群体感应信号分子AI-2调控乳酸菌生物膜形成机制的研究进展

乳酸菌生物膜具有黏附性、抗逆性以及抗菌活性等多种物理特性和生理功能,被广泛应用于改善食品质构以及食品的生物保鲜中。乳酸菌生物膜的形成需经历附着、形成、成熟、老化脱落和重新附着5个阶段,其形成受到群体感应系统的调控。群体感应系统(quorum sensing system,QS)是细菌中广泛存在的一种基因表达调控系统,该系统通过信号分子靶向调控相关基因的表达,从而调控细菌的生理功能。LuxS/AI-2型QS是调控乳酸菌益生特性的主要群体感应系统。明悉乳酸菌的LuxS/AI-2型QS及其调控生物膜形成的机制,对于乳酸菌在食品工业中的进一步应用至关重要。重点介绍了乳酸菌生物膜的形成过程,以及LuxS/AI-2型QS调控乳酸菌生物膜形成的5个调控元件,即信号分子AI-2(autoinducer-2)、关键调控基因(luxS、tuf、fba、gap)、关键调控蛋白(LuxS、LacI、AraC、PadR以及Rbs家族蛋白)、信号分子AI-2的可能受体蛋白(LuxP、LsrB、RbsB和含有dCACHE结构域的受体蛋白)以及关键代谢路径的最新研究进展;总结了信号分子AI-2调控乳酸菌生物膜形成的可能分子机制,以及信号分子AI-2受体蛋白的筛选策略。希望为深入了解LuxS/AI-2型QS调控乳酸菌生物膜的形成提供理论指导。     

基于AI-2介导的类植物乳杆菌生物被膜态与浮游态抗胁迫能力比较与分析

采用平板活菌计数法比较被膜态及浮游态的类植物乳杆菌L-ZS9经热处理、酸处理、胆盐处理后的存活率,结果表明被膜态菌体具有更强的抗胁迫能力;通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应的方法比较被膜态及浮游态菌株L-ZS9的胁迫相关基因atpβ、atpε、clp、psp C、ccpA及群体感应信号分子自诱导物(autoinducer 2,AI-2)合成关键基因lux S的转录水平,结果表明被膜态菌体的基因转录水平显著高于浮游态;通过报告菌株发光检测法比较被膜态及浮游态菌株上清液中AI-2的活性,结果表明被膜态菌体上清液中AI-2的活性显著高于浮游态;且外源信号分子AI-2可以调控基因atpβ、atpε、clp、ccpA、luxS的转录水平。结果说明生物被膜不仅可以提供物理防御作用,而且其细胞个体的基因转录水平与浮游态也有所不同,且群体感应系统在被膜的形成与调控中发挥着重要作用。本研究为开发高活力益生菌功能食品提供了新的思路和理论基础。     

Influence of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and beef sample extracts on E. coli O157:H7 survival and gene expression of virulence genes yadK and hhA

ABSTRACT:  Bacterial cell-to-cell communication is mediated by autoinducer (AI) molecules such as AI-2 and has been reported to regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. We have previously shown that ground beef contains compounds that can inhibit sensing of AI-2 like activity. The hypothesis of this study was that AI-2 activity observed in conditioned medium (CM) will enhance E. coli O157:H7 survival and expression of virulence genes, whereas compounds inhibitory (such as those present in ground beef extracts) to AI-2 activity will negate these effects. E. coli O157:H7 luxS mutant strain VS 94 (incapable of synthesizing AI-2) was employed in these studies. The survival of this enteric bacterial pathogen as a function of AI-2 activity and the presence of AI-2 inhibitory compounds was studied at 4 °C. The number of survivors in the presence of AI-2 was significantly higher compared to the absence of AI-2, and the addition of ground beef extracts to conditioned medium negated the influence of AI-2 activity. Autoinducer AI-2 upregulated selected genes virulence genes ( yadK , and hha ), whereas the ground beef extract reversed the effect of AI-2 on the expression of the selected genes.     

