小波分析在管道缺陷超声检测中的应用

在管道缺陷超声无损检测中，作为检测基本数据的脉冲反射回波信号受到电子噪声(包括热噪声和量化噪声)和结构噪声的干扰，使材料的缺陷信号变得难以识别。小波变换借助于时．频局部分析特性，已成为现代信号处理中的一种重要方法。在阐述小波变换基本原理的基础上，研究了管道超声缺陷信号的小波分解与重构。利用此方法对超声信号进行分析，可方便地识别是否存在缺陷以及缺陷的位置。     

小波多分辨分析在超声回波信号去噪中的应用

在超声回波信号检测过程中，如何进行降噪处理一直是信号处理研究的焦点之一。该文应用具有优良的时频局部化能力的小波多分辨分析技术对回波信号作降噪处理，提取出材料缺陷处超声回波的主要特征信号。通过选取合适的分解和重构滤波器组，在有救提高信号的信噪比的同时也保持了良好的分辨率，从而实现缺陷识别和定位。在仿真实验中基于MATLAB环境对实际测量得到的超声回波信号进行噪声信号处理及特征提取，仿真结果证明了小波多分辨分析应用于超声回波信号降噪处理的有效性。     

可编程放大器在超声测距中的应用

超声测距是目前普遍使用的测量技术之一。超声测距的原理是利用超声波在介质中传播损耗小、速度快等特点，以电声换能器自发声点向被测物体发射超声波，超声波到达被测物体产生的反射回波信号被电声换能器接收，则可测得超声波在该介质中的传播时间。根据超声波在介质中的传播速度和传播时间，就可计算出被测物体上声波反射点与声源所在点间的距离。设V为超声波在介质中的传播速度，令t为超声波在发射和反射路径上的传播总平间，则被测物体声波反射点与声源所在点间的距离D由下式确定：D＝V会一’2当测量距离较小时，超声回波信号较强；而…     

固体中激光超声的机理及应用研究

在固体中利用激光产生超声波,可作为超声测量和材料无损检测的一种新方法。介绍了激光超声的机理、光激超声波信号的检测方法及其应用。     

高炉炉墙测厚的信号处理

超声波反射法应用于高炉炉墙测厚时,高炉内部环境高温高噪声的特点,造成超声回波信号被噪声湮没的问题;针对这一问题,研究了超声波在金属介质中传播的机理,分析了超声回波信号信噪比下降的原因以及实验数据时域和频域的特征,设计改进了高炉炉墙测厚的超声波发射电路和信号调理电路;采用加热炉模拟高炉200~1 000℃温度环境,对直径40mm、长度1.2m的铁棒进行测厚实验;经实测,改进的发射电路发射的超声信号强度增大,回波处理电路处理后超声回波信号信噪比明显提高、峰值清晰可辩,解决了噪声湮没回波信号的问题,提高了高炉炉墙测厚的测量精度,对高炉的高产、顺产和延长炉龄具有实际意义。     

摩擦焊接头超声波检测缺陷信号智能识别

为使超声波无损检测准确识别摩擦焊接头的弱结合缺陷,本文利用小波包分析法分析处理超声波检测的回波信号,利用“能量-故障”法提取各检测信号的信号特征,将信号特征向量作为输入量引入到利用改进算法所构建的信号识别神经网络中,使其对接头中的缺陷进行后端分类和识别处理,从而实现了摩擦焊接头缺陷的智能识别。实验结果表明该方法具有较高的准确度。     

基于全相位FFT超声波流量计的相位检测方法研究

针对传统相位差法超声流量计在相位测量中易受外界干扰、准确度低的问题,提出了一种基于全相位快速傅立叶变换算法的超声波流量计相位检测方法。该方法由PLL时钟发生器产生两个频率相近的正弦信号分别用于激励与混频,并通过差频技术将混频后的参考信号与回波目标信号的相位信息从高频处理为低频信号,再由16位ADC对信号同步采样。超声波采样信号通过全相位预处理后进行FFT计算,得到准确的相位结果。同时,对比分析了全相位FFT的抗干扰性和采样频率对相位测量精度的影响,并将设计的电路应用于超声波液体流量测量,最终实验结果表明超声波流量计样机的测量误差优于1%,测量量程比为160：1。     

基于小波包及小波神经网络的光纤熔接缺陷模式识别

介绍光纤熔接缺陷的识别在光纤通信中的重要意义。应用超声波探伤仪系统对光纤熔接点进行检测,针对缺陷信号特点提出利用小波包分析提取缺陷特征值和应用小波神经网络进行模式识别的方法,实现了从检测到的超声信号中提取出反映缺陷性质的相关信息,并通过这些信息对其进行分析,建立网络模型以实现缺陷定性识别。实验结果表明,小波包分析充分利用了缺陷回波信号的时域、频域信息,将频带进行多层次划分,对多分辨分析没有细分的高频部分进一步分解,并能够根据被分析信号的特征,自适应地选择相应频带,使之与信号频谱相匹配,从而提高了时一频分辨率,而小波神经网络良好的局部放大特性和多分辨率学习特性使缺陷的定性分类获得了较高的准确率。     

