黄豆、豆浆、豆渣中黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素的含量测定

建立同时测定黄豆中黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素的RP-HPLC法,为豆类食品中以上有效化学成分的检测和合理食用提供参考。样品经80%甲醇超声提取15 min,采用Eclipse XDB-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)色谱柱,以甲醇∶0.1%磷酸=62.5∶37.5为流动相,流速为1.00 mL/min,进样量为10μL,检测波长为254 nm。以峰面积计算结果为黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素分别在0.5³2.0 mg/L,4.032.0 mg/L,4.0¹28.0 mg/L,0.1128.0 mg/L,0.1¹6.0 mg/L呈良好线性关系,相关系数r均为0.999 9;测定黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素的高、中、低浓度精密度均<2.0%,三成分的重现性精密度分别为1.67%,0.06%,0.07%,表明该方法精密度和重现性良好。测定黄豆样品中黄豆苷,染料木苷,染料木素的平均含量分别为724.3,1 306.7,16.0μg/g。黄豆苷在其豆浆和豆渣中含量分别为黄豆的39.6%,23.2%;染料木苷在其豆浆、豆渣中分别为黄豆的53.5%,34.9%;染料木素在豆渣中含量约占黄豆的43.1%,而豆浆中因浓度低而未检出。     

黄豆、豆浆、豆渣中黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素的含量测定

建立同时测定黄豆中黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素的RP-HPLC法,为豆类食品中以上有效化学成分的检测和合理食用提供参考。样品经80%甲醇超声提取15 min,采用Eclipse XDB-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)色谱柱,以甲醇∶0.1%磷酸=62.5∶37.5为流动相,流速为1.00 mL/min,进样量为10μL,检测波长为254 nm。以峰面积计算结果为黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素分别在0.5~32.0 mg/L,4.0~128.0 mg/L,0.1~16.0 mg/L呈良好线性关系,相关系数r均为0.999 9;测定黄豆苷、染料木苷、染料木素的高、中、低浓度精密度均<2.0%,三成分的重现性精密度分别为1.67%,0.06%,0.07%,表明该方法精密度和重现性良好。测定黄豆样品中黄豆苷,染料木苷,染料木素的平均含量分别为724.3,1 306.7,16.0μg/g。黄豆苷在其豆浆和豆渣中含量分别为黄豆的39.6%,23.2%;染料木苷在其豆浆、豆渣中分别为黄豆的53.5%,34.9%;染料木素在豆渣中含量约占黄豆的43.1%,而豆浆中因浓度低而未检出。     

用大孔树脂从大豆乳清中纯化大豆异黄酮

引言 大豆异黄酮是大豆生长中形成的一类次生代谢产物.大豆异黄酮由于具有弱雌激素活性、抗氧化活性、抗溶血活性,能有效地预防和治疗癌症、骨质疏松、妇女更年期综合征等多种疾病,因此在保健食品和医药中有广泛的应用[1-4].大孔吸附树脂是一类新型的高分子分离材料,具有化学性质稳定、选择性吸附、再生简便等许多优点,在天然产物的分离纯化方面其应用日趋广泛[5-6].     

均匀设计与正交设计联用优选大叶千斤拔的微波辅助提取工艺研究

通过均匀设计与正交设计联用,优选大叶千斤拔中染料木素和染料木苷的微波辅助提取工艺。在微波功率700 W的条件下,以染料木素和染料木苷得率为考察指标,对解析剂比、微波时间、液料比、提取温度、提取时间5个因素进行均匀设计,并在此基础上选取因素水平范围进行正交实验。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率700 W,提取温度80℃,解析剂水用量7∶1 m L/g,微波时间120 s,液料比35∶1 m L/g,提取时间50 min。该工艺条件下,染料木素和染料木苷得率为1.380 4 mg/g。微波辅助提取法具有省时高效、提取物品质好等优点。正交设计与均匀设计联用是优选提取工艺的好方法,具有实验次数少、药材用量小、优选工艺可靠等优点,特别适用于珍贵药材有效成分的提取工艺研究。     

