纳滤膜-间歇渗滤法进行染料脱盐与浓缩的实验研究

根据纳滤膜的截留相对分子质量和对盐具有一定的截留率,针对一种商品代号为对ORD-HPDT的染料所需脱盐和浓缩要求,进行了纳滤膜的筛选和纳滤膜-间歇渗滤操作实验研究.结果表明,选用合适的纳滤膜,采用间歇渗滤法处理该染料溶液,不仅脱盐效果较为理想,而且染料质量分数也从3%浓缩至6%,因而技术上是可行的.     

纳滤膜脱盐浓缩染料的研究

考察了料液中盐的浓度对ＣＡ和ＰＡ纳滤膜性能的影响。随着料液中盐浓度的增加,膜的截留率减小,通量减小,ＣＡ膜的脱盐性能优于ＰＡ膜,本文选用脱盐性能较佳的ＣＡ纳滤膜进行了染料连续浓缩脱盐试验。ＣＡ膜对染料的截留率大于９９．９％,总脱盐率为５１％。在浓缩过程中染料的浓度提高了２．７６倍。     

PPES中空纤维纳滤膜的染料脱盐性能研究

采用间歇渗滤恒容操作,考察了杂萘联苯聚芳醚砜(PPES)非对称中空纤维纳滤膜对染料的脱盐性能,并以活性艳蓝染料的盐溶液为分离介质对膜在高温下的分离性能进行了测试分析。结果表明,非对称PPES中空纤维纳滤膜具有良好的染料脱盐性能:在80℃、0.6 MPa下,纳滤膜对活性艳蓝(质量浓度10 g/L)和NaCl(质量浓度2 g/L)的混合溶液渗滤浓缩2倍,经过7个恒容循环操作后,透过液的电导率降至0.1 mS/cm以下。间歇渗透过程中,每个循环后增加反洗操作,有利于提高PPES中空纤维纳滤膜对染料的脱盐效率;以质量分数1.0%的EDTA二钠溶液为反洗液,膜通量恢复率最高可达98.6%。     

活性紫染料纳滤脱盐精制的研究

对某染料厂提供的活性紫粗制染料液进行了纳滤膜筛选和脱盐浓缩精制的间歇恒容渗滤实验研究。膜筛选实验表明:DK膜较之DL膜和NF270膜更适合于活性紫染料脱盐浓缩精制的渗滤过程。间歇恒容渗滤操作参数为:活性紫粗制染料液含染料质量分数 5%,含盐质量分数 0 8%;染料含盐质量分数为 16%,渗滤操作压力 1 0MPa,膜面循环通量 1 4m3 /h,渗滤浓缩 2倍,渗滤时间 80h,结果含盐质量分数降至 0 75%,染料纯度达到 99%以上;最后将料液浓缩 3倍,以降低后续喷雾干燥的能耗。该实验研究为工业化提供了依据。     

纳滤膜在染料工业脱盐浓缩中的应用

对CA50(醋酸纤维素)纳滤膜的盐截留率和染料截留率进行了考察,并将CA50纳滤膜应用于染料工业脱盐浓缩,考察了膜污染现象,对综合效益进行了分析。结果表明,CA50纳滤膜的盐截留率较低,对染料则有很高的截留率：将CA50纳滤膜应用于黄染料工业生产中,使主体染料的纯度提高20％,对黑染料膜分离过程进行优化,当盐浓度保持在5％时能获得最佳的脱盐效果;膜分离蓝色染料一段时间后,会造成膜污染,引起膜污染的物质主要是油污、无机物、有机物和染料分子,通过适当的预处理和清洗可以保持膜通量和防止膜污染：采用膜分离工艺使染料工业在经济、环境和社会效益得到提高．     

纳滤膜脱盐性能及其在海水软化中应用的研究

选择了ESNA1型纳滤膜对NaCl、MgCl2、Na2SO4、MgSO4等4种无机单盐水溶液体系进行分离实验;考察操作压力和料液浓度等的变化对纳滤膜分离性能的影响及纳滤膜脱盐的稳定性,得到一些纳滤膜脱盐的规律;并对ESNA1膜在人工海水和海水软化脱盐中的应用作了初步探索.无机盐体系脱盐实验结果显示:随操作压力升高和料液浓度增大,ESNA1膜对4种盐溶液中的离子的截留率分别增大和减小,操作压力和料液浓度的变化对一价盐溶液的截留率影响较大,对二价盐溶液的截留率影响较小.人工海水和海水软化脱盐试验结果显示:ESNA1纳滤膜在实验过程中稳定性好,在较低的操作压力下膜通量也较高,且ESNA1纳滤膜对Ca2 、Mg2 、SO42-离子的截留率均＞90%,初步判断此种纳滤膜可用于海水软化预处理.     