高精度超声波液位测量系统设计

随着工业生产中对在线液位检测技术要求的不断提升,需要更适用于工业生产、精度更高的测量设备。对基于脉冲回波法的超声波液位检测系统进行了研究和改进,介绍了其工作原理及系统结构。以STM32F407为控制器,设计了超声波信号的产生、接收、处理、采集等电路。发射电路对脉冲宽度调制(PWM)脉冲升压驱动超声波换能器产生超声波,接收电路先对信号进行限幅和滤波处理。通过放大数据将脉冲信号处理成更易分析的低频信号,利用控制器的直接内存存取(DMA)功能实现对信号的连续采集。通过辨识回波信号起始时刻,建立渡越时间与液位之间的关系。试验结果表明,在70 mm的范围内,系统误差小于1 mm。该设计为密闭容器的液位测量提供了一种高精度的检测方法,同时为工业领域的液位在线自动检测提供了参考。     

超声检测在路侧泊车收费设备中的设计

目前,路侧泊车收费设备判断车辆是否驶入车位的主要方式为视频实时检测、激光检测以及红外检测等,存在功耗过高、精度较低等缺点.而该设计采用超声检测,功耗较低、精度较高.该方案基于超声波测距原理,采用收发一体式探头,介绍了超声波发射接收电路、电源电路以及ELMOS公司的超声波芯片E524.09等.超声波芯片E524.09接收到STM32单片机指令,其内部振荡器发出52kHz脉冲信号,回波信号由E524.09处理后,经ADC进行模数转换,最终将计算结果发送至上位机.通过对超声波包络数据的计算,该方案不仅可以精确地检测出车辆,也可排除交通锥等干扰,精度可达99.7％.故该设计符合项目实际需求.     

含激波、旋涡和声波的复杂多尺度流动的直接数值模拟

本文主要报道了我们近年来在银河并行机上采用五阶WENO格式所做的一系列直接数值模拟研究,主要包括激波与单旋涡相互作用、激波与旋涡对相互作用、激波与三维纵向旋涡的相互作用,以及可压缩各向同性湍流。研究的主要目的是揭示激波与旋涡间相互作用中的激波动力学特性、旋涡变形、旋涡破裂和声波的产生机理,以及湍流等多尺度复杂流动的流场结构和流动机理。研究表明,高阶WE-NO格式具有很好的分辨率和稳定性,是研究上述包含强间断与复杂流场结构的流动的理想数值方法。研究发现,激波与强旋涡相互作用具有多级特征,即激波与初始旋涡的相互作用、反射激波与变形旋涡的相互作用、小激波与变形旋涡的相互作用。激波与旋涡对相互作用中产生的声波包含两个区域:线性区和非线性区。在线性区,激波与旋涡对相互作用产生的声波是激波分别与每个旋涡单独作用产生的声波的线性叠加;而在非线性区则与激波和耦合旋涡对的作用有关。在激波与纵向旋涡的相互作用过程中,发现旋涡破裂区存在多螺旋结构。在高初始湍流马赫数的各向同性湍流脉动场中,也发现了广泛报导的"小激波"的存在,这是可压缩湍流有别于不可压缩湍流的显著结构特征。     

Safety-monitoring-type wide-range detectable contact sensor system using ultrasonic waves and viscoelastic tubing

In physical human–robot interaction, a contact sensor is fundamentally required for robots to sense contact with humans and to take appropriate safety measures. This paper proposes a wide-range detectable contact sensor system with a safety monitoring function that uses an ultrasonic wave and a silicone rubber tube. The appropriate threshold voltage for generating a monitoring pulse signal is calculated using the estimation equation derived on the basis of the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves in straight and curved tubes. By comparing the periodic time between the generated monitoring signals and self-diagnostic signals, the proposed contact detection algorithm detects both contact due to tube deformation and failure of a sensor system including a stack fault. An experiment investigating the relationship between tube deformation by pushing force and the loss of peak voltage of an ultrasonic wave reveals that the sensor system can detect contact when the tube is deformed by 8 mm.     

Nonlinear stability,excitation and soliton solutions in electrified dispersive systems

A weakly nonlinear theory of wave propagation in two superposed dielectric fluids in the presence of a horizontal electric field is investigated in (2+1)-dimensions. The equation governing the evolution of the amplitude of the progressive waves is obtained in the form of a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A three-wave resonant interaction for nonlinear excitations created from electrohydrodynamic capillary-gravity waves is observed to be possible in a dispersive medium with a self-focusing cubic nonlinearity. Under suitable conditions, the nonlinear envelope equations for the resonant interaction are derived by using multiple scales and inverse scattering methods, and an explicit three-wave soliton solution is discussed. Both the dynamic properties and the modulational instability of finite amplitude electrohydrodynamic wave are studied for the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation by means of linearized stability analysis and the nonlinear interaction coefficient. We show that the trajectories in phase space exhibit different behavior with the increase of nonlinear perturbations, and we determine the electric field and wavenumber ranges at which the original point is elliptic or hyperbolic, respectively. It is found also that the presence of the electric field in the equation modifies the nature of wave stability and soliton structures, and that the amplitude and width of the soliton are decreased and increased, respectively, when the electric field value increases.     