均匀设计与正交设计联用优选大叶千斤拔的微波辅助提取工艺研究

通过均匀设计与正交设计联用,优选大叶千斤拔中染料木素和染料木苷的微波辅助提取工艺。在微波功率700 W的条件下,以染料木素和染料木苷得率为考察指标,对解析剂比、微波时间、液料比、提取温度、提取时间5个因素进行均匀设计,并在此基础上选取因素水平范围进行正交实验。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率700 W,提取温度80℃,解析剂水用量7∶1 m L/g,微波时间120 s,液料比35∶1 m L/g,提取时间50 min。该工艺条件下,染料木素和染料木苷得率为1.380 4 mg/g。微波辅助提取法具有省时高效、提取物品质好等优点。正交设计与均匀设计联用是优选提取工艺的好方法,具有实验次数少、药材用量小、优选工艺可靠等优点,特别适用于珍贵药材有效成分的提取工艺研究。     

大豆异黄酮产生菌的筛选研究

在定向筛选大豆异黄酮染料木素过程中，找到一株编号为2002—66的放线链霉菌，将其初级代谢产物之一分离提纯，并得到该纯样品。测试样品经紫外、质谱、核磁等图谱综合分析得知其为染料木素。本文主要阐述了染料木素的筛选及分离鉴别方面的研究。     

Enhanced extraction of isoflavones from Korean soybean by ultrasonic wave

The amounts of isoflavones extracted from Korean soybean by various ultrasonic waves were compared using 60% aqueous ethanol solution. The effect on extraction yield of variations in solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time was investigated. The experimental results confirmed that ultrasonic waves are a desirable method to extract isoflavones from Korean soybean. The highest yield of aglycone isoflavones was obtained by ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 20 KHz and an extraction time of 10 min, which produced yields of glycoside and aglycone isoflavones three-fold greater than those by dipping method.     

Impacts of spray drying conditions on stability of isoflavones in microencapsulated soybean extract

Abstract

Soybean extract rich in isoflavones has attracted widespread attention for dietary supplement and pharmaceutical purposes. However, it has poor solubility and low stability. Encapsulation using spray drying is a good alternative for overcoming these problems in soybean extract. Isoflavones profiles in soybean extract are altered during encapsulation and storage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of spray drying conditions on the isoflavones profiles and the various properties of microencapsulated soybean extract. The studied parameters comprised the type of wall material (maltodextrin [MD], gum arabic [GA], and β-cyclodextrin [βCD]), inlet air temperature (130–170?°C) and storage time (0–6?months), while the investigated properties included moisture content, particle size, hygroscopicity, morphology, isoflavones content, encapsulation properties, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Type of wall material had a more significant impact on the properties of microencapsulated soybean extract than inlet air temperature. The degradation of total isoflavones during storage mainly depended on the inter-conversion level of isoflavones during encapsulation, hygroscopicity and heating history of microencapsulated soybean extract. The use of βCD as wall material could preserve total isoflavones after encapsulation and storage at 0.1–1.3 and 2.4–3.1 times that in the case of MD and 1.1–1.3 and 1.5–1.8 times that in the case of GA, respectively. Abbreviations AI aglycone isoflavones (daidzein and genistein)

AGI acetyl β-glucoside isoflavones (6″-O-acetyldaidzin and 6″-O-acetylgenistin)

βCD β-cyclodextrin

GA gum arabic

GI β-glucoside isoflavones (daidzin and genistin)

MD maltodextrin

MGI malonyl β-glucoside isoflavones (6″-O-malonyldaidzin and 6″-O-malonylgenistin)

SE soybean extract

SE-βCD microencapsulated soybean extract using β-cyclodextrin as wall material

SE-GA microencapsulated soybean extract using gum arabic as wall material

SE-MD microencapsulated soybean extract using maltodextrin as wall material

TI total isoflavones (sum of MGI, AGI, GI and AI)

     

Continuous hot pressurized fluids extraction of isoflavones and soyasaponins from defatted soybean flakes

