活性炭基微孔炭膜制备及电化学性能

分别以高比表面积(860 m~2/g)活性炭和煤粉为原料,辅以煤沥青、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为粘结剂,聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)为造孔剂,采用压膜成形和焙烧工艺制备活性炭基炭膜(ACM)和煤基炭膜(CM),借助SEM、TG和电化学工作站等手段对炭膜结构与性能进行了表征.同时,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO_2/ACM和TiO_2/CM复合膜电极,探索其电催化水处理性能.结果表明,改变造孔剂含量可以有效调控炭膜孔径尺寸及分布,所制备微孔炭膜孔径范围0.16～0.82μm.与TiO_2/煤基炭膜(TiO_2/CM)复合膜电极相比,TiO_2/ACM复合膜电极具有更高的比表面积(55.9 m~2/g)、更优的电化学活性和电催化效率.以TiO_2/ACM复合膜电极为阳极构建电催化膜反应器(ECMR)对苯酚废水(COD为2 450 mg/L)处理,当电流密度为1 mA/cm~2、停留时间为12 min时,COD去除率高达92.4%.     

煤基管状炭膜的制备及应用

以煤为原料,与粘结剂混合后经挤压成型、炭化制备煤基管状炭膜.通过选用不同的煤种及加入模板剂对煤基炭膜的孔结构进行调控,并将其用于C/C复合气体分离膜支撑体及处理钛白废水、含油废水.结果表明:以煤基管状炭膜为支撑体,分别以聚醚砜酮(PPESK)和聚糠醇(PFA)为前体,采用浸渍涂膜法制备的气体分离用C/C复合膜,在25℃时H2/N2,O2/N2,CO2/N2的分离系数分别为104.3,13.7,21.8及347.0,12.5,31.4.经煤基炭膜处理后,钛白废水渗透液中TiO2的浓度为0.04 mg/L,TiO2的截留率为99.99%;含油废水的除油率可达到97%以上,渗透液中含油量小于10 mg/L.     

石墨烯/还原石墨烯修饰对CdS/FTO复合电极光电响应和稳定性的影响

采用水热沉积法制备了CdS/FTO玻璃复合光电材料,并进一步通过吸附-热处理法将GO、r-GO修饰至该光电活性材料表面,通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)等对该复合电极的形貌和结构进行了表征,使用电化学工作站、原子吸收分光光度计检测了材料的光电性能和稳定性。结果表明,石墨烯材料修饰对CdS的光电效果提升明显,经GO、r-GO修饰后的的CdS复合电极的最大光生电流密度分别提高至修饰前的1.73和1.47倍,电极的稳定性也得到显著增强,3 600s光照后,光电流密度保持率可达73%,远超未修饰电极的33%,且CdS的颗粒状态没有明显变化。     

NiCoP/炭电催化膜的制备及性能研究

以煤基炭膜为基膜,采用三电极体系的电化学沉积策略制备了NiCoP/炭电催化膜.通过XRD、SEM、XPS与EDS对NiCoP/炭电催化膜的形貌、结构与元素含量进行了分析,并考察了电催化膜对溴甲酚绿的去除效果.结果表明,NiCoP催化剂均匀担载在煤基炭膜表面;当外加直流电压为2.5 V时,新型NiCoP/炭电催化膜对溴甲酚绿去除率维持在88.46%,表现出良好的染料废水处理性能与可重复使用性能.     

采用两步炭化法和熔盐模板法制备N、S共掺杂煤基硬炭及共储钠性能（英文）

硬炭因资源丰富、结构稳定及安全性高等优势,已成为钠离子电池常用阳极材料。其中,煤基衍生硬炭受到了广泛的关注。本工作以长焰煤为碳源,硫脲为氮硫源,NaCl为模板,通过两步炭化工艺和杂原子掺杂相结合的方法合成了N和S共掺杂的煤基硬炭(NSPC1200)。两步炭化过程在调节碳微晶结构和扩大层间距方面发挥了重要的作用。N和S的共掺杂调节了炭材料的电子结构,赋予其更多的活性位点;此外,引入NaCl作为模板有助于孔结构的构建,有利于电极和电解质之间的接触,从而实现Na⁺和电子的有效传输。在协同作用下,样品NSPC1200表现出优异的储钠能力,在20 mAg^-1电流密度下呈现314.2 mAhg^-1的可逆容量。即使在100 mAg^-1下循环200次,仍保持224.4 mAhg^-1的比容量。这项工作成功实现了策略性调整煤基炭材料微观结构的目标,最终获得了具有优异的电化学性能的硬炭阳极。     