活性黑染料纳滤脱盐浓缩的研究

选用纳滤膜DK对宜兴某染料厂生产的活性黑粗制染料液进行了脱盐浓缩的间歇恒容渗滤实验。经过间歇渗滤操作,染料纯度从76％上升到97％,染料浓度从5％上升到15％,染料质量得到显著提高,同时降低了厂家后续干燥操作的能耗。实验结果表明：膜法生产新工艺完全可以用于改造该厂染料的传统生产工艺。     

纳滤膜：染料脱盐与浓缩的新技术

纳滤膜是一种截留分子量为２００至１０００Ｄａｌｔｏｎ之间的新型膜，它的主要用途之一就是染料的脱盐与浓缩，典型的膜脱盐工艺包括浓缩和透析两个步骤，先浓缩，后透析，在透析过程中，定量加入清水，通过加压使水，盐分和小分子中间体渗透过膜，而染料被膜截留，这样就达到了使染料脱盐纯化的目的。     

聚酰胺非对称纳滤膜在印染废水深度处理中的应用

利用自制的聚酰胺非对称纳滤膜处理水溶性阴离子染料废水,并与NF270商品膜性能进行了比较研究。在0.7 MPa和25℃的条件下,所制纳滤膜对3种阴离子染料的截留率均大于95%。24 h染料连续脱盐运行条件下,膜的水通量保持在50 L.m-2·h-1,染料截留率96%以上,脱盐率稳定在5%以下,具有较好的选择分离性和耐污染性。2种纳滤膜的性能对比研究表明,所制PMIA非对称纳滤膜的染料截留能力和耐高温性优于NF270商品膜,但膜通量稍低。     

高浓度含盐草甘膦溶液的纳滤分离实验研究

为了考察纳滤技术分离含高浓度单价盐的草甘膦溶液的可行性,采用商业化Desal-DK纳滤膜对含有高浓度NaCl的草甘膦溶液开展了分离实验研究和模拟计算。首先研究了物料浓度、跨膜压差等因素对NaCl和草甘膦的单组分溶液的体积通量及截留率的影响,并通过拟合SK(Spiegler-Kedem)方程计算得到了膜的特征参数;其次探究了Desal-DK纳滤膜对高浓度NaCl和不同浓度草甘膦混合溶液的分离效果,实验结果说明Desal-DK纳滤膜对NaCl呈现较高的透过性,而对草甘膦则呈现较高的截留性,从而能够有效实现草甘膦和NaCl的分离;最后通过对含有100 g/L NaCl和1 g/L草甘膦的混合溶液进行预浓缩-连续恒容渗滤过程的模拟计算,得到了较高浓度的草甘膦溶液和相对较纯的NaCl溶液,证明通过纳滤渗滤过程实现含草甘膦浓盐水的资源化利用是可行的。     

高浓度含盐草甘膦溶液的纳滤分离实验研究

为了考察纳滤技术分离含高浓度单价盐的草甘膦溶液的可行性,采用商业化Desal-DK纳滤膜对含有高浓度NaCl的草甘膦溶液开展了分离实验研究和模拟计算。首先研究了物料浓度、跨膜压差等因素对NaCl和草甘膦的单组分溶液的体积通量及截留率的影响,并通过拟合SK（Spiegler-Kedem）方程计算得到了膜的特征参数;其次探究了Desal-DK纳滤膜对高浓度NaCl和不同浓度草甘膦混合溶液的分离效果,实验结果说明Desal-DK纳滤膜对NaCl呈现较高的透过性,而对草甘膦则呈现较高的截留性,从而能够有效实现草甘膦和NaCl的分离;最后通过对含有100 g/L NaCl和1 g/L草甘膦的混合溶液进行预浓缩-连续恒容渗滤过程的模拟计算,得到了较高浓度的草甘膦溶液和相对较纯的NaCl溶液,证明通过纳滤渗滤过程实现含草甘膦浓盐水的资源化利用是可行的。     