Grapefruit juice and its furocoumarins inhibits autoinducer signaling and biofilm formation in bacteria

Cell-to-cell communications in bacteria mediated by small diffusible molecules termed as autoinducers (AI) are known to influence gene expression and pathogenicity. Oligopeptides and N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHL) are major AI molecules involved in intra-specific communication in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria respectively, whereas boronated-diester molecules (AI-2) are involved in inter-specific communication among both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Naturally occurring furocoumarins from grapefruit showed >95% inhibition of AI-1 and AI-2 activities based on the Vibrio harveyi based autoinducer bioassay. Grapefruit juice and furocoumarins also inhibited biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that grape fruit juice and furocoumarins could serve as a source to develop bacterial intervention strategies targeting microbial cell signaling processes.     

群体感应系统对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的影响

以单增李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）为研究对象,分析Agr群体感应系统和LuxS/AI-2系统对其生物被膜形成的调控作用。通过同源重组对LMB33426菌株进行agrD基因以及luxS基因的无痕敲除,比较野生菌株与agrD、luxS基因缺失菌株的生物被膜特性差异。结果表明,与野生株相比,ΔagrD突变株和ΔluxS突变株的生物被膜形成能力下降;ΔagrD突变株的疏水性显著下降,在37 ℃下的泳动能力较野生株增强;群体感应系统基因敲除对菌株的耐药性没有产生较大影响。基因缺失株的构建为进一步研究群体感应系统对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的调控机制提供参考,同时为单增李斯特菌的预防控制奠定了基础。     

Identification of ground beef-derived fatty acid inhibitors of autoinducer-2-based cell signaling

Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) molecules are used by several microorganisms to modulate various processes, including bioluminescence, biofilm formation, and virulence expression. Certain food matrices, including ground beef extracts, possess compounds capable of inhibiting AI-2 activity. In the present study, we identified and characterized these AI-2 inhibitors from ground beef extract using hexane solvent extraction and gas chromatography. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of several fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:omega9), and linoleic acid (C18:omega6) that were capable of inhibiting AI-2 activity. These fatty acids were tested (using Vibrio harveyi BB170 and MM32 reporter strains) at different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mM) to identify differences in the level of AI-2 activity inhibition. AI-2 inhibition ranged from 25 to 90%. A mixture of these fatty acids (prepared at concentrations equivalent to those present in the ground beef extract) produced 52 to 65% inhibition of AI-2 activity. The fatty acid mixture also negatively influenced Escherichia coli K-12 biofilm formation. These results demonstrate that both medium- and long-chain fatty acids in ground beef have the ability to interfere with AI-2-based cell signaling.     

环境胁迫对屎肠球菌8-3 LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统的影响

以酸马奶酒中分离出的1 株高产信号分子AI-2（Autoinducer-2）的屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）8-3为研究对象,通过改变菌株生长环境（pH值、温度、渗透压、营养条件）探究对菌株LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统的影响。采用生物学方法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法检测信号分子AI-2产量及相关基因luxS和pfs表达量的变化。结果表明：轻度酸性胁迫会诱导E. faecium 8-3信号分子AI-2的产生,碱性条件下菌体生长旺盛,菌体密度主要介导信号分子AI-2产生;在渗透压和低温胁迫时,E. faecium 8-3菌体密度和信号分子AI-2的产生同时受到抑制,菌体密度调控信号分子AI-2的产生;低6-82营养胁迫可以诱导E. faecium 8-3产信号分子AI-2。不同环境胁迫下E. faecium 8-3的luxS和pfs基因表达均有不同程度的变化,说明LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统参与菌株的抗逆过程。     

真空包装冷藏大菱鲆鱼片的货架期及其优势腐败菌群体感应检测

本研究以真空包装冷藏大菱鲆鱼片为研究对象,通过感官、微生物和化学指标评价其货架期,利用16Sr DNA方法对其贮藏初期和末期的微生物分布进行鉴定,并采用报告菌株法检测大菱鲆鱼片贮藏过程中两种类型群体感应信号分子(AHLs和AI-2)的产生情况,检测其优势腐败菌的群体感应类型。结果显示,大菱鲆鱼片在真空包装冷藏环境下可以贮藏9 d,此时细菌总数达6.87 logCFU/g,挥发性盐基氮含量为28.70 mg/100 g。对比初始和末期微生物种类变化,真空包装大菱鲆鱼片冷藏过程中的优势腐败菌主要为希瓦氏菌,其次为肠杆菌科细菌。群体感应信号分子AHLs和AI-2含量随贮藏时间延长而增加。贮藏末期分离的希瓦氏菌均能分泌AI-2信号分子,分泌能力因菌株而异。利用基因手段可从希瓦氏菌中扩增到AI-2的分泌基因lux S,表明lux S在产AI-2菌株中具有一定保守性,可能参与希瓦氏菌的腐败进程。     

