开敞办公空间气溶胶传播的数值研究

新冠疫情的持续爆发表明后疫情时期的工作已然日趋常态化,在日常工作中采取措施强化疫情防控尤为重要。本文针对典型开敞式办公空间,以排除率、暴露指数和衰减系数3个评价指标为依据,运用CFD软件分析了5种典型通风环境下气溶胶空间分布特征。研究结果表明5种通风方式下气溶胶颗粒的排除率大小分别为4.82%,4.78%,9.35%,1.09%和4.97%,其中混合通风的排除率>置换通风的排除率。但由于置换通风的温度分层效应使得人体散发的气溶胶随热羽流及气流扩散至呼吸区上方,室内其他办公人员呼吸区的污染物浓度相较于混合通风处于较低水平。故而置换通风下送上回的通风方式传染几率最低,其次为混合通风侧上送下回形式,混合通风顶送顶回的传播距离最远且感染几率高于其他工况。此外,人体暴露量与污染源距离呈正相关,同时也与气流组织形式有关。与其它4种通风方式相比,置换通风具有最高的气溶胶污染传播的控制能力,在污染源位置未知的开敞式办公环境下,最具有保障。此研究成果可为典型场景下的疫情防护、空间通风设计提供方案和指导,有效降低被病毒感染的风险。     

通风方式对辐射空调房间室内空气分布特性的影响

本文在人工环境室中设置电热膜模拟外围护结构传热,通过实验的方法研究通风方式对辐射空调房间室内空气分布特性的影响。结果表明:当顶板表面温度及送风量变化范围为17～19℃及2.5～4.5 h~(-1)时,地板送风室内垂直空气温差、紊流强度及除污效率变化范围较大,分别为0.2～0.5℃、47%～61%及0.64～0.82,而混合通风室内垂直空气温差、紊流强度及除污效率变化范围较小。此外,当顶板表面温度及送风量不超过18℃及3.5 h~(-1)时,地板送风与混合通风室内空气温度分布差异比较明显,而空气速度及污染物浓度分布差异较小;而当顶板表面温度及送风量等于19℃及4.5 h~(-1)时,地板送风与混合通风室内空气温度分布差异变得不明显,而空气速度及污染物浓度分布差异仍较小。因此,通风方式对辐射空调房间室内空气温度分布特性影响较大,而对空气速度及污染物浓度分布影响较小。     

地板辐射与置换通风组合空调系统的模拟

探讨了地板辐射供暖、供冷系统与置换通风系统的组合空调系统的流程,对组合空调系统进行了数值模拟。地板辐射供暖、供冷系统与置换通风系统相结合获得了良好的室内温度场和速度场,提高了空气品质,改善了室内的热舒适性。     

地板辐射供冷-置换通风的实验研究

为了研究地板辐射供冷的热工性能,测试了北京地区不同室外气温下地板辐射供冷系统的运行工况,得到了该系统的制冷量,地板表面温度,室内温度场分布等参数,并且把单独地板辐射供冷系统的运行参数与地板辐射供冷-置换通风复合式系统进行了对比,提出了将地板辐射供冷与置换通风配合用于夏季空调室内供冷除湿的新型空调方式,置换通风系统在近地面处形成干燥空气层,可有效防止夏季热湿天气在地板表面出现结露现象,并且使这种新型空调系统条件下地面与室内的换热得到强化.通过理论分析和实验研究指出这是一种舒适、节能的空调方式.     

上置置换通风-顶板辐射供冷室内热环境研究

利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,对上置置换通风-顶板辐射供冷复合空调办公建筑室内采用不同气流组织方式的通风效果进行了模拟研究,分析比较了气流组织特性指标--温度不均匀系数k1、速度不均匀系数ku空气分布特性指数ADPI及温度效率ηt等,给出了送、排风口适宜的上置安装位置.并从舒适性、供冷情况、竖直温度梯度以及温度、速度场分布等方面与传统置换通风.顶板辐射供冷复合空调系统进行了比较,指明了这种新型空调模式可行性、优点及不足.     

室内气流组织和空气品质的数值研究

分析了气流分布性能的评价指标、热舒适性评价指标和室内空气品质的评价指标。将通风方式分为置换通风和混合通风,利用暖通空调专用模拟软件Airpak对室内气流进行模拟。模拟某小型会议室的温度、速度、CO2浓度、平均空气龄、PMV值和PPD值,并依据模拟结果分析不同气流组织下的室内空气品质、人体热舒适性和空调能耗情况。指出不同气流组织对室内空气品质、人体热舒适性和空调能耗的影响不同,置换通风和上侧送上回送风方式能得到较好的空气品质和有效的能量利用。     

置换通风辐射空调不同结合方式的模拟比较

置换通风和辐射空调这两种空调方式的结合是目前运用较少的空调末端方式,置换通风主要是解决空调房间新风供给和承担房间的湿负荷.模拟研究设计条件下置换通风天棚辐射供冷与置换通风地板辐射供冷时房间的温度、湿度和速度分布,从而优化设计、避免结露.模拟结果表明在同样的设计条件下,置换通风天棚辐射供冷具有较好的的温度分布、湿度分布和速度分布.     

