齿面接触闪温对齿轮啮合特性的影响分析

齿轮啮合过程中能量损耗引起的齿廓形变改变了齿轮啮合状态,基于Bloke闪温理论,推导出了齿面接触闪温随齿轮啮合点位置变化的表达式,计算了齿面接触闪温引起的齿廓形变;通过Hertz接触理论,推导出齿面接触闪温对啮合刚度的影响表达式。对模型进行研究,分析了摩擦因素随啮合点位置的变化规律,载荷、转速对齿面最大接触闪温的影响,齿面接触闪温对齿廓形变和啮合刚度的影响。仿真结果显示,齿面接触闪温对轮齿啮合刚度的影响较大,在非线性动力学分析中应予以考虑。     

考虑齿面闪温的风电齿轮箱裂纹故障特征分析

为了研究齿面闪温对风电齿轮箱裂纹故障时系统动力学响应的影响,利用Blok闪温理论分析齿轮啮合时的齿面温度,应用热变形公式计算齿廓形变,进而通过Hertz接触理论获得计及齿面闪温影响的轮齿刚度。考虑齿面闪温、阻尼、时变啮合刚度、综合啮合误差和齿侧间隙,建立含有高速级齿轮齿根裂纹的齿轮箱扭转动力学模型。通过时域图、频谱图、相图和Poincaré截面分析不同裂纹长度下系统振动特性随齿面闪温变化的规律,并比较裂纹故障仿真与实验的时频域结果。结果表明：齿面闪温使时域图上裂纹产生的冲击幅值增大、频域图中故障边频结构更为复杂、相图曲线向外扩展以及Poincaré截面离散点增多,且变化均随裂纹长度的增加越为明显。研究结论可为齿轮裂纹故障状态的诊断与监测提供依据。     

含齿面闪温的齿轮副动力学建模与动力特性分析

为研究齿面闪温对齿轮系统动力学的影响,基于H. Blok闪温理论,推导出齿面闪温沿啮合线的分布规律。分析了转速、负载、重合度、中心距变动系数对闪温的影响;依据Hertz接触理论,推导出含闪温的啮合刚度、齿侧间隙和齿廓误差计算式,并建立含齿面闪温的直齿轮副非线性动力学模型。采用CPNF数值法获得系统的双参伪彩图,分析齿面闪温对系统分岔、齿面冲击、齿面脱啮和动载系数的影响。结果显示,负载和转速对闪温影响较大,在进入和退出啮合处闪温达到极值较易发生胶合,闪温对非线性参数的影响恶化了系统的非线性动力学特性,因此,设计中应控制其闪温值。     

含摩擦的汇流传动齿轮非线性动力学分析

针对齿轮系统运行过程中具有非线性动力学特性，为研究齿面摩擦因数对系统动力学的影响，建立了一种考虑齿侧间隙，齿面摩擦力和时变啮合刚度等因素的三齿轮扭转振动模型。分析了布局参数对齿面摩擦力和时变啮合刚度的影响，研究了不同摩擦因数对系统动态响应的影响以及有无摩擦因数对系统混沌运动的影响，通过幅频曲线研究了系统的跳跃滞后现象和齿轮碰撞运动并分析了摩擦因数对它们的影响。结果表明，随着摩擦因数的变化，系统表现出同周期运动并存、不同周期并存和混沌等动力学现象，摩擦能导致混沌运动和跳跃现象提前并加大齿轮之间的碰撞运动。该结果可为汇流传动齿轮系统的非线性动态设计提供准确合理的理论参考。     

齿面磨损对齿轮啮合刚度影响的计算与分析

不考虑润滑剂影响,针对理想渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮,研究存在齿面磨损时齿轮啮合刚度的计算方法。基于齿轮共轭啮合原理计算滚齿加工条件下的齿廓曲线。根据Timoshinko梁理论,考虑轮齿弯曲变形、剪切变形、压缩变形、齿轮基体变形和赫兹接触变形,计算齿轮啮合刚度。针对运行过程中的齿面磨损,提出轮齿等弧长离散方法,分析齿面磨损对离散微元短梁的截面面积、截面面积矩和实际接触齿宽的影响,计算分析存在均匀磨损、微点蚀和宏观点蚀等齿面磨损时的齿轮啮合刚度。结果表明,100μm深的均匀磨损导致的啮合刚度变化不到2‰;齿面产生15%的微点蚀时,啮合刚度变化在10%以内,啮合刚度对早期齿面磨损不敏感。本研究为计及齿面磨损的齿轮动力学建模提供了一条技术路径。     

