我国能力验证项目研究热点可视化分析

为掌握我国能力验证工作的发展脉络和研究现状,采用文献计量和知识图谱的可视化分析法,选取1999—2017年国内公开发表的能力验证工作研究论文5145篇,使用Origin、统计产品与服务解决方案软件(SPSS)和中国知网(CNKI)计量可视化分析系统,从发文数量、作者、机构、基金等方面对该领域的研究论文进行分析,基于共词技术构建高频关键词共词矩阵,并对矩阵进一步聚类分析和多维尺度分析。分析结果认为能力验证研究热点集中在两大主题,分别为:能力验证项目实施过程,包括样品的均匀性稳定性检测和结果的评价;能力验证项目在实验室质量控制和管理中的作用。其中能力验证项目实施过程属于目前的重点和热点。所进行的研究对了解我国能力验证项目的发展动态,推动我国能力验证项目的深化和国际化将产生重要的意义。     

Erratum: Employment Test Validation for Minority and Nonminority Telephone Operators.

Reports an error in the original article by Gael et al (Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 60(4) Aug 1975, 411-419). There is a typographical error in Table S on page 417. In the last column, the predicted criterion value for the white sample should be 339 rather than 399. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-28555-001.) Validated 10 pencil-and-paper tests against telephone operator proficiency measured in specially developed job simulations. Job analysis information plus patterns of validity coefficients for a nationwide sample (N = 1,091) working in 3 different telephone operator jobs indicated that a number of behavioral dimensions were common to all 3 jobs. Data, therefore, were combined across jobs and analyzed separately for Black, Spanish-surnamed, and White operators. A composite of the 4 maximally predictive tests was significantly predictive of a composite criterion for all ethnic groups, but less so for the Spanish-surnamed. Ethnic regression-line slopes and intercepts differed significantly. The common regression equation generally did not underpredict minority operator proficiency, and a composite test cutoff considered fair for minority and nonminority applicants is recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

能力验证提升实验室检测水平的实证研究

为分析能力验证对实验室检测能力提升的促进方式,定量能力验证对实验室检测能力的提升效能,分析了305家实验室2010-2015年间参加柴油检测能力验证的3 133个评价结果和能力评价统计量|Z|值的变动趋势。研究表明,随参加能力验证次数增加,实验室检测能力显著提高,但单次能力验证不能有效保证持续检测能力。通过3轮能力验证,实验室能够基本消除检测过程中的关键错误。对于不同检测项目间能力验证的相互作用研究表明,通过参加某一项目的能力验证,实验室提高了其他项目的技术水平,表明能力验证能够促进实验室整体能力提升,而非局限于单一的检测项目。能力验证对实验室检测能力的作用方式可分为2种,一种通过消除检测技术的关键错误,直接提升能力验证参加项目的技术水平;另一种通过提升实验室整体管理能力,间接提升其他检测项目的技术水平。     

Time in training as a criterion of success in radio code.

Time taken to attain a required level of proficiency is proposed as a criterion of later success. In a validation study of the Navy Radio Code Aptitude Test, the time required to reach a proficiency of 20 words per minute was used along with progress test scores, for three groups of trainees. Time in training varied from one week to two and three-quarter weeks, the NRCAT correlated higher with time in training than with the progress test or final proficiency test scores, and time in training was substantially correlated with final proficiency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparative study of aptitude patterns in unskilled and skilled psychomotor performances.

"A cross-sectional and longitudinal comparison was made of abilities involved at early and late stages of proficiency on a variety of complex psychomotor tasks… [by]… giving extended practice on seven different tasks to the same Ss who also received a battery of reference tests [from factor analyses]… . Factors were defined by the reference tests, and the resulting loadings of these in different stages of practice in the psychomotor tasks were examined. The results confirm and extend previous findings… which indicate considerable, but systematic, changes in the patterns of abilities contributing to proficiency on complex tasks as training continues and proficiency increases." 18 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

能力验证活动在济钢的实践探索

根据实验室实际应用的经验及相关标准,分析了组织和设计能力验证活动时需考虑的因素,总结了参加能力验证活动时需遵循的基本原则,对类似实验室有效开展能力验证活动具有一定的指导意义。     

Evaluation of typewriting proficiency training: Preliminary test development.