检测车轮表面缺陷超声波探头

火车车轮在快速行进的过程中，表面擦伤的裂纹易扩展、开裂。严重影响火车运行安全。介绍在线检测车轮缘表面缺陷超声波探头的研制及检测的结果     

Asymptotic rejection of asymmetric periodic disturbances in output-feedback nonlinear systems

This paper deals with asymptotic rejection of periodic disturbances which may have asymmetric basic wave patterns. This class of disturbances covers asymmetric wave forms in the half-period such as alternating sawtooth wave form, some disturbances which are generated from nonlinear oscillation such as Van de Pol oscillators, as well as disturbances with symmetric half-period wave forms such as sinusoidal disturbances and triangular disturbances etc. The systems considered in this paper can be transformed to the nonlinear output feedback form. The amplitude and phase of the disturbances are unknown. The novel concept of integral phase shift is introduced together with the newly introduced half-period integration operator to investigate the invariant properties of asymmetric periodic disturbances. They are used for the estimation of unknown disturbances in the systems, together with observer design techniques to deal with nonlinearity. The proposed control design with the disturbance estimation asymptotically rejects the unknown disturbance, and ensures the overall stability of the system.     

Sensitivity analysis of fatigue life prediction for deepwater steel lazy wave catenary risers

Steel lazy wave catenary riser (SLWR) has been an attractive choice for deepwater oil field developments. However, fatigue is a critical issue in assessing the feasibility of applying SLWR to large motion vessels such as floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) or semi-submersibles. In this work, the time-domain fatigue analysis of SLWR was adopted for better representing the structural nonlinearity, fluid load nonlinearity and riser-soil nonlinear interaction. The Palmgren-Miner rule was employed ...     

基于浅水波理论液体晃动初值问题的数值模拟

针对日益受到关注的液体晃动问题,提出了一种基于浅水波理论的研究方案.该方案采用浅水波理论而非势流理论导出系统控制方程,并通过哈密顿体系表达;利用中心有限差分法和Stormer-Verlet算法进行空间和时间离散;模拟了不同初值条件下的液体晃动情况并对比分析了影响系统非线性响应的主要因素.结果表明,基于浅水波理论能有效解决液体晃动问题;与Euler格式对比,Stormer-Verlet算法精度较高;除共振外对于系统非线性响应的影响容器初始位移比初始速度更显著;非共振情况一定条件下,充液容器运动过程中液体晃动能起到阻尼作用.     

Interactive thin elastic materials

Despite great strides in past years are being made to generate motions of elastic materials such as cloth and biological skin in virtual world, unfortunately, the computational cost of realistic high‐resolution simulations currently precludes their use in interactive applications. Thin elastic materials such as cloth and biological skin often exhibit complex nonlinear elastic behaviors. However, modeling elastic nonlinearity can be computationally expensive and numerically unstable, imposing significant challenges for their use in interactive applications. This paper presents a novel simulation framework for simulating realistic material behaviors with interactive frame rate. Central to the framework is the use of a constraint‐based multi‐resolution solver for efficient and robust modeling of the material nonlinearity. We extend a strain‐limiting method to work on deformation gradients of triangulated surface models in three‐dimensional space with a novel data structure. The simulation framework utilizes an iterative nonlinear Gauss–Seidel procedure and a multilevel hierarchy structure to achieve computational speedups. As material nonlinearity are generated by enforcing strain‐limiting constraints at a multilevel hierarchy, our simulation system can rapidly accelerate the convergence of the large constraint system with simultaneous enforcement of boundary conditions. The simplicity and efficiency of the framework makes simulations of highly realistic thin elastic materials substantially fast and is applicable of simulations for interactive applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于稀疏导波的裂纹定位和尺寸评估

材料在使用过程中,受各种因素的影响,会不可避免地产生诸多损伤,破坏材料结构完整性的同时,也具有一定的安全隐患;在无损检测中,尤其是导波检测领域,由于缺乏高效方法对材料结构中存在的损伤进行尺寸检测,因此使用导波方法对材料进行微裂缝等损伤的检测的过程中仍然存在很多困难;对一种基于稀疏导波的损伤检测方法进行了研究,可以在进行结构损伤定位的同时对损伤尺寸进行测量;研究表明,使用导波进行损伤检测时,由损伤而产生的复杂反射波中包括很多与损伤形状和尺寸相关的信息,但是这些信息并不明显,且信号重叠无法区分;因此,提出一种稀疏lamb波方法来分解由材料损伤产生的反射信号的各个分量;在此基础上,通过确定各个反射信号分量相应的传播时间来计算材料损伤尺寸;最后,在具有人工损伤的铝板上进行实验验证,结果表明,基于稀疏导波损伤检测的方法是可行的。