This work examined the effect of pressure (413–4410 kPa), temperature (333–393 K), solvent flow rate (10–25 mL/min), ethanol-to-water ratio (0–95%) and the feed loading (80–450 g) on hot pressurized fluids extraction of isoflavones and soyasaponins from defatted soybean flakes. A four-factor Taguchi experimental design was employed to optimize operational conditions of these extractions. Experimental results indicated that 95% of isoflavones and 76% soyasaponins were recovered from defatted soybean flakes by using hot pressurized 80% ethanol extraction at 383 K, 551 kPa and 25 mL/min with a 80 g feed loading. The recovered isoflavones were further purified by a solid–liquid column packed with Amberlite XAD 16-HP resin. The content of isoflavones in the collected fraction could be enhanced from 1 to 58% by weight.     

响应面法优化大豆荚壳异黄酮超声-回流萃取工艺

利用超声萃取和回流萃取方法进行单因素实验,选取提取温度、超声时间和乙醇体积分数为影响因子,应用响应面法(RSM)优化大豆荚壳异黄酮的提取条件。结果表明,大豆荚壳异黄酮优化浸提条件为:提取温度83℃、乙醇体积分数为84%、超声时间30min、大豆荚壳颗粒150μm、液料比25:1、回流萃取时间90min、超声功率108W,大豆荚壳总异黄酮的得率为3.5mg/g。响应面法大豆荚壳总异黄酮的提取条件优化合理可行,为提高大豆荚壳总异黄酮的提取率提供了依据。     

Hypolipidemic effects of clofibrate and selected chroman analogs in fasted rats: I. Chow-fed animals

The hypolipidemic properties of ethyl 6-chlorochroman-2-carboxylate (II), ethyl 6-phenylchroman-2-carboxylate (III) and ethyl 6-cyclohexylchroman-2-carboxylate (IV) were compared to clofibrate (I) in fasted normolipidemic rats. The chroman analog II, like its parent compound, clofibrate, reduced serum and α-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Although analog III had no effect on serum cholesterol, it caused a slight elevation of α-lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Serum free cholesterol was increased and LCAT activity was reduced in clofibrate-treated rats. The hypolipidemic agents had no consistent effect on liver lipid concentrations and liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity. In addition, we have shown that drug efficacies varied directly with seasonal variations in serum lipid concentrations.     

Hypolipidemic effects of clofibrate and selected chroman analogs in fasted rats: II. High sucrose-fed animals

The hypolipidemic properties of ethyl 6-chlorochroman-2-carboxylate (II), 6-phenylchroman-2-carboxylate (III) and 6-cyclohexylchroman-2-carboxylate (IV) were compared to clofibrate (I) in sucrose-fed fasted male Sprague-Dawley rats. All compounds were administered at doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/kg, orally, twice daily for 7 consecutive days. In this model, II was a more effective hypocholesterolemic drug than clofibrate, whereas III and IV were inactive. Chlorochroman II, like clofibrate, decreased serum α-lipoprotein cholesterol and pre-β-lipoprotein triglyceride concentrations and concomitantly increased serum β-lipoprotein triglyceride concentrations. In clofibrate-treated rats, serum free cholesterol concentrations increased concurrent with a reduction in serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity, but no such correlation was observed for II. Only II lowered liver cholesterol levels and increased liver triglyceride levels. No consistent inhibition of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was observed with these analogs. The observed changes in triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations among serum lipoproteins were of a greater magnitude after chlorochroman II and clofibrate administration to sucrose-fed rats than in our previous studies using chow-fed fasted rats. These data suggest that chloro-substitution at the 6-position of the phenylchroman ring is important for hypolipidemic activity of these cyclic clofibrate analogs.     

Stabilization of epoxidized soybean oil‐plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) blends via thermal curing with genistein

In an effort to alleviate the well‐known toxicity effect of phthalate derivatives on human health, genistein (G) modified epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) has been investigated as an alternative “green” plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with potential application in medical products. As evidenced by a single glass transition that shifts systematically with composition in conjunction with the melting point depression of G crystals, ESBO is not only a good plasticizer to PVC, but also miscible with G. Moreover, ESBO is an excellent compatibilizer to the immiscible PVC/G pair. Furthermore, PVC/ESBO/G ternary blends revealed complete miscibility in the amorphous state. Of particular interest is that ESBO‐plasticized PVC is thermally curable with G at elevated temperatures above 220 °C and affords relatively stable G modified ESBO‐plasticized PVC for blood contact medical applications such as blood bags and hemodialysis tubings. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46472.     

