一个实用脱机手写汉字笔迹库的建立

建立一个实用的脱机手写汉字笔迹库是研究笔迹鉴别技术的基础,论文结合笔迹图像与书写者信息设计了一个脱机手写汉字笔迹库系统,详细介绍了笔迹样本采集方案及系统的主要功能,阐述了部分关键问题的解决方案。     

基于多通道分解与匹配的笔迹鉴别研究

笔迹鉴别是通过分析手写字符的书写风格来判断书写人身份的一门技术.笔迹鉴别 的关键步骤是提取反映书写风格的笔迹特征.笔迹特征包括笔划位置、方向、搭配关系等,它 们可以通过图像多通道分解提取和表达出来.本文提出一种用于笔迹鉴别的二值图像多通道 分解方法,利用字符的笔划方向性先进行方向分解,然后对每个方向的子图像进行频带分解. 用分解后的采样信号值作为笔迹特征,用特征匹配方法进行书写人识别,得到了很好的实验 结果.     

一种基于微结构特征的多文种文本无关笔迹鉴别方法

与字符识别一样, 计算机自动笔迹鉴别是一个涉及到不同文种的研究课题. 本文提出了一种基于网格窗口微结构特征的文本无关的笔迹鉴别方法, 能适用于各种不同文种的笔迹. 该方法对笔迹中局部细微结构的书写变化趋势进行描述, 并采用加权距离度量方法进行笔迹相似性度量. 利用该方法实现了文本无关的多文种笔迹检索系统, 并在实际汉字、英文、藏文和维吾尔文的笔迹库上进行了测试. 实验证明, 该方法是一种高效且适用性较广、限制性较少的笔迹鉴别方法.     

基于笔迹的身份鉴别

提出了一种鉴别笔迹的新方法.现有的笔迹识别方法大多需要进行分割或关联部分 的分析,都是与内容相关的方法.在新方法里,把手写笔迹作为一种纹理来看待,将笔迹鉴别 的问题转化为纹理识别来处理,这是一种与内容无关的方法.使用多通道二维Gabor滤波器 来提取这些纹理的特征,并使用加权欧氏距离分类器来完成匹配工作.在实验中,使用了17个 人的不同笔迹,取得了很好的结果.     

Adaptive classifiers for multisource OCR

When patterns occur in large groups generated by a single source (style consistent test data), the statistics of the test data differ from those of the training data, which consist of patterns from all sources. We present a Gaussian model for continuously distributed sources under which we develop adaptive classifiers that specialize in the statistics of style-consistent test data. On NIST handwritten digit data, the adaptive classifiers reduce the error rate by more than 50% operating on one writer ( samples/class) at a time.Received: 14 November 2002, Accepted: 6 March 2003, Published online: 12 September 2003Correspondence to: George Nagy     

Automatic writer identification framework for online handwritten documents using character prototypes

This paper proposes an automatic text-independent writer identification framework that integrates an industrial handwriting recognition system, which is used to perform an automatic segmentation of an online handwritten document at the character level. Subsequently, a fuzzy c-means approach is adopted to estimate statistical distributions of character prototypes on an alphabet basis. These distributions model the unique handwriting styles of the writers. The proposed system attained an accuracy of 99.2% when retrieved from a database of 120 writers. The only limitation is that a minimum length of text needs to be present in the document in order for sufficient accuracy to be achieved. We have found that this minimum length of text is about 160 characters or approximately equivalent to 3 lines of text. In addition, the discriminative power of different alphabets on the accuracy is also reported.     