p-n异质结BiVO4/g-C3N4光阳极的制备及其光电化学水解性能

钒酸铋(BVO)可用于光电化学(PEC)水解产氢,但受限于其缓慢的表面水氧化动力学,在电极表面修饰单一的析氧助催化剂达不到理想的性能。本工作在BVO电极表面修饰FeNiO_x助催化剂可以显著降低起始电压,增强光电化学性能。此外,沉积g-C₃N₄后修饰FeNiO_x助催化剂得到的光电极具有更优异的性能。厚度适合的g-C₃N₄纳米片与BVO构成Ⅱ型p-n异质结,有效抑制了光生电子空穴的复合,促进了电极的电荷分离。电化学测试结果表明,沉积了g-C₃N₄后,电极的电荷分离效率达到88.2%,比BVO/FeNiO_x (60.6%)提升了近1.5倍。经过g-C₃N₄和FeNiO_x协同修饰的BVO/g-C₃N₄/Fe Ni O_x电极,表面电荷注入效率达到了90.2%,同时,在1....     

煤基多孔炭膜去除压载水中微藻的研究

针对船舶压载水转移所引起的外来生物入侵问题, 开发了以廉价煤为原料经挤压成型、炭化等工艺制备出煤基管状多孔炭膜。分别采用扫描电镜和气体泡压技术对煤基炭膜的微观形貌和孔结构特性进行表征, 并详细考察了压载水处理过程中微藻种类、跨膜压差、错流速率以及微藻密度对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明, 煤基炭膜表面光滑, 孔隙结构发达, 孔径均一, 这非常有利于处理压载水中微藻。压载水中微藻尺寸越大, 膜的稳定通量越小; 增大跨膜压差, 膜的稳定通量增幅变缓, 尤其对含有小球藻和叉鞭金藻的模拟压载水, 因其尺寸与炭膜平均孔径相近, 容易受压变形进入膜孔形成膜内污染, 变缓程度更为明显; 增大错流流速可增大膜表面剪切力, 减少微藻在膜表面堆积, 提高炭膜的稳定通量; 提高藻液密度, 加重膜表面污染, 降低膜的稳定通量。经炭膜处理后, 渗透液中均未检出微藻的存在, 显示出煤基多孔炭膜在船舶压载水处理领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

水杨酸和精氨酸改性二氧化钛颗粒的制备及其在油-水界面的光催化反应

采用浸渍改性法将水杨酸与精氨酸同时接枝到纳米TiO₂表面制备了水杨酸和精氨酸共改性二氧化钛颗粒(TiO₂-SA/Arg), 并采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热失重分析(TGA)、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高倍透射电子显微(HRTEM)、表面接触角测试及粒度分布分析等技术对材料的形貌、结构及性能进行表征, 同时研究了催化剂对硝基苯的吸附性能及在油-水界面的吸附能力。结果表明: 水杨酸和精氨酸分别以螯合和桥连结构稳定修饰到TiO₂表面, 与未改性TiO₂相比, 水杨酸和精氨酸共改性TiO₂疏水性及分散性更好, 对硝基苯的吸附能力更强, 并可在油-水界面稳定吸附形成O/W型Pickering乳液。研究了Pickeing乳液光催化体系对硝基苯的去除能力, 与悬浮体系相比, 改性颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液体系对高浓度硝基苯去除效率较高。     

TiO_2-Pt/CuS光电材料的制备及性能研究

采用电化学沉积Pt和化学沉积CuS的方法对TiO2纳米管阵列电极进行复合修饰,获得了二元TiO2-Pt和三元TiO2-Pt/CuS纳米结构体系。用SEM和TEM-EDS对催化剂进行了表征,并用水和有机物作为目标物,评价所制备的催化剂的光电活性。结果表明,TiO2在电化学和化学沉积后都能够保持原有形貌;Pt在纳米管内和阵列表面都有沉积,部分CuS与Pt形成混相复合状态。水的分解和有机物的降解的结果表明,所制备的光电材料的光电活性顺序为TiO2-Pt/CuSTiO2-PtTiO2。     

硝酸活化时间对煤基电极材料结构及性能的影响

研究了硝酸活化时间对煤基电极材料表面性质及吸附性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对煤基电极材料表面性质及形貌进行表征。研究表明,随着硝酸活化时间的延长,煤基电极材料的活化产率和抗压强度逐渐减小,而碘吸附值则呈先增大后减小的趋势,材料表面羧基、内酯基及酚羟基含量逐渐增加。活化8h时煤基电极材料的收率为67.64%,抗压强度为0.234 MPa,碘吸附值达到了301.72mg·g~(-1),表面含氧官能团总量提高了1.44倍。电化学测试结果表明,煤基电极具有良好的电容特性并形成稳定的双电层结构,活化时间越长,扩散过程内阻越小。电吸附处理后氰化废水中各离子的去除率均随活化时间的延长而增大,活化8h时铜及总氰离子的去除率分别可达到90%与68%。     