Biliary and fecal steroid excretion in rats fed partially hydrogenated soybean oil

Male Wistar rats were fed cholesterol-free or cholesterol-enriched diets containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil with different levels of trans-fatty acids or unhydrogenated soybean oil at the 10% level. The linoleic acid content of hydrogenated fat diets was adjusted to 3.6% of the total energy. Hydrogenated fat diets contained 29% and 41% trans-acids, mainly as t-18:1. Trans-fats exerted no untoward effects on growth parameters, but increased liver weight. Dietary hydrogenated fats influenced neither the concentration nor composition of biliary steroids, irrespective of the presence or absence of cholesterol in the diet. In rats fed a cholesterol-free diet, daily fecal output of neutral and acidic steroids was enhanced by hydrogenated fats and the magnitude of augmentation was proportional to the dietary level of trans-fatty acids. The increased fecal steroid excretion corresponded to an increase in total excreta. Hydrogenated fats also tended to enhance bile acid excretion when feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet. The results suggest that dietary trans-fatty acids, in relation to cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids, provoke demonstrable change in steroid homeodynamics.     

Effects of fresh and used hydrogenated soybean oil on reproduction and teratology in rats

Groups of 25 pairs of two generations of male and female rats were fed diets containing 15% of either fresh hydrogenated soybean oil (iodine value, 107), a similar fat used 56 hr for deep frying or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils with a fatty acid composition similar to the hydrogenated soybean oil. The first two litters of each generation were permitted to be born naturally. During the third pregnancy of each generation, one-half of the females were sacrificed on day 13 of gestation and inspected for early embryonic death. The remaining females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation, and the fetuses were examined for either skeletal or softtissue abnormalities. There was no evidence of any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters nor any teratogenic effects due to either hydrogenated soybean oil, a similar oil used for frying foods for 56 hr or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils.     

Effects of fresh and used hydrogenated soybean oil on reproduction and teratology in rats

Groups of 25 pairs of two generations of male and female rats were fed diets containing 15% of either fresh hydrogenated soybean oil (iodine value, 107), a similar fat used 56 hr for deep frying or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils with a fatty acid composition similar to the hydrogenated soybean oil. The first two litters of each generation were permitted to be born naturally. During the third pregnancy of each generation, one-half of the females were sacrificed on day 13 of gestation and inspected for early embryonic death. The remaining females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation, and the fetuses were examined for either skeletal or softtissue abnormalities. There was no evidence of any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters nor any teratogenic effects due to either hydrogenated soybean oil, a similar oil used for frying foods for 56 hr or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils.     

Highly hydrogenated dietary soybean oil modifies the responses to polychlorinated biphenyls in rats

The effects of dietary highly hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO) upon the changes caused by dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were examined in rats. Six groups of rats were fed the following diets for 30 d: a 20% soybean oil-containing diet (control diet), a diet in which a half of soybean oil was substituted with HSO (HSO-A diet), a diet in which cellulose powder was replaced with HSO (HSO-B diet) and these diets supplemented with 100 ppm PCBs (control+PCBs, HSO-A+PCBs and HSO-B+PCBs diets). Hepatic concentration of PCBs and relative liver weight were markedly decreased in rats fed with the HSO-A+PCBs diet compared with those fed with the other diets containing PCBs. Liver lipids and liver cholesterol were considerably decreased with a reciprocal increase in fecal sterol excretion by rats fed the HSO-A+PCBs and the HSO-B+PCBs diets compared with those fed with the control+PCBs diet. The fatty acid composition in hepatic phospholipids showed an independent increase of the saturated fatty acid content induced by dietary HSO and PCBs. Dietary PCBs also caused decreases in the amounts of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results suggest that dietary HSO prevents accumulation of PCBs in the liver and promotes the excretion of lipids stimulated by PCBs, accompanied by a change in fatty acid metabolism.     