坚强肠球菌SQ-3-2基于Lux S群体感应系统信号分子AI-2的检测及方法优化

通过生物学方法检测坚强肠球菌SQ-3-2是否产生群体感应信号分子AI-2,并对检测条件进行优化。将坚强肠球菌SQ-3-2培养上清液加入到由哈维氏弧菌BB170构成的特异性报告系统中,使用多功能酶标仪化学发光模式检测荧光强度,通过与AB培养基空白对照进行荧光强度的比较得出坚强肠球菌SQ-3-2是否产生具有活性的AI-2信号分子,同时依据荧光强度的大小对加样比和酸碱度两个条件进行优化。研究结果表明,坚强肠球菌SQ-3-2培养上清液中含有AI-2信号分子,随着菌体密度的增加信号分子AI-2的浓度也随之增大,在对数期末期达到最大值。方法优化实验证明最佳检测条件为待测样品pH=7,加样比例为1∶100。实验为进一步研究坚强肠球菌SQ-3-2的Lux S系统打下基础。同时,方法优化实验为检测各类乳酸菌是否分泌AI-2信号分子提供了一定的实验基础和理论依据。     

Autoinducer-2-like activity in lactic acid bacteria isolated from minced beef packaged under modified atmospheres

Fifteen fingerprints (assigned to Leuconostoc spp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella viridescens, Leuconostoc citreum, and Lactobacillus sakei) of 89 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from minced beef stored under modified atmospheres at various temperatures were screened for their ability to exhibit autoinducer-2 (AI-2)-like activity under certain growth conditions. Cellfree meat extracts (CFME) were collected at the same time as the LAB isolates and tested for the presence of AI-2-like molecules. All bioassays were conducted using the Vibrio harveyi BAA-1117 (sensor 1(-), sensor 2(+)) biosensor strain. The possible inhibitory effect of meat extracts on the activity of the biosensor strain was also evaluated. AI-2-like activity was observed for Leuconostoc spp. isolates, but none of the L. sakei strains produced detectable AI-2-like activity. The AI-2-like activity was evident mainly associated with the Leuconostoc sp. B 233 strain, which was the dominant isolate recovered from storage at 10 and 15°C and at the initial and middle stages of storage at chill temperatures (0 and 5°C). The tested CFME samples displayed low AI-2-like activity and inhibited AI-2 activity regardless of the indigenous bacterial populations. The LAB isolated during meat spoilage exhibited AI-2-like activity, whereas the LAB strains retrieved depended on storage time and temperature. The production of AI-2-like molecules may affect the dominance of different bacterial strains during storage. The results provide a basis for further research concerning the effect of storage temperature on the expression of genes encoding AI-2 activity and on the diversity of the ephemeral bacterial population.     

luxS基因介导乳酸菌益生特性研究进展

一些乳酸菌具有高肠道耐受性、高粘附肠上皮细胞和产具有抑菌活性的细菌素等益生特性。某些乳酸菌的细菌素合成量、耐受性及黏附特性可以被诱导物-2（autoinduction-2,AI-2）提高,AI-2是通过甲基循环合成的一种信号分子。luxS基因可以编码合成LuxS蛋白,而LuxS蛋白是AI-2合成的关键酶,因此展开对luxS在细菌素合成量和耐受性、黏附特性方面的作用研究具有重要意义。该文通过讨论luxS基因在乳酸菌益生特性的研究现状,提出该研究领域中存在的问题以及发展趋势,从而为提高乳酸菌的益生特性提供理论依据。     

LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统及其对细菌致病性和耐药性的调控

群体感应是指细菌在生长过程中产生一些低分子量的信号分子, 通过信号分子来感知种群密度变化, 从而调节相关基因表达和群体行为的过程。不同细菌利用不同类型的信号分子交流, 其中自诱导分子2(Autoinducer-2, AI-2)信号分子存在于革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌中, 是一种种间交流的信号分子。AI-2是一类呋喃酰硼酸二酯, 其合成依赖于S-核糖同型半胱氨酸酶(S-ribosylhomocysteinase, LuxS), 能调控细菌的多种重要生理过程, 包括毒素的分泌、生物膜的形成和耐药性等。本文综述了LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统及其对细菌致病性和耐药性的影响及调控作用, 以期为解析食源性致病菌的致病性及耐药性作用机制、研制新型抗菌药物、控制食源性致病菌的感染提供新思路。     

