车辆行为分析的基础,但是当高速公路或者城市道路光线较暗时,很难通过车道检测的方法来建立车道模型,夜晚车辆快速行驶或相邻帧车辆之间重叠度较低时无法实现准确跟踪。针对此类问题提出了一种基于学习的车道模型建立方法和基于多帧的最佳匹配跟踪方法。首先利用自动多阈值分割方法提取场景中光亮的目标;其次,利用车灯的相关特征移除非车灯光亮区域;接着,利用空间信息把车灯聚类成一个车辆目标,利用多帧的最佳匹配跟踪方法进行跟踪;最后利用车辆跟踪参数与车道模型的融合对夜晚车辆异常事件进行分析。实验结果表明,该算法能够准确地检测出夜晚车辆换道、逆向行驶、交通拥挤、停车等异常事件,并且有很强的鲁棒性。     

面向实际道路网络的浮动车采样间隔优化方法

目前基于浮动车的城市交通信息采集通常采用等间距进行采样,无法根据道路网络几何条件和状态的差异进行合理的采样间隔优化.针对现有采样算法的不足,本文提出了一种面向实际道路网络的浮动车采样间隔优化方法.首先通过构建四叉树模型对城市道路网络进行划分,确定空间采样分辨率,然后利用历史轨迹对浮动车的速度进行短时预测,最后在不影响空间采样分辨率的基础上实时动态优化采样间隔,在交通信息的精度与信息的采集成本之间取得平衡.通过仿真试验的定性定量分析,新算法能够在不同复杂程度的道路网络情况下动态调整采样间隔,不仅确保了采样数据的精度,而且降低了采样数据容量.     

动态路径优化交通流控制及其仿真实现

依托分布式数据库,实时采集GPS浮动车数据,通过聚类分析等算法实现数据优化及异常筛选,从而降低数据传输、存储和计算消耗。结合GIS系统及实例,探索动态特征交通流等优化交通构造的新模型,并仿真实现基于改进平均速度加权算法的交通流状态判定,以及基于改进图论路径选择算法的实时城市道路通行分析,最终通过信息反馈指引车辆在路网中的分布以减轻交通压力。     

A data fusion system of GNSS data and on-vehicle sensors data for improving car positioning precision in urban environments

Accurate car positioning on the Earth's surface is a requirement for many state-of-the-art automotive applications, but current low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers can suffer from poor precision and transient unavailability in urban areas. In this article, a real-time data fusion system of absolute and relative positioning data is proposed with the aim of increasing car positioning precision. To achieve this goal, a system based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was employed to fuse absolute positioning data coming from a low-cost GNSS receiver with data coming from four wheel speed sensors, a lateral acceleration sensor, and a steering wheel angle sensor. The bicycle kinematic model and the Ackerman steering geometry were employed to particularize the EKF. The proposed system was evaluated through experimental tests. The results showed precision improvements of up to 50% in terms of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), 50% in terms of the 95th-percentile of the distance error distribution, and 75% in terms of the maximum distance error, with respect to using a stand-alone, low-cost GNSS receiver. These results suggest that the proposed data fusion system for car vehicles can significantly reduce the positioning error with respect to the positioning error of a low-cost GNSS receiver. The best precision improvements of the system are expected to be achieved in urban areas, where tall buildings hinder the effectiveness of GNSS systems. The main contribution of this work is the proposal of a novel system that enables accurate car positioning during short GNSS signal outages. This advance could be integrated in larger expert and intelligent systems such as autonomous cars, helping to make self-driving easier and safer.     

基于代数连通度的域内节能路由算法

通过节能路由算法减少网络能耗是网络中需要解决的一个关键性的科学问题。如今已有的节能方案都是在已知流量矩阵的前提下研究网络节能,由于实时流量难以获取,使得这些方案都难以在实际中部署。因此,文中提出一种基于代数连通度的域内节能方案(Intra-domain Energy Efficient Routing Scheme Based on Algebraic Connectivity,EERSBAC)。EERSBAC不需要网络中的实时流量矩阵,仅依靠网络中的拓扑结构就可以实现节能。首先,提出链路关键度模型,利用链路关键度模型计算出网络中所有链路的重要程度;然后,提出代数连通度模型,利用代数连通度模型可以定量的衡量网络的连通性能。实验结果表明,EERSBAC不仅能够降低网络能耗,而且具有较小的路径拉伸度。     

动态视角下的城市道路交通网络失效评价模型

利用可靠性相关理论,在对交通网络状态变化规律分析的基础上,给出了了城市道路交通单元及交通网络的‘失效—非失效’态的表达方法;分析了路段单元及交通网络的状态从观察起始点t0到首次演变到‘失效态’的时间分布规律,并以此为基础推导了城市道路单元及交通网络的失效概率、平均失效时长、失效率以及条件失效时长等失效评价模型,给出了模型标定的方法。以国内某城市核心城区5条道路单元组成的路网为实例,对首次失效时间进行了分布拟合及检验,对模型进行了标定,并将模型计算结果与实际观察结果进行了对比。结果表明,利用对数正态分布来拟合首次失效时间较为理想,而且模型的计算结果与实际观察结果也非常接近,表明模型具有良好的实用性。     

Mental load and risk in traffic behaviour

Abstract

Car driving means accomplishing a variety of continuously varying driving subtasks which constitute workload on the driver. Total workload can be analysed by type; for instance, the amount of information to be processed while driving, or the effort of car control. One of the driver's main tasks is to cope with the hazards with which he can be confronted on each particular route. This task places demands on his mental capacities. Therefore, coping with hazards is part of the total workload of car drivers. Based on this premise, the following topics are discussed in this paper.

