利用Lamb波检测垢层厚度的数值分析

针对锅炉垢层厚度检测的问题,提出一种通过Lamb波的频散特性检测垢层厚度的方法。首先,建立Lamb波在铝板-垢层双层弹性结构中的波动模型,利用半解析有限元法求解Lamb波的特征方程,绘制Lamb波的频散曲线。其次,建立铝板-垢层二维电磁超声仿真模型,通过电磁超声换能器在铝板中激发S0模态的Lamb波,得到不同采集点下的波形曲线。最后,通过对频散曲线和波形曲线的分析得知,随着垢层厚度的增加,低频S0模态Lamb波群速度变慢,高频S0模态Lamb波群速度变快,信号波群的幅值减小。结果表明,可利用S0模态Lamb波群速度变化及幅值变化进行锅炉垢层厚度检测。     

基于群速度校准的超声导波技术及在复合材料缺陷检测中的应用

由于在复合材料板中传播的超声导波具有偏斜效应,使得理论群速度与试验测得的群速度不一致,因此需要对群速度幅值和传播方向进行校准。数值计算复合材料板中超声导波频散方程得到S0模态各个方向的理论相速度频散曲线。运用群速度校准法则对S0模态群速度幅度和传播方向进行修正。校准后的理论群速度与试验测得的群速度较为吻合。试验中采用频率200 kHz的S0模态对碳纤维复合材料板中的模拟缺陷进行检测。结果显示采用校准后群速度和试验测得的群速度可准确定位缺陷,且具有很好的一致性。因此,采用群速度校准法则可有效提高各向异性复合材料结构中超声导波的缺陷定位和识别能力。     

基于Lamb波频散特性的垢层厚度的检测方法

对于工业用锅炉附着污垢厚度的检测问题,提出一种基于Lamb波在双层介质中传播的频散特点对污垢厚度检测的方法。首先建立Lamb波的波动模型以及"铝板—污垢层"模型,利用数学手段求解Lamb波在双层介质中传播的特征方程,从而得出Lamb波传播的频散规律曲线,接着激发Lamb波A0模态下的超声波,并采集其传播特性,基于上述条件,最后利用电磁超声换能器激发A0状态下的超声波对垢层厚度进行检测。通过理论分析及对仿真结果观察发现,低频时,A0模态的群速度随着垢层厚度的增长而减小,高频时,A0模态的群速度随着垢层厚度的增长而增加,最后通过实验结果表明,可利用A0模态Lamb波频散特性变化的方法对锅炉垢层厚度进行检测。     

基于Lamb波的金属材料涂层厚度测量

针对金属板材的涂层厚度检测问题,提出利用双层介质中Lamb波的频散效应对表层厚度变化敏感的特性,通过测量特定模态波速的变化进而实现对涂层厚度的无损检测。推导了双层结构中超声Lamb波的频散方程,得出了铝板-聚氨酯双层介质中不同涂层厚度下的导波频散曲线,分析了不同模态Lamb波群速度对涂层厚度变化的敏感程度,建立了涂层厚度与导波波速的规律性关系。最后通过对铝板上不同厚度的聚氨酯涂层进行超声导波检测实验,基于A0模态群速度与涂层厚度的线性关系计算出了涂层的厚度,误差在10μm以下,满足工程的需要。     

复合材料板的空耦超声 Lamb 波原位应力测量方法

为了实现大部件复合材料板的原位应力测量,提出了基于 Lamb 波的复合材料板空气耦合超声应力测量方法。 目前, 由于空耦超声换能器声阻抗的严重不匹配导致能量损失严重、空耦超声信号较为微弱,在声学特征准确提取上难度较大。 与此 同时,空耦超声 Lamb 波应力测量方法在复合材料中的应用仍处于理论与实验的探索阶段。 通过实验方法探究碳纤维复合材 料的 Lamb 波声弹性效应规律。 根据复合材料板相速度与最佳入射角频散特性分析确定了空耦超声换能器的中心频率与相对 纯净 A0 模态 Lamb 波的激励方式,使空耦超声 Lamb 波具有较好的信噪比,保证声时提取的准确度。 为了验证所提出方法的有 效性,分别沿着 0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75° 以及 90° 纤维方向获得 7 个不同的拉伸试样进行应力测量。 实验结果表明,在 0~ 100 MPa 范围内测量误差小于±8. 1 MPa,测量重复性为 7. 5 MPa。 该方法在测量精度和测量重复性等方面具有显著优势,可 为大部件复合材料板的原位应力测量提供一种先进可行的技术。     