Effect of a novel soy fermented product enriched with isoflavones and calcium on bone tissue of rats

The objective was to evaluate the effect of soy fermented product intake on the corporal weight and bone tissue of ovariectomized mature rats. This product was fermented with Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus jugurti and enriched with isoflavones and calcium. The animals were divided in 5 groups: sham-ovariectomized; ovariectomized; ovariectomized treated with soy fermented product enriched with isoflavones and calcium; ovariectomized treated with soy fermented product enriched with calcium and ovariectomized treated with non-fermented product enriched only with calcium. In order to evaluate the effect of the tested product on bone tissue (femur and tibia), the following parameters were analyzed: length; mechanical assay of three points; density (Archimedes principle); mineral content; calcium content; measure of the trabecular widths. The corporal weight of group treated with soy fermented product containing isoflavones and calcium showed no statistical difference from sham-ovariectomized group and trabecular widths tended to have larger than ovariectomized group. However, there was no significant difference to the other evaluated parameters in result of the diverse treatments. Thus, soy fermented product enriched with isoflavones and calcium inhibited the increasing of corporal weight caused by ovariectomy and revealed a tendency to trabecular protection after castration.     

Hypolipidemic effects of β-cyclodextrin in the hamster and in the genetically hypercholesterolemic rico rat

The effect of increasing amounts of a cyclic oligosaccharide, β-cyclodextrin (BCD), included in the diet on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, was investigated in two animal models, namely in male genetically hypercholesterolemic Rico rats and in male Syrian hamsters. The distribution of bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract and in the feces of hamsters was also determined. In the Rico rats and hamsters, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides decreased linearly with increasing doses of BCD. In these two species, 20% BCD as compared to control diet lowered cholesterolemia (−35%) and triglyceridemia (−70%). In the hamster, the BCD diet caused a marked decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides in chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein, and in high density lipoproteins cholesterol. Composition and amounts of bile acids were modified in the gastrointestinal tract of hamsters receiving 10% BCD as compared to the control group. The total bile acid content of the gallbladder of treated hamsters was fourfold higher than in the control group, and the bile contained a large amount of hydrophilic bile acids. This trend was also observed in the small intestine, in which percentages and total quantities of cholic plus deoxycholic acids (cholic pathway) were higher than those of chenodeoxycholic plus ursodeoxycholic plus lithocholic acids (chenodeoxycholic pathway). The bile acid contents of the cecum and colon of treated hamsters were 2.7-fold higher than those of control animals, but the bile acid composition was similar in the two groups of hamsters. Fecal excretion of bile acids was 3.3-fold higher in the treated group than in the control group, and the percentage of lithocholic acid was markedly increased and close to that observed in the colon. The turnover of the chenodeoxycholic pool was twice as fast in treated hamsters as in control hamsters, whereas that of cholic acid was not significantly modified. These results suggest that BCD does not alter the microbial degradation of bile acids, but rather stimulates their synthesis and increases their pool size. BCD prevents the intestinal absorption of lithocholic acid and washes this cytotoxic bile acid from the colon. The hypocholesterolemic effect of BCD appears to be due to stimulation of bile acid synthesis.     

Hypolipidemic activity of amine-borane aducts of cyclohexylamine and toluidine in rodents

The amine-borane adducts of cyclohexylamine and toluidine were observed to be potent hypolipidemic agents in mice, I.P. and rats orally at 8 mg/kg/day lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels after 14-16 days. These compounds were able to lower tissue lipids including the cholesterol content of the aorta wall. The agents successfully lower VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol content while elevating HDL-cholesterol content significantly. The agents also modulate lipid regulatory enzyme activities in a manner to reduce liver lipid levels. These studies demonstrate that the nitrogen atom does not have to be apart of the aromatic ring as in heterocyclic-amine borane to afford good hypolipidemic activity in rodents.