Development of parallel forms of a measure of office typing proficiency for use as an employment test and for assessing the results of industrial training programs used 168 persons at terminal stages of college typing training as Ss. The 2 forms do not differ in difficulty or in the shape of the distributions of scores. Reliabilities of .77 (speed) and .88 (errors) were found for the production test (business letters, tables, rough drafts), and of .97 and .73 for straight copy work. Large and significant gains in test scores followed terminal training. Validity coefficients (with dichotomized instructors' rankings) ranged between .56 and .80, with cross-validity coefficients ranging between .55 and .67 for 8, 6, 3, and 2 predictor variables. The tests appear to be satisfactory for the purposes intended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness.

Investigated the factors influencing the English word identification performance of Spanish-speaking beginning readers. Beginning readers were administered tests of letter naming, Spanish phonological awareness, Spanish and English word recognition, and Spanish and English oral proficiency. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that the readers' performance on English word and pseudoword recognition tests was predicted by the levels of both Spanish phonological awareness and Spanish word recognition, thus indicating cross-language transfer. In contrast, neither English nor Spanish oral proficiency affected word-identification performance. Results suggest a specific way in which 1st-language learning and experience can aid children in the beginning stages of reading. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

中低合金钢化学成分能力验证样品制备及均匀性检验流程探讨

选取和制备在测试水平、基质等方面与参加者日常检测样品相同或相似,且均匀性优良的能力验证样品,一直是成功开展实验室能力验证活动的关键。通过具有典型意义的中低合金钢能力验证项目运作和实施,探讨并给出此类能力验证项目在样品选材、加工、制备,以及样品均匀性检验方面的一般原则和方法,并对中低合金钢能力验证样品制备及均匀性检验相关问题进行探讨。希望此研究能够对从事相关能力验证工作的人员具有一定的帮助和指导作用。     

Employment test validation for minority and nonminority telephone operators.

Validated 10 pencil-and-paper tests against telephone operator proficiency measured in specially developed job simulations. Job analysis information plus patterns of validity coefficients for a nationwide sample (N = 1,091) working in 3 different telephone operator jobs indicated that a number of behavioral dimensions were common to all 3 jobs. Data, therefore, were combined across jobs and analyzed separately for Black, Spanish-surnamed, and White operators. A composite of the 4 maximally predictive tests was significantly predictive of a composite criterion for all ethnic groups, but less so for the Spanish-surnamed. Ethnic regression-line slopes and intercepts differed significantly. The common regression equation generally did not underpredict minority operator proficiency, and a composite test cutoff considered fair for minority and nonminority applicants is recommended. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

我国能力验证技术服务能力情况分析

通过研究我国能力验证提供者(PTP)的认可能力范围和全国检验检测机构的检测服务能力范围之间的对应关系,分析能力验证在检测领域的开展情况以及领域覆盖情况。结果表明,目前我国能力验证技术服务基本能够满足合格评定要求,但是发展不均衡,规模不够大,专职提供能力验证服务的PTP少,超过50%的PTP能提供的能力验证服务少于20个;能力验证服务领域覆盖窄,在实验室认可细分的二级领域覆盖率只有50%左右,三级领域的覆盖率基本都少于50%,尚无法满足检验检测机构能力提升的需求。最后,针对我国能力验证的发展,提出了相关建议和措施。     

Language proficiency as a moderator variable in testing academic aptitude.

Students from 3 public (n?=?225) and 3 private schools (n?=?186) in Puerto Rico took the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), Prueba de Aptitud Académica (PAA), Pruebas de Aprovechamiento Académico, and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The strength of the relationship between scores on the SAT given in English and on the PAA given in Spanish increased as proficiency in English as a 2nd language increased. It is concluded that scores on tests of student proficiency in English as a 2nd language, such as the TOEFL for an international population or the English as a Second Language Achievement Test for a Hispanic population, not only indicate readiness for academic study in English but may also bear on the interpretation and use of other tests given in English. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Employment test validation for minority and nonminority clerks with work sample criteria.

10 tests of intellectual ability and perceptual speed and accuracy were validated against specially developed clerical work samples of telephone company employees, using a newly hired sample of 143 Blacks, 74 Spanish-surnamed, and 195 Whites. Most validity coefficients were statistically significant, and in only 2 out of 36 comparisons were ethnic sample validity coefficients significantly different. A combination of 4 tests was significantly predictive of clerical proficiency for each ethnic sample and for the total combined sample. Comparisons of ethnic sample regression equations indicated that the slopes were essentially the same but that the intercepts differed significantly. The total sample regression equation did not underpredict prospective proficiency levels for minority clerks. A composite predictor found to be appropriate for minority and nonminority applicants for clerical jobs is recommended for employment office use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gesture and early bilingual development.