Analysis of stroke structures of handwritten Chinese characters

Most handwritten Chinese character recognition systems suffer from the variations in geometrical features for different writing styles. The stroke structures of different styles have proved to be more consistent than geometrical features. In an on-line recognition system, the stroke structure can be obtained according to the sequences of writing via a pen-based input device such as a tablet. But in an off-line recognition system, the input characters are scanned optically and saved as raster images, so the stroke structure information is not available. In this paper, we propose a method to extract strokes from an off-line handwritten Chinese character. We have developed four new techniques: 1) a new thinning algorithm based on Euclidean distance transformation and gradient oriented tracing, 2) a new line approximation method based on curvature segmentation, 3) artifact removal strategies based on geometrical analysis, and 4) stroke segmentation rules based on splitting, merging and directional analysis. Using these techniques, we can extract and trace the strokes in an off-line handwritten Chinese character accurately and efficiently.     

基于特征融合的脱机中文笔迹鉴别

提出一种基于文本依存笔迹特征融合的文本独立特征构造方法。建立基于方向指数直方图法笔迹特征(文本依存特征)的两因子分解模型。笔迹特征可分解成字符因子和书写因子两部分。通过两因子方差分析与数据挖掘,分离出与字符无关的书写因子,得到基于文本依存方法的文本独立特征。该方法对检材与样本笔迹的字符数量较少,特别是相同字很少或是根本没有相同字的情况下,能取得较理想的笔迹鉴别准确率,为少量字笔迹鉴别提供解决问题的思路。     

A combination of features for symbol-independent writer identification in old music scores

The aim of writer identification is determining the writer of a piece of handwriting from a set of writers. In this paper, we present an architecture for writer identification in old handwritten music scores. Even though an important amount of music compositions contain handwritten text, the aim of our work is to use only music notation to determine the author. The main contribution is therefore the use of features extracted from graphical alphabets. Our proposal consists in combining the identification results of two different approaches, based on line and textural features. The steps of the ensemble architecture are the following. First of all, the music sheet is preprocessed for removing the staff lines. Then, music lines and texture images are generated for computing line features and textural features. Finally, the classification results are combined for identifying the writer. The proposed method has been tested on a database of old music scores from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, achieving a recognition rate of about 92% with 20 writers.     

Handwritten Chinese character recognition using fuzzy image alignment

The task of handwritten Chinese character recognition is one of the most challenging areas of human handwriting classification. The main reason for this is related to the writing system itself which encompasses thousands of characters, coupled with high levels of diversity in personal writing styles and attributes. Much of the existing work for both online and off-line handwritten Chinese character recognition has focused on methods which employ feature extraction and segmentation steps. The preprocessed data from these steps form the basis for the subsequent classification and recognition phases. This paper proposes an approach for handwritten Chinese character recognition and classification using only an image alignment technique and does not require the aforementioned steps. Rather than extracting features from the image, which often means building models from very large training data, the proposed method instead uses the mean image transformations as a basis for model building. The use of an image-only model means that no subjective tuning of the feature extraction is required. In addition by employing a fuzzy-entropy-based metric, the work also entails improved ability to model different types of uncertainty. The classifier is a simple distance-based nearest neighbour classification system based on template matching. The approach is applied to a publicly available real-world database of handwritten Chinese characters and demonstrates that it can achieve high classification accuracy and is robust in the presence of noise.     

An Unsupervised Writer Identification Based on Generating ClusterableEmbeddings

The writer identification system identifies individuals based on their handwriting is a frequent topic in biometric authentication and verification systems. Due to its importance, numerous studies have been conducted in various languages. Researchers have established several learning methods for writer identification including supervised and unsupervised learning. However, supervised methods require a large amount of annotation data, which is impossible in most scenarios. On the other hand, unsupervised writer identification methods may be limited and dependent on feature extraction that cannot provide the proper objectives to the architecture and be misinterpreted. This paper introduces an unsupervised writer identification system that analyzes the data and recognizes the writer based on the inter-feature relations of the data to resolve the uncertainty of the features. A pairwise architecture-based Autoembedder was applied to generate clusterable embeddings for handwritten text images. Furthermore, the trained baseline architecture generates the embedding of the data image, and the K-means algorithm is used to distinguish the embedding of individual writers. The proposed model utilized the IAM dataset for the experiment as it is inconsistent with contributions from the authors but is easily accessible for writer identification tasks. In addition, traditional evaluation metrics are used in the proposed model. Finally, the proposed model is compared with a few unsupervised models, and it outperformed the state-of-the-art deep convolutional architectures in recognizing writers based on unlabeled data.     