顶板辐射供冷与置换通风的实验研究

顶板辐射供冷是一种舒适度较高的空调方式,系统的供冷能力和顶板表面温度是系统设计和运行的重要参数.实际工程运行参数及其影响因素的测试分析十分必要.本文通过实验测试研究找出影响顶板换热的主要因素,分析了置换通风下的顶板结露问题,提出了将顶板辐射供冷与置换通风配合用于夏季室内供冷除湿的新型空调方式.研究结果可为实际工程的设计、运行参数的选择和系统的可行性分析提供依据和指导.     

置换通风与混合送风供冷季运行能耗比较

根据置换通风和混合送风设计及运行的特点，以DeST为模拟工具，分析了北京某写字楼分别采用置换通风和混合送风方式供冷季空调系统的运行情况，讨论了两种送风方式在定风量或变风量运行时系统的逐时能耗及在室外新风利用上的特点。结果表明，置换通风比混合送风节省10％以上的运行费用。     

婴儿躺卧场景下个性化送风有效性实验研究

提出在婴儿躺卧场景下应用个性化送风方案。基于婴儿暖体假人进行实验,利用示踪气体衰减法测算房间内不同位置的空气龄和污染物残留浓度,以此评价个性化送风系统的有效性,并与织物风管混合通风系统进行了对比。基于3～11 L/s的送风量和50～90 cm的送风距离,针对个性化送风设计了15组工况;基于11,40 L/s的送风量,针对织物风管混合通风设计了2组工况。结果显示:采用个性化送风,仅在不利工况下新风无法穿透婴儿热羽流,其他工况呼吸区空气龄均小于36 min,最小达到19.13 min;个性化送风在运行前4 min内污染物浓度下降即超过50%,显著快于织物风管混合通风;送风量相同时,个性化送风下呼吸区空气龄较混合通风小51%。     

Energy analysis for workshops with floor–supply displacement ventilation under the U.S. climates

Many studies have shown that floor–supply displacement ventilation systems are better than mixing ventilation systems. The benefits include indoor air quality, thermal comfort and reduced energy use. The energy benefits depend on the climate conditions. This research compared the energy use of a floor–supply displacement ventilation system in a large industrial workshop with that of a mixing ventilation system for five U.S. climate regions. It was found that the energy use and the system performance vary with the locations. The displacement ventilation system may use more fan and boiler energy but less chiller energy than the mixing ventilation system. The total energy used is slightly less with displacement ventilation, although the ventilation rate was increased in order to handle the high cooling loads found in U.S. buildings. Thus, the displacement ventilation system can save some energy in cooling mode. However, displacement ventilation system has a lower capacity of dehumidification. This system alone, thus, is not suggested for use in humid regions.     

地板辐射与置换通风空调系统运行参数

建立了基于EnergyPlus的地板辐射供冷加置换通风空调系统模型,模拟得到的室内温度和辐射地板所承担冷量与实验结果的误差小于±7%。在此模型基础上,改变送风参数和供水参数,得到置换通风供冷量、辐射地板供冷量、地板表面温度、室内空气平均温度、AUST温度等参数的变化规律。结合热舒适性模型,得到满足室内热舒适性(-0.5≤PMV≤0.5)条件下,置换通风的送风参数和辐射地板的供水参数范围,为复合系统设计和应用提供依据。     

Floor heating and cooling combined with displacement ventilation: Possibilities and limitations

Design guidelines envisage that floor heating can be used together with displacement ventilation (DV), provided that the supply air is not overly heated before it can reach heat and contaminant sources. If this is not controlled a mixing flow pattern could occur in the room. The use of floor cooling with DV is also considered possible, although draught risk at ankle level and vertical air temperature differences must be controlled carefully, because they could increase.Few studies on these topics were found in the literature.An indoor environmental chamber was set up to obtain measurements aimed at analysing the possibilities and limitations of combining floor heating/cooling with DV. Air temperature profiles, air velocity profiles, surface temperatures and ventilation effectiveness were measured under different environmental conditions that may occur in practice. These values were compared to equivalent temperature measurements obtained using a thermal manikin.The measurements show that floor heating can be used with DV, obtaining high ventilation effectiveness values. A correlation between the floor heating capacity and the air temperature profile in the room was found. Measurements showed that floor cooling does not increase draught risk at ankle level, although it does increase vertical air temperature differences.     

Influence of the ventilation system on thermal comfort of the chilled panel system in heating mode

In heating mode, fresh air is still essential for a chilled panel system in order to ensure the indoor air quality. In this paper, a chilled ceiling panel system was designed and built in a typical office room. The thermal environment and thermal comfort in the room were fully measured and evaluated by using the Fanger's PMV-PPD model and the standard of ISO 7730 respectively, when room was heated in two modes, one of which is the chilled panel heating mode and the other of which is the combined heating mode of chilled panel and supply air. The research results indicate that in the combined mode, ceiling ventilation improves the general thermal comfort and reduces the risk of local discomfort. Under the condition of same general thermal comfort, the heating supply upper limit of chilled panel can be increased by 12.3% because of air mixing effect caused by introduction of air ventilation.     