The relationship between speech and gestural proficiency was investigated longitudinally (from 2 years to 3 years 6 months, at 6-month intervals) in 5 French-English bilingual boys with varying proficiency in their 2 languages. Because of their different levels of proficiency in the 2 languages at the same age, these children's data were used to examine the relative contribution of language and cognitive development to gestural development. In terms of rate of gesture production, rate of gesture production with speech, and meaning of gesture and speech, the children used gestures much like adults from 2 years on. In contrast, the use of iconic and beat gestures showed differential development in the children's 2 languages as a function of mean length of utterance. These data suggest that the development of these kinds of gestures may be more closely linked to language development than other kinds (such as points). Reasons why this might be so are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between measures of body fat and gross motor proficiency.

Sought to determine the relationship between body fat and various components of gross motor proficiency. 10 tests of gross motor performance, previously shown by E. A. Fleishman (1964) to be reliable diagnostic indexes of 9 separate gross motor factors, were administered to 56 students in the US Naval School of Diving and Salvage. Six anthropometric indicators of body fat were also obtained from each S. Factor analyses confirmed the structure of the measures of physical proficiency and indicated the presence of a single dimension for body fatness. Tests of the relationships between body fatness and the components of physical proficiency revealed a selective effect where body fatness was significantly related to performance on only 3 of the 9 component measures: dynamic strength, gross body coordination, and stamina. Controlling for S age reduced the magnitude of the correlations by a slight degree but did not otherwise alter the relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measured vocational interests in relation to intraoccupational proficiency.

What is the relationship between vocational interests and occupational proficiency? Based on a study of shorthand skill involving 1100 female students, the data were subjected to statistical tests of significance and the linear regression predictive technique for cross-validation purposes. Tests employed included an interest inventory, a shorthand proficiency test, and an intelligence test plus a scale constructed to differentiate responses of superior and inferior criterion groups. The latter "worked": "Members of an occupational group can be classified on the basis of interests, with respect to quality of occupational performance." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Becoming team players: Team members' mastery of teamwork knowledge as a predictor of team task proficiency and observed teamwork effectiveness.

The authors explored the idea that teams consisting of members who, on average, demonstrate greater mastery of relevant teamwork knowledge will demonstrate greater task proficiency and observed teamwork effectiveness. In particular, the authors posited that team members' mastery of designated teamwork knowledge predicts better team task proficiency and higher observer ratings of effective teamwork, even while controlling for team task proficiency. The authors investigated these hypotheses by developing a structural model and testing it with field data from 92 teams (1,158 team members) in a United States Air Force officer development program focusing on a transportable set of teamwork competencies. The authors obtained proficiency scores on 3 different types of team tasks as well as ratings of effective teamwork from observers. The empirical model supported the authors' hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: II. Protocol design and testing procedures

This paper describes the development of the protocol for the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)-sponsored Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods, including background on the methods and chemicals selected, as well as details concerning the conduct of the collaborative study, including proficiency testing, range-finding and main study. Participating laboratories in the collaborative study received training in the conduct and scoring of the behavioral tests and each laboratory received a video training film to train additional personnel as needed. Each of the eight laboratories that chose to participate in the study completed proficiency testing and assessed seven representative chemicals using a functional observational battery and automated motor activity assessment. The seven chemicals studied were acrylamide, bis-acrylamide, p,p'-DDT, lead acetate, parathion, toluene, and triethyl tin. Participants received coded samples of the chemicals from a common source. Each laboratory derived doses for single and repeated administration based on the determination of a within-laboratory acute "top dose." Animal strains were not standardized and laboratory conditions were standardized to a limited degree in order to judge the general utility and robustness of these procedures in a diversity of testing situations.     

Fallibility of urine drug screens in monitoring methadone programs

Urine specimens containing five different drugs, each at three levels of concentration with zero to five drugs in a specimen, were sent to two "approved" laboratories. In only 46.9% and 13.8%, respectively, were all drugs present correctly identified and no false-positive results reported. With some allowances, the results improved to 53.8% and 49.4%. If these tests are to be continued then (1) the fallibility of these tests should be known by all treatment personnel, (2) laboratories should be licensed rather than merely approved, and (3) maintenance of the license should be made contingent on passing "blind" proficiency tests.