基于不同浓度铂对电极的染料敏化太阳能电池的性能研究

染料敏化太阳能电池对电极上用于催化的铂的浓度对电池的光电转换性能有重要的影响,特别是当光从对电极射入染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)时.制备了不同铂浓度对电极的电池,研究了光从对电极入射时,铂对内部阻抗、光吸收效率等的影响,优化出最佳的铂浓度.结果表明,10mmol/L为最佳对电极入射铂浓度,在一定浓度范围内,开路电压(...     

Pt‐Free Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years as potential cost‐effective alternatives to silicon‐based and thin‐film solar cells. Within typical DSSCs, the counter electrode (CE) is vital to collect electrons from the external circuit and catalyze the I₃^? reduction in the electrolyte. Careful design of the CEs can improve the catalytic activity and chemical stability associated with the liquid redox electrolyte used in most cells. In this Progress Report, advances made by our groups in the development of CEs for DSSCs are reviewed, highlighting important contributions that promise low‐cost, efficient, and robust DSSC systems. Specifically, we focus on the design of novel Pt‐free CE catalytic materials, including design ideas, fabrication approaches, characterization techniques, first‐principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations, ab‐initio Car‐Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations, and stability evaluations, that serve as practical alternatives to conventional noble metal Pt electrodes. We stress the merits and demerits of well‐designed Pt‐free CEs, such as carbon materials, conductive polymers, transition metal compounds (TMCs) and their corresponding hybrids. Also, the prospects and challenges of alternative Pt catalysts for their applications in new‐type DSSCs and other catalytic fields are discussed.     

Graphene supported platinum nanoparticle counter-electrode for enhanced performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

Composites of few layered graphene (G) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NP) with different loadings of Pt were used as counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). NPs were deposited directly on to G using pulsed laser ablation method (PLD). DSSCs formed using the composite CEs show improved performance compared to conventional Pt thin film electrode (Std Pt) and unsupported Pt NPs. Composite with 27% loading of Pt shows 45% higher efficiency (η = 2.9%), greater short circuit current (J(sc) = 6.67 mA cm(-2)), and open circuit voltage (V(oc) = 0.74 V) without any loss of the fill factor (FF = 58%) as compared to the cells fabricated using Std Pt electrodes. Values of η, J(sc) and V(oc) for DSSC using Std Pt CE were 2%, 5.05 mA cm(-2) and 0.68 V, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using I(-)(3)/I(-) redox couple confirm lower values of charge transfer resistance for the composite electrodes, e.g., 2.36 Ω cm(2) as opposed to 7.73 Ω cm(2) of Std Pt. The better catalytic activity of these composite materials is also reflected in the stronger I(-)(3) reduction peaks in cyclic voltammetry scans.     

透明MSe2@氮掺杂碳膜对电极用于钴电解质双面DSSC

用层层自组装法制备一种M-TCPP(M=Ni、Fe)薄膜,然后原位硒化制备出MSe₂和氮掺杂碳的复合透明膜(MSe₂@NCF),将其用作对电极并结合钴电解质的特点制备了双面DSSC。对MSe₂@NCF的形貌、结构和电化学性能进行表征,并探讨了从正面和背面辐射DSSC时电池的电荷传输路线和光伏性能的区别。结果表明,NiSe₂@NCF具有可与Pt相媲美的催化活性,用其组装的双面DSSC从正面辐射和背面辐射其PCE分别为8.19%和6.02%,与用Pt电极组装DSSC的PCE(8.46%和6.23%)接近。     

Synthesis of novel counter electrode by combination of mesoporous–macroporous CZTS films for enhanced performance of quantum-dots sensitized solar cells

This present study aims to manifest the potential of CZTS films as a low-cost counter electrode (CE) in quantum-dots sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Hitherto, numerous researchers have reported the application of either CZTS nano particles or films as a counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cells. However, its use in QDSSCs is scarcely reported. Herein, CdS quantum-dots sensitized ZnO film is used as photoanode. In the beginning, as a counter electrode, two different CZTS films (mesoporous and macroporous) are prepared using two different deposition techniques (spray pyrolysis and spin coating, respectively). For the meso-CZTS film, high V_OC and FF are observed, whereas, for the macro-CZTS film, high J_SC is observed. Hence, to take the advantage of both, subsequently, a film (meso–macro-CZTS) comprising mesoporous film upon the macroporous film is prepared and applied as CE. For the meso–macro-CZTS, substantial enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) is observed. Additionally, to compare the results with commonly reported CEs (SnS/FTO and Pt–FTO) are also applied in QDSSCs. Moreover, to improve the PCE combination of these CEs along with meso–macro-CZTS, for instance, CZTS/SnS/FTO and CZTS/Pt–FTO are also applied as CE. The highest efficiency of 4.34% is achieved with CZTS/Pt–FTO.     

