缺陷散射对相控阵超声全聚焦成像的影响研究

相控阵超声全聚焦成像充分利用了检测信号,具有成像精度高、可进行缺陷识别等特点,是未来最具应用前景的相控阵成像算法之一。然而,目前相控阵超声全聚焦成像仍不能实现缺陷的高分辨率成像,无法对缺陷进行准确的定性、定量分析。为此,采用有限元仿真相控阵传感器的全阵列采集(FMC)过程,在全矩阵数据的基础上设计全聚焦成像程序,对圆孔和裂纹两种典型缺陷进行TFM成像,研究典型缺陷的TFM成像规律,从缺陷散射的角度分析影响相控阵超声全聚焦成像的因素。结果表明,实际检测中相控阵超声传感器只能接收到缺陷的部分散射信息,而相控阵超声在缺陷处的散射场分布与缺陷的类型、尺寸、角度及入射波类型、入射角度等因素有关,因此能否接收到缺陷散射的主要能量是影响全聚焦成像精度的关键。     

相控阵超声后处理成像技术研究、应用和发展

相控阵超声后处理成像技术采用离线计算的方式对超声回波数据进行分析,实现缺陷的成像及评价,与基于实时成像的常规相控阵超声检测技术相比,成像更清晰,缺陷表征能力更强。近年来,相控阵超声后处理成像技术逐渐成为研究热点,国内外相关学者相继建立全聚焦成像、向量全聚焦成像、波数域成像和时间反转成像等一系列基于全矩阵数据的后处理成像算法,检测精度及缺陷表征尺寸极限取得了很大突破。为此,从全矩阵数据的基础理论出发,介绍基于虚拟聚焦思想和频域反演思想的相控阵超声后处理典型成像算法的基本原理、技术特点、研究进展及应用现状,总结当前发展存在的问题和不足,预测相控阵后处理成像技术的未来发展。     

超声检测三角矩阵聚焦成像算法

超声相控阵技术近些年发展迅速并被广泛应用于工业无损检测领域,线阵探头全矩阵聚焦方法具有成像信噪比好、缺陷分辨力高等优势,近些年获得广泛研究,但其仍然存在采集数据量大、计算效率低的问题,使其在实际工业应用中受到限制。为了解决上述问题,基于检测系统收发通道的互易性提出三角矩阵聚焦成像算法,该方法简化了全矩阵聚焦成像算法的数据采集和成像运算过程。为验证聚焦成像方法的有效性,分别对类裂纹、平底孔和横通孔缺陷试块进行数据采集成像试验和信噪比分析,数据采集试验结果表明收发通道互换前后两信号具有很好一致性。进一步的数据比较分析表明,在成像质量方面,三角矩阵聚焦成像算法与全矩阵聚焦成像算法两者的图像信噪比变化不大;在数据采集和成像效率方面,三角矩阵聚焦成像算法降低了近一倍数据量,有效提高了计算效率。     

超声全聚焦成像校正模型及加速算法

超声全聚焦成像算法是一种基于全矩阵数据的成像技术,具有成像精度高、缺陷表征能力强的优点,但也存在数据量大、计算时间长、近表面区域噪声较大的缺点,目前主要应用于后处理成像。针对以上问题,建立了基于阵元指向性函数的成像校正模型;结合并行计算设备,提出了基于三角矩阵数据采集和索引技术的成像加速算法。使用16阵元相控阵探头对带有人工通孔的铝制试块进行检测试验,结果表明,使用加速算法可以将每帧图像成像时间缩短至135 ms以内,满足实时成像的要求;添加校正模型后,对于图像近表面区域噪声抑制效果明显,降低了伪缺陷出现的可能性,提高了图像信噪比。     

均匀稀疏矩阵的全聚焦成像算法研究

超声相控阵全聚焦成像算法作为一种后处理成像技术,虽然具有成像精度高、灵活性好的优势,但由于数据量大、计算时间长等问题,该项技术的实际工业应用受到了极大限制。针对该算法的不足,这里提出了基于均匀稀疏矩阵的全聚焦成像算法,通过减少矩阵数据量来提高成像效率。结果表明：相较于传统全聚焦成像算法,基于均匀稀疏矩阵的全聚焦成像算法极大的压缩了数据规模,计算速度同比提高约38%,为全聚焦快速成像提供了一种参考方法。     