Autoinducer-2 activity of gram-negative foodborne pathogenic bacteria and its influence on biofilm formation

ABSTRACT:  This study evaluated whether autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity would be associated with biofilm formation by Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains on food contact surfaces. In study I, a Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 strain and an E . coli O157:H7 strain, both AI-2 positive, were individually inoculated into 50 mL of Luria–Bertani (LB) or LB + 0.5% glucose (LBG) broth, without or with stainless steel or polypropylene ( Salmonella ) coupons. At 0, 14 ( Salmonella ), 24, 48, and 72 h of storage (25 °C), cells in suspension and detached cells from the coupons, obtained by vortexing, were enumerated on tryptic soy agar. In study II, a Salmonella Thompson AI-2-positive strain and an AI-2-negative strain, and an E . coli O157:H7 AI-2-positive strain and an AI-2-negative strain were inoculated into LB broth with stainless steel coupons. Cells were enumerated as in study I. In both studies, AI-2 activity was determined in cell-free supernatants. Cell numbers of S . Typhimurium DT104 on biofilms were higher ( P < 0.05) in LB than those in LBG, while the E . coli O157:H7 strain showed no difference ( P ≥ 0.05) in biofilm cell counts between LB and LBG after storage for 72 h. Both S . Typhimurium DT104 and E . coli O157:H7 strains produced higher ( P < 0.05) AI-2 activity in LBG than LB cell suspensions. Cell counts of AI-2-positive and-negative S . Thompson and E . coli O157:H7 strains were not different ( P ≥ 0.05) within suspensions or coupons (study II). The results indicated that, under the conditions of this study, AI-2 activity of the pathogen strains tested may not have a major influence on biofilm formation on food contact surfaces, which was similar between AI-2-positive and -negative strains.     

凡纳滨对虾腐败优势菌的分离鉴定及其群体感应信号分子测定

从凡纳滨对虾中分离和鉴定腐败优势菌,并对其进行群体感应信号分子AHLs和AI-2的测定。通过细菌自动生化鉴定系统和16S rDNA序列鉴定优势腐败菌;利用生物检测菌根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）JZA-1测定其AHLs、哈维弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）BB170检测其AI-2,并探究其动态生成规律。最终分离得到10 株腐败优势菌,有4 株菌均为变形杆菌属（Proteus）,其他分别为Oceanisphaera profunda、溶血性葡萄球菌（Stapylococcushaemolyticus）、腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）、Bacillus siamensis、Exiguobacterium aaestuarii。分离腐败优势菌中的6 株革兰氏阴性菌均产生AHLs信号分子;变形杆菌属、腐败希瓦氏菌、短杆菌属、Bacillus siamensis产生AI-2信号分子。优势腐败菌的AHLs活性与菌体生长密度呈正相关,AI-2产生量在菌体生长对数期累积,在菌体生长24 h后活性迅速减弱。     

淬灭副溶血弧菌群体感应的乳酸菌益生特性研究

以副溶血弧菌的群体感应为靶标,筛选对副溶血弧菌群体感应和生物被膜形成具有抑制作用的乳酸菌菌株,分析其益生特性。采用哈维氏弧菌BB170生物发光法及结晶紫染色法测定10株乳酸菌淬灭副溶血弧菌群体感应和抑制生物被膜形成的效果,并分析其自聚性、共聚性、疏水性、生物被膜形成能力以及抗菌谱。结果表明,10株乳酸菌对副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用存在明显差异,乳酸菌抑制副溶血弧菌AI-2活性与抑制生物被膜形成具有相关性,其中菌株A10对副溶血弧菌AI-2和生物被膜的抑制率分别为82.92%和87.70%,对副溶血弧菌AI-2活性有促进作用的菌株B11、L18基本对生物被膜形成没有抑制作用;菌株MS1的自聚率和疏水率均达到80%以上,成膜能力强,且其淬灭副溶血弧菌群体感应和抑制生物被膜形成的作用明显,抑制率分别为69.54%和77.32%,抗菌作用强。本研究为乳酸菌源群体感应抑制剂的研究开发提供参考,对乳酸菌资源的充分开发利用具有积极意义。     