(1)The mental-load approach in modelling traffic behaviour is described in some detail.

(2)Procedures and results of investigations into load factors in car driving are presented, emphasizing workload by reference to hazards. These include a job-analytic study of driving behaviour, a simulation study of hazard perception, and a field study of drivers' exposure to different road conditions.

(3)Hazards and risks must be perceived before making adequate decisions. Some aspects of hazard perception are therefore mentioned.

(4)To understand ‘risky decision making’ in car driving it is necessary to consider the opportunities drivers have to engage in risky situations. Those opportunities are discussed.

(5)To complement these discussions of traffic behaviour, certain issues of risk-taking behaviour in non-traffic situations are considered in order to assess whether knowledge from these areas can be applied to driving.     

The optimal allocation of a circular principal road based on the average traveling distance of an urban traffic model

In this paper, considering the average distance traveled by car commuters in principal roads, we theoretically give the optimal allocation of a circular principal road based on an urban traffic model. The results obtained and related properties are considered to be meaningful at the very beginning stage of designing some urban cities.     

车路协同路侧感知融合方法的研究

随着智能网联汽车技术和产业的不断发展,智能网联汽车逐渐成为人们交通出行的选择之一。但受智能网联汽车自身环境感知系统对特定道路交通场景信息处理的局限,无法实现在所有行驶工况下安全高效的运行,其需车路协同路侧感知技术的辅助方能更安全高效的运行。海量的车路协同感知数据是城市道路和高速公路车路协同、运行分析和科学管理的宝藏,理解和分析这些数据是车路协同路侧感知融合的关键。面对车路协同路侧多传感器的不同数据,如何高效准确地挖掘和提取雷达、视频在不同时间、不同空间维度的数据,实现对重点交通场景(如视野盲区、急转弯道、隧道、桥梁)和交通事件、环境、设施安全等的雷达、视频数据进行快速融合检测、识别与检索,通过蜂窝车联网C-V2X网络在一定时延范围内有效地将路侧感知融合结果数据发送给智能网联汽车,确保其安全高效的行驶,是面向智能网联汽车辅助驾驶的车路协同路侧感知融合的关键问题。基于智能网联汽车其自身环境感知能力,对道路智能基础设施感知网络中的多传感器融合方法进行研究分析,提出了基于误差方差的多传感器融合算法,与非智能道路相比,其效率更高,更加智能化,可有效解决道路交通运行环境中存在的常见问题,为人们提供更加安全、高效、优质的交通出行服务。     

城市中观交通仿真的交通流车簇模型

为了解决城市交通仿真模型仿真速度和仿真精确度的平衡问题,针对城市交通流运行特征,同时考虑影响交通流运行的若干因素,如车辆数目、红绿灯控制等,提出一种中观交通仿真车辆群体模法.该模型结合了宏观模型和微观模型的优点,同时对应的交通流配流算法解决了传统模型的不足,城市交通仿真实验结果表明了车辆群体模型和分配算法的合理性和有效性.     

高速公路合流区车间无线通讯安全辅助驾驶研究

针对高速公路入口匝道合流处易发生交通事故,而传统汽车安全辅助驾驶系统在这类区域无法实际应用等问题,提出了利用车间无线网络通讯、GPS与电子地图匹配等技术协同来解决这些问题。并采用基于前后车辆间跟驰模型的加速度风险评价标准作为安全评价,构建系统并在校园内进行了简单的道路实验。实验证明提出的方法可有效地解决传统汽车安全辅助驾驶系统中各类传感器失效而造成的问题,并可应用于极端的气候条件、特殊的路况包括交叉路口等复杂道路下的安全辅助驾驶等各类系统。     

Multiple Information Feedback Control Scheme for an Improved Car‐Following Model

Based upon the classical car‐following theory, an extended car‐following model considering variable safety distance (VSD) and time‐delay effect is constructed to improve driving efficiency and safety. Considering multiple preceding cars' speed differences and the difference between headway and safety distance, a new control signal is designed from the viewpoint of multiple information feedback control strategy. Stability criterion for the modified model is acquired by applying control theory. Several numerical simulations are used to show the effects of multiple preceding cars' speed changes and variable safety distance on car‐following phenomena, and the outcomes prove that the presented model can enhance traffic safety and suppress traffic jams.