板中Lamb波激励响应计算方法

采用基于半解析有限元的激励响应计算方法来求解薄板中Lamb波的激励响应结果,替代常规的实验方法,实现对薄板中Lamb波传播特性的仿真分析。与三维有限元仿真方法相比,采用激励响应计算方法仿真导波在波导介质中的传播过程可以节省计算量,提高效率。通过求解薄板中Lamb波的一般均质方程,基于频谱叠加原理,可以计算薄板中Lamb波激励响应结果。分别提取激励响应计算结果和实验测量数据,通过小波分析计算两种数据的Lamb波群速度。经验证,激励响应仿真计算结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,通过群速度频散曲线对比两种方法获取的数据,模态分析结论一致。激励响应计算方法还可以仿真计算任意截面波导介质中导波的传播过程,具有较好的通用性。     

基于空气耦合兰姆波的铝板缺陷检测

针对铝板中的缺陷,采用空耦超声法对铝板进行检测。以特定入射角、接收角在薄板中激励兰姆波,对接收信号进行二维傅里叶变换以识别信号模态。对薄板中存在的缺陷,利用缺陷反射信号进行B扫成像,结果显示,低阶兰姆波模态均可有效识别出铝板中的缺陷,但A0模态比S0模态更适合应用于空耦的检测。     

压电纤维布置结构对Lamb波方向识别的影响研究

由于压电纤维对Lamb波具有良好的方向传感特性,采用类似"应变花"的压电纤维传感器能够实现Lamb波方向检测。针对常见的45°直角形、135°直角形、60°三角形和120°三角形等4种结构形式,开展理论、仿真和实验研究不同压电纤维传感器布置结构对Lamb波方向识别精度的影响。根据压电方程和Lamb波传播衰减特性,理论推导了窄带激励下压电纤维对A_0模式Lamb波的传感响应方程,定义基于3根压电纤维响应幅值的误差函数来估计Lamb波方向;利用ANSYS软件开展压电耦合仿真分析获得不同压电纤维传感器的响应信号,并开展了相应的实验测试,采用匹配追踪算法进行信号分解并提取其响应幅值;根据误差函数和响应信号对Lamb波方向进行识别,对比并讨论了仿真和实验误差产生的原因。分析结果表明:4种压电纤维布置结构的识别误差取决于压电纤维长度与布置角度、激励频率、实验压电纤维的粘接等情况;从总体误差大小来看,135°直角形结构方案最优,误差小于4%;60°三角形略优于45°直角形结构,误差小于8%;由于120°三角形结构整体尺寸较大,其识别误差最大,这将为压电纤维传感器结构设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于压电晶片阵列的管中导波时反检测方法研究

为提高超声导波技术对管中小缺陷的检测能力,提出一种采用窄带高压脉冲激发安装在管道外表面的压电晶片阵列实现管中导波时间反转检测的新方法。该方法采用窄带脉冲同时激励沿管道表面轴对称安装的压电晶片阵列,从各压电晶片接收到的反射回波中提取含L(n, 2)模态的缺陷信息进行时间反转,并用获得的时反波再次激励阵列中对应压电晶片,整个阵列将同时接收到较单一L(n, 2)模态信号。试验结果表明,该方法能较好地抑制导波的频散、多模态特性,提高缺陷回波信噪比,增加对小缺陷的检测能力。同时,时反前、后所检测到的管道端面和缺陷反射回波的导波模态几乎相同,可采用特定频率的L(0, 2)模态群速度作为时反后缺陷波包的传播速度;且时反后的幅值最大的缺陷波包能重构窄带初始激励信号幅值最大的波包,可有效增加缺陷波包的辨识能力。     

利用Lamb波的铝板损伤识别实验研究

由于各种外界以及内在因素,薄板结构在使用过程中会随着时间的积累发生各种类型的损伤。如何准确的找出薄板中损伤存在的位置以及判断薄板损伤的类型是个重要的课题。以纯铝板作为实验对象,以压电陶瓷作为Lamb波的发射端与接收端,采用同步触发装置以及小波变换法确定信号到达接收端PZT的时间,通过Lamb波的频散曲线来确定Lamb波的群速度,然后对采集到的信号进行小波变换滤波处理,通过健康状态、凹槽损伤状态、圆孔损伤状态响应信号时域图的对比分析来判断出薄板的损伤模式。实验结果表明应用Lamb波的主动检测技术能够有效的监测出铝板的损伤状态。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.