基于齿面摩擦的直齿轮副动力学特性分析

建立了考虑齿面摩擦、时变啮合刚度、齿侧间隙和综合传递误差的直齿轮副6自由度弯曲-扭转耦合的非线性动力学模型,应用牛顿第二运动定律,建立了系统的振动微分方程。依据接触线的位置,推导了齿面摩擦和摩擦力矩的数学表达形式。分析了齿面摩擦对系统周期振动状态、混动运动状态及分岔特性的影响。结果表明,齿面摩擦加剧了齿轮副的振动,且对垂直于啮合线方向的振动影响最为明显;齿面摩擦导致系统的混沌程度降低,且在一定情况下,系统的混沌吸引子可能转化为周期吸引子;齿面摩擦导致系统的分岔变得模糊,且导致系统提前进入混沌运动状态。     

齿面摩擦对齿轮传动系统分岔与混沌特性的影响分析

为研究齿面摩擦对直齿圆柱齿轮传动系统振动特性的影响,建立了包含齿面摩擦在内的六自由度齿轮啮合耦合型动力学模型。模型采用能量法计算齿轮啮合的时变啮合刚度,同时考虑了啮合误差、间隙非线性以及负载扭矩等因素。通过四阶变步长Runge-Kutta积分法对模型进行数值分析,得到齿轮系统随齿面摩擦系数变化下的时间历程图、相位图、Poincare截面图、分岔图等,定性分析了齿轮系统对齿面摩擦变化下的动力学周期、拟周期、分叉和混沌的运动演化历程,并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明,随着齿面摩擦系数的增大,齿轮系统动态特性响应逐渐复杂。     

考虑时变摩擦的直齿轮副啮合刚度计算及其影响因素分析

针对直齿轮副啮合过程存在时变摩擦问题,建立直齿轮副啮合模型,推导齿轮副在啮合点处的相对滑动速度、卷吸速度、滑滚比、综合曲率半径及轮齿接触压力,研究单双齿交替啮合过程中单齿承载变化下的齿面摩擦因数变化规律。基于势能法推导计及时变摩擦的直齿轮副啮合刚度解析式,分析无摩擦力、定摩擦力和时变摩擦力作用下直齿轮副啮合刚度的变化规律,进而研究时变摩擦作用下齿轮模数、齿宽、压力角、粗糙度、输入转矩等参数对直齿轮副时变啮合刚度的影响规律。研究结果表明,时变摩擦因数在单双齿交替啮合区发生突变,在节点处趋于0;摩擦力作用下单齿刚度在啮入阶段将增大,啮出阶段将减小;定摩擦力作用使啮合刚度在节点处发生突变;时变摩擦力作用使啮合刚度在单双齿交替啮合处发生突变,在节点处与无摩擦时变化规律一致;齿轮副啮合刚度随模数、齿宽增大而增大,随压力角增大而减小;啮合刚度变化量随齿面粗糙度增大而增大,随输入转矩增大而减小。     

真实啮合状态面齿轮副时变啮合刚度计算及系统振动特性分析

为了获得面齿轮传动系统真实啮合状态的时变啮合刚度,提出一种能够综合考虑齿面修形和安装误差,运用面齿轮轮齿接触分析(TCA)及承载接触分析(LTCA)技术的时变啮合刚度精确计算方法。构建了面齿轮副的TCA和LTCA模型,采用有限元和数学规划的方法获得轮齿接触变形及齿轮啮合力,计算得到面齿轮副精确时变啮合刚度,进而研究了修形参数对面齿轮系统时变啮合刚度的影响规律;在此基础上,建立了考虑时变啮合刚度以及综合传递误差等内部激励的面齿轮传动系统动力学模型,仿真了精确时变啮合刚度激励下的面齿轮传动系统振动响应,为面齿轮传动系统的动态设计提供了理论参考。     

弧齿锥齿轮传动系统动态特性研究

基于集中质量法建立了弧齿锥齿轮8自由度弯-轴-扭三维空间动力学模型.模型中考虑了啮合刚度的时变性、几何传递误差的非线性、齿轮副间隙及轴承刚度的非线性.利用齿面接触分析与齿面承载接触分析求出几何传递误差与轮齿综合啮合刚度,利用轴承变形理论求出系统非线性支承刚度,使用Runge-Kutta法对传动系统进行动态响应求解,并研究了这些因素对弧齿锥齿轮振动的影响.结果表明:几何传递误差是影响齿轮振动的最主要因素,由啮合刚度变化引起的一系列振动受转速与负载的影响较大.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.