4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮对单增李斯特菌AI-2类群体感应的干扰效应

利用群体感应抑制剂靶向干扰病源菌已成为有效控制致病性危害的突破口。本研究通过测定菌体浓度、哈氏弧菌BB170报告菌的发光值,研究不同浓度4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮(DMHF)作用下单增李斯特菌(L.m)的生长与信号分子AI-2活性;通过半固体穿刺法、结晶紫法及溶血平板法检测L.m的动力、生物膜及溶血性,来评价DMHF对L.m AI-2类QS的干扰效应。结果表明,≤ 200 μg/mL的DMHF能推迟L.m的生长,且明显抑制了L.m AI-2的活性,实验组的AI-2活性值均低于阴性对照组的40%,由此可判定DMHF是AI-2类QS的抑制剂;当DMHF浓度为100 μg/mL时能明显抑制L.m的运动能力;50、100和200 μg/mL的DMHF对L.m生物膜的形成抑制率分别为29.72%、44.88%和75.27%;200 μg/mL的DMHF完全抑制溶血环的产生,本研究为利用DMHF作AI-2类QS的抑制剂提供依据。     

三种食品添加剂抑制菌体生物被膜形成

为探索有效手段清除生物被膜,作者采用二倍稀释法研究茶多酚、柠檬醛、肉桂醛对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌以及大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度。并在亚致死浓度下,利用微孔板法研究此3种天然产物抑制3种细菌及其混合菌的生物被膜形成以及群体感应信号分子AI-2的情况。结果表明,在亚抑菌浓度下,茶多酚对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜抑制效果最好,肉桂醛对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生物被膜抑制效果最好,而柠檬醛对所有细菌及其混合菌AI-2活力都具有抑制效果。     

Citrus Extracts as Inhibitors of Quorum Sensing,Biofilm Formation and Motility of Campylobacter jejuni

Quorum Sensing (QS), a signaling system present in bacteria, influences the expression of a variety of virulence factors. This study investigated the ability of citrus extracts to inhibit the activity of AI-2 molecules that mediate QS in Campylobacter jejuni and the effects of these extracts on motility, biofilm formation and expression of flaA-B. Cultures of C. jejuni were exposed to extracts of Citrus limon, Citrus medica and Citrus aurantium peels at various concentrations. Swarm motility tests were performed in Muller Hinton agar; biofilm formation was determined colorimetrically in microtiter plates; AI-2 activity was measured with a bioluminescence assay using V. harveyi; and flaA-B expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Treatment with C. limon or C. medica peel extract reduced swarm motility 44–59%, whereas treatment with C. aurantium extract reduced swarm motility 35–40%. Biofilm formation was reduced 60–75 % by these extracts, depending on extract concentration and /or strain tested. All three citrus extracts decreased AI-2 activity by about 90 %, and at 75 % of MBC, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced expression of flaA-B. These findings provide preliminary metabolic and molecular insights into the effects of edible antimicrobials on QS and virulence factors of C. jejuni.     

luxS基因对盐胁迫下植物乳杆菌生长及细菌素合成的影响

以植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391野生株及其luxS基因缺失突变株为研究对象,探究luxS基因对该菌盐耐受能力的影响,并测定在0%、2%、3%、4%和6%质量分数NaCl胁迫条件下,luxS基因缺失对该菌生长及细菌素合成的影响,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术在转录水平上测定该菌细菌素合成相关基因的表达水平。结果表明：随NaCl质量分数的升高,2 株菌的存活率均逐渐下降,当NaCl质量分数大于3%时,相同条件下野生株对盐的耐受能力显著强于突变株（P＜0.05）;除此之外,NaCl质量分数越高,菌株进入稳定期的时间越向后延迟,luxS基因缺失突变株在各NaCl质量分数下生长及细菌素合成能力均显著弱于野生株（P＜0.05）。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,当培养至稳定期24 h时,细菌素结构基因plnEF以及双组分调节基因plnD和plNC8HK均因luxS基因的缺失,表达显著下调（P＜0.05）。因此,luxS基因缺失显著降低植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391盐耐受能力,并且在NaCl胁迫条件下,该菌生长及细菌素合成能力也因luxS基因缺失而显著下降。