复合粘接结构脱粘缺陷全聚焦成像模拟及算法优化研究

针对材料声学参数差异较大的复合粘接结构脱粘缺陷检测困难的问题,研究了复合粘接结构的检测原理及难点,分析了脱粘尺寸对回波幅值的影响,提出了将全聚焦算法应用于复合粘接结构的成像检测方法。分别建立了复合粘接结构的常规PA成像检测和全聚焦算法成像检测的有限元检测模型,提出了基于指向性理论的分序列局部全聚焦加速算法,通过设定角度阈值筛选有效阵元序列来提高计算效率。研究结果表明:对于复合粘接结构脱粘缺陷的检测,全聚焦算法成像检测相对常规PA成像检测具有更高的检测精度;应用加速算法后,对于32阵元的相控阵探头,[-4 mm,4 mm]和[4 mm,8 mm]之间矩形目标区域的全聚焦成像检测,计算量降低了34.7%,且未降低成像质量。     

双探头梯形矩阵聚焦成像方法

R角是曲面变壁厚结构,传统超声检测方法难以对其轮廓和缺陷进行完整成像显示。针对此问题,首先,提出双探头全聚焦成像方法,实现R角区域的完整成像显示;其次,为了改善双探头全聚焦成像效率较低的问题,采用梯形矩阵聚焦成像算法,实现高效实时成像;最后,对典型变壁厚R角试件开展聚焦成像实验,验证了双探头梯形矩阵聚焦成像方法的有效性。结果表明,与传统单探头全聚焦成像方法相比,双探头梯形矩阵聚焦成像方法能够显示R角结构的完整内轮廓,并清楚显示和定位内部缺陷。     

基于稀疏矩阵的两层介质超声相控阵全聚焦成像

超声相控阵全聚焦成像算法具有精度高、全范围动态聚焦的优点,但存在的成像耗时长问题限制了其实际工业应用。为提高实际检测中相控阵全聚焦成像效率,以常用的楔块耦合检测为例,基于Fermat原理计算两层介质下各阵元的延迟时间,建立两层介质相控阵全聚焦成像算法。通过减少发射/接收阵元数,以与全矩阵下具有一致的有效孔径为条件,研究发射/接收阵元分布的权重函数,建立两层介质修正稀疏全聚焦算法。以弧形分布的侧边孔为例,进行了两层介质的全聚焦成像及稀疏全聚焦成像试验,并讨论了稀疏发射阵列对缺陷定量精度及全聚焦算法计算效率的影响。结果表明:修正稀疏全聚焦算法可在保证成像精度前提下显著提高成像效率。对于32阵元换能器,当稀疏发射阵元数达到8时,稀疏矩阵相对于全矩阵的误差值在5.2%以内,但计算效率提高了近4倍。     

接管焊缝超声相控阵多模全聚焦检测技术

接管角焊缝是承压设备的关键部位,也是易于出现危害性缺陷的薄弱环节,因此,针对该薄弱区域的定期检测非常重要。相对于传统超声无损检测,超声相控阵全聚焦对焊缝内部缺陷的定位和定量具有优势。提出了一种针对焊缝内部缺陷的超声相控阵全聚焦方法,将多模成像方法应用于小口径接管焊缝的缺陷检测,实现对焊缝内部缺陷的有效检出。同时,根据检测对象的实际尺寸,通过智能算法计算声束入射参数,选择最佳成像区域,获得了一种有效区域多模融合成像方法。试验结果表明,本方法可检出直径为0.53 mm的角焊缝内部气孔缺陷,相对于单视图成像和普通超声能够有效提高缺陷定量和定位的准确性。     

板结构裂纹兰姆波阵列复合成像方法研究

针对板结构中裂纹方向识别及定量检测问题,提出了一种板结构兰姆波阵列复合成像方法。利用超声阵列采集的单模态兰姆波全矩阵数据,分别提取其幅值信息和极性信息,进行全聚焦成像和极性一致成像,并利用极性一致成像对全聚焦成像进行了加权处理;对全阵列进行子阵列划分,计算出各子阵列的特征矢量,并进行加权合成,得到矢量全聚焦成像;利用全聚焦成像的强度信息和矢量全聚焦成像的方向信息,综合得到兰姆波阵列的复合成像,并从中提取出缺陷的方向及空间分布范围等信息。实验结果表明,提出的兰姆波阵列复合成像方法可以很好地实现板中多个裂纹方向识别,其角度测量误差在20%以内。本文工作为裂纹缺陷识别及定量检测做了有益探索。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.