车站高大空间空调系统气流组织与热舒适性分析

兼顾人体热舒适和建筑节能的要求,对目前车站高大空间空调气流组织的数值模拟研究报道进行对比分析。分析结果显示,人们对高大空间建筑室内热舒适要求高于居住建筑和办公建筑;从满足人体热舒适角度出发,空调送风加地板辐射供冷方案适于夏季满员工况,地板辐射供热加空调加湿方案适用于冬季满员工况;高大空间的空调系统适宜采用上送上回的送风方式,其温度场和速度场均优于上送下回的空调送风方式;在高大空间内设置分层空调系统将在一定程度上降低空调能耗,且分层空调中送风速度对分层界面的位置影响较大,送风温差对高大空间分层空调的温度分布和流场分布有较大影响。     

Influence of air supply parameters on indoor air diffusion

This paper presents the field distributions of air velocity, temperature, contaminant concentration, and thermal comfort in an office with displacement ventilation for different air supply parameters such as the effective area, shape, and dimension of the diffuser and the turbulence intensity, flow rate, and temperature of the air supplied. The research is conducted numerically by using an airflow computer program based on a low-Reynolds-number k-ε model of turbulence. It can be concluded that the effective area, shape, and dimension of the diffuser and the turbulence intensity of the air supplied have little effect on the room air diffusion except at floor level. The influence of the flow rate and temperature of the air supplied is very significant on the air diffusion as well as on the thermal comfort and indoor air quality.     

Determination of particle concentration in the breathing zone for four different types of office ventilation systems

Many factors affect the airflow patterns, thermal comfort, contaminant removal efficiency and indoor air quality at individual workstations in office buildings. In this study, four ventilation systems were used in a test chamber designed to represent an area of a typical office building floor and reproduce the real characteristics of a modern office space. Measurements of particle concentration and thermal parameters (temperature and velocity) were carried out for each of the following types of ventilation systems: (a) conventional air distribution system with ceiling supply and return; (b) conventional air distribution system with ceiling supply and return near the floor; (c) underfloor air distribution system; and (d) split system. The measurements aimed to analyse the particle removal efficiency in the breathing zone and the impact of particle concentration on an individual at the workstation. The efficiency of the ventilation system was analysed by measuring particle size and concentration, ventilation effectiveness and the indoor/outdoor ratio. Each ventilation system showed different airflow patterns and the efficiency of each ventilation system in the removal of the particles in the breathing zone showed no correlation with particle size and the various methods of analyses used.     

某报告厅空调系统的设计及其能耗分析

介绍了西安某办公楼报告厅空调系统的设计。分别应用置换通风与混合通风两种通风方式，在室外和室内设计参数相同的情况下，充分比较了它们在送风量、新风量、能耗以及室内空气品质的不同。结果表明在某些应用场合，置换通风在空气品质提高和能耗降低上有明显的优势，同时这种优势不以牺牲热舒适性为代价，因此建议使用置换通风系统。     

Ventilation and energy performance of partitioned indoor spaces under mixing and displacement ventilation

Large variation in indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort can occur in partitioned office spaces due to heterogeneous air mixing. However, few published studies examined IAQ, thermal comfort, and energy performance of partitioned occupied spaces, which are commonly found in today’s buildings. The objective of this study is to evaluate indoor environmental quality and air conditioning performance of a partitioned room under two typical ventilation modes: (1) mixing ventilation and (2) displacement ventilation. For a total of six representative air-conditioning scenarios, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to examine temperature distribution, ventilation effectiveness, energy consumption, and local thermal comfort for two partitioned spaces. Simulation results indicate that temperature distribution in a partitioned room is a strong function of ventilation strategy (mixing vs. displacement), but marginally affected by diffuser arrangements. Local age-of-air (air freshness) significantly varies with both diffuser arrangement and ventilation strategy. Regarding energy consumption, displacement ventilation can achieve an indoor set-point temperature in the partitioned spaces about two times faster than mixing ventilation. Under mixing ventilation, the time to achieve a set-point temperature was notably reduced when each partitioned space is served by its own diffuser. For the same supply airflow rate, displacement ventilation can generate local draft risk at ankle level, while mixing ventilation may result in a draft sensation in wider areas around an occupant. Overall, the results suggest that mixing ventilation system can save energy if each partitioned zone is served by its own diffuser such as a multi-split air conditioning. However, when multiple partitioned zones are served by only one diffuser, displacement ventilation is more energy-efficient and can achieve higher ventilation effectiveness than mixing ventilation.     

Effect of internal partitions on the performance of under floor air supply ventilation in a typical office environment

This paper presents a case to investigate the effect of partitions in an office on the performance of under floor air supply ventilation system via computational fluid dynamics. The assessment is in terms of thermal comfort and indoor air quality with the use of a validated computer model. The results indicate that the partitions may significantly affect airflow and performance of a under floor air supply ventilation system. In particular, the presence of a gap above the partition wall is able to improve air distribution owing to less air re-circulation in the upper zone. Its effect on thermal comfort and indoor air quality indicators are evaluated.