Role of automation in the examination of handwritten items

Several automation tools have been developed over the years for forensic document examination (FDE) of handwritten items. Integrating the developed tools into a unified framework is considered and the essential role of the human in the process is discussed. The task framework is developed by considering the approach of computational thinking whose components are abstraction, algorithms, mathematical models and ability to scale. Beginning with the human FDE procedure expressed in algorithmic form, mathematical and software implementations of individual steps of the algorithm are described. Advantages of the framework are discussed, including efficiency (ability to scale to tasks with many handwritten items), reproducibility and validation/improvement of existing manual procedures. It is indicated that as with other expert systems, such as for medical diagnosis, current automation tools are useful only as part of a larger manually intensive procedure. This viewpoint is illustrated with a well-known FDE case, concerning the Lindbergh kidnapping with a new hypothesis – in this case, there are multiple questioned documents, possibility of multiple writers of the same document, determining whether the writing is disguised, known writing is formal while questioned writing is informal, etc. Observations are made for future developments, where human examiners provide handwriting characteristics while computational methods provide the necessary statistical analysis.     

Writer identification using oriented Basic Image Features and the Delta encoding

We describe how oriented Basic Image Feature Columns (oBIF Columns) can be used for writer identification and how this texture-based scheme can be enhanced by encoding a writer's style as the deviation from the mean encoding for a population of writers. We hypothesise that this deviation, the Delta encoding, provides a more informative encoding than the texture-based encoding alone. The methods have been evaluated using the IAM dataset and by making entries to two top international competitions for assessing the state-of-the-art in writer identification. We demonstrate that the oBIF Column scheme on its own is sufficient to gain a performance level of 99% when tested using 300 writers from the IAM dataset. However, on the more challenging competition datasets, significantly improved performance was obtained using the Delta encoding scheme, which achieved first place in both competitions. In our characterisation of the Delta encoding, we demonstrate that the method is making use of information contained in the correlation between the written style of different textual elements, which may not be used by other methods.     

Writer adaptation for online handwriting recognition

Writer-adaptation is the process of converting a writer-independent handwriting recognition system into a writer-dependent system. It can greatly increasing recognition accuracy, given adequate writer models. The limited amount of data a writer provides during training constrains the models' complexity. We show how appropriate use of writer-independent models is important for the adaptation. Our approach uses writer-independent writing style models (lexemes) to identify the styles present in a particular writer's training data. These models are then updated using the writer's data. Lexemes in the writer's data for which an inadequate number of training examples is available are replaced with the writer-independent models. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach on both isolated handwritten character recognition and unconstrained word recognition tasks. Our results show an average reduction in error rate of 16.3 percent for lowercase characters as compared against representing each of the writer's character classes with a single model. In addition, an average error rate reduction of 9.2 percent is shown on handwritten words using only a small amount of data for adaptation     

基于优化分割重建图像的文本无关笔迹鉴定

笔迹鉴定的主要过程首先是系统把手写的笔迹文字通过扫描仪输入计算机，然后对原始笔迹的图像进行预处理。在预处理阶段，本文提出了优化分割重建图像的归一化预处理方法，在参数提取阶段，本文采用多通道二维G2bro滤波器，通过计算4个方向每个方向4个频率来提取的笔迹特征。本文对10个人任意书写的笔迹进行实验，鉴别正确率得到较好的提高。     

Stability and stationarity of cursive handwriting

Handwriting is considered as the output of a space variant imaging system equivalent to the writer. This system is described by the parameters of the synthesis of letters from a given model. A statistical analysis of the variations of this system on a set of successive pages leads to the extraction of writer features as well as the segmentation of the text into short-time stationarity domains to be related to “rhythms of writing”.