Surface treatment effect of carbon fiber fabric counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cell

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) with surface modified carbon fiber fabric (CF) counter electrodes were prepared and tested. Four different type of CF were used; carbon fiber (CF); carbon fiber etched with NaOH (ECF); carbon fiber with thermally deposited platinum (CFPt); and carbon fiber etched with NaOH followed by thermal deposition of platinum (ECFPt). For comparison, DSSC with thermally Pt deposited fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO/Pt) glass counter electrode was also prepared and tested. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) proved that surface morphology of the carbon fiber was roughened by the etching process and platinum deposition process. The I-V curves of each DSSC were measured under simulated light (1 Sun, AM 1.5) to get open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (eta). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of each cell was measured also. It was found that higher efficiency is obtained in order of using ECFPt > CFPt > FTO/Pt > ECF > CF counter electrode.     

染料敏化太阳能电池中纯铂对电极的研究进展

作为染料敏化太阳能电池的重要组成部分,对电极的催化性能和价格直接关系到电池的光电转换效率和成本。作为对电极的催化材料,导电聚合物、碳材料和无机化合物等材料虽成本低廉,但其催化性能仍不及金属铂。因此,重点综述了近年来染料敏化太阳能电池纯铂对电极的研究状况,并指出了纯铂对电极中有待解决的问题及今后的发展方向,同时还介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池的工作原理和对电极的作用。     

染料敏化太阳能电池过渡金属化合物对电极制备方法研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs)作为制作工艺简易, 成本低廉, 环境友好的新型太阳能电池, 其发展一直备受关注。对电极作为DSSC的核心部件之一, 其制备工艺会直接影响到DSSC的发展和应用。以低成本高性能的催化材料代替传统的贵金属Pt对电极是降低DSSC生产成本的有效途径之一。具有类Pt催化性能的过渡金属化合物(TMCs)由于种类繁多, 制备方式简单多样, 近年来成为DSSC对电极研究中的热点。本文综述了DSSC过渡金属化合物对电极的最新研究进展, 总结概括了过渡金属化合物对电极的制备方法以及性能特点, 并对其发展方向和应用前景进行了分析。     

碳材料在染料敏化太阳能电池和钙钛矿太阳能电池对电极中的应用进展

染料敏化太阳能电池和钙钛矿太阳能电池是目前太阳能电池领域的研究热点,但这两种电池中使用的传统对电极材料,如Pt和Au等稀有且价格昂贵,不利于大规模量产。碳材料作为除Pt,Au等之外的另一种候选材料,其种类丰富且成本低廉,作为对电极应用在这两类电池中具有逐渐接近甚至超越传统电池的光电转换效率,表现出良好的应用前景。本文综述了作为两类电池对电极的碳材料具备的结构、性能及对电池光伏性能的影响,着重介绍各种形式的碳材料应用于对电极的最新研究进展,并指出现有研究存在的局限性与待解决的问题,讨论了碳材料对电极未来的研究方向。     

硫化亚锡敏化纳晶TiO2膜的制备及光电性能研究

采用简单的离子交换沉积法制备了SnS敏化的纳晶TiO₂光阳极。通过SEM、XRD、UV-Vis等手段对光阳极的表面形貌, 晶态结构, 紫外-可见吸收和散射性能进行表征。并分别以聚苯胺和铂为催化剂制备对电极, 以含碘氧化还原电对和硫氧化还原电对溶液为电解质, 组装SnS敏化太阳能电池, 对其光电性能进行研究。通过比较不同光阳极、电解质和对电极的组合, 发现用光阳极为离子交换沉积9次SnS的纳晶TiO₂膜, 对电极为聚苯胺不锈钢网压片膜, 电解质为含硫氧化还原电对溶液组装的太阳能电池光电性能最佳, 其短路电流、开路电压、填充因子和光电转换效率分别达到4.59 mA/cm²、0.547 V、0.505和1.27%。