Diafiltration and water recovery of Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R solution by two-stage membrane separation process

The conventional process of Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R production is low purity, labor intensive, inconsistent in the production quality and also causes pollution. The improved process based on membrane technology still generates large volume of effluent though with low pollutants. In this paper, a two-stage membrane separation process is introduced to resolve these shortcomings, in which the first stage is used for diafiltration and concentration of dye solution, and the second is to recover the dye and salt water from the produced permeate. Comparing results from one ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (GH) and four nanofiltration (NF) membranes (AFC40, DL, CA865 and MPT-31), UF membrane ES404 showed the same dye rejection, higher permeate flux and lower sodium sulfate rejection. In the diafiltration and concentration stage, pre-concentration and constant volume diafiltration had the best salt permeability as compared to constant volume diafiltration and post-concentration in addition to variable volume diafiltration. In the dye and salt water recovery, membrane ES404 had the same dye rejection, but higher permeate flux and lower sodium sulfate rejection as compared to membrane GH. The proposed two-stage membrane separation process offers the advantages of high-purity, less labor intensive, consistent in production quality and less pollution.     

低压条件下双甘膦NaCl混合溶液的纳滤分离性能研究

选择纳滤膜NF270对双甘膦和NaCl自配混合溶液进行分离试验研究和理论分析.探讨了pH、操作压力、氯化钠浓度、双甘膦浓度对纳滤膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,由于纳滤膜NF270截留分子量小于双甘膦分子量,孔径筛分效应成为双甘膦截留率的决定性因素,截留率均稳定在97％左右.电荷效应对NaCl截留率与膜通量有着显著的影响,在pH为6.2,压力为0.7 MPa时NaCl截留率达到最低值4.5％,而高浓度氯化钠不利于分离,高浓度双甘膦却有助于二者的分离.结论认为运用NF270在适宜的操作条件下可实现双甘膦和氯化钠的最大分离.     

Flux,antifouling and separation characteristics enhancement of nanocomposite polyethersulfone mixed-matrix membrane by embedding synthesized hydrophilic adipate ferroxane nanoparticles

Polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared by blending of synthesized hydrophilic adipate ferroxane nanoparticles (AFNPs) as a novel multifunctional nanofiller via the phase inversion method. The water contact angle measurement indicated the higher hydrophilicity of the NF membranes. The water flux of the membranes improved significantly after the addition of AFNPs, from 10.4 to 32.2 kg/m²h. Antifouling characteristics of AFNPs/PES membranes were improved by increased hydrophilicity and decreased membrane surface roughness. The 0.6 wt% AFNPs/PES membrane exhibited the highest FRR (96%) and the lowest irreversible fouling resistance (6%). The nanofiltration performance of the prepared membranes was evaluated by dye removal and salt retention. The results proved the high dye removal capability of modified membranes (98% rejection) compared with the unfilled PES membrane (89% rejection). The salt retention sequence for membrane with 0.2 wt% of nanoparticles was Na₂SO₄ (70%)>MgSO₄ (60%)>NaCl (18%).     

Performance evaluation of polyamide nanofiltration membranes for phosphorus removal process and their stability against strong acid/alkali solution

In this study,a quantitative performance of three commercial polyamide nanofiltration(NF) membranes(i.e.,NF,NF90,and NF270) for phosphorus removal under different feed conditions was investigated.The experiments were conducted at different feed phosphorus concentrations(2.5,5,10,and 15 mg·L~(-1)) and elevated pHs(pH 1.5,5,10,and 13.5) at a constant feed pressure of 1 MPa using a dead-end filtration cell.Membrane rejection against total phosphorus generally increased with increasing phosphorus concentration regardless of membrane type.In contrast,the permeate flux for all the membranes only decreased slightly with increasing phosphorus concentration.The results also showed that the phosphorus rejections improved while water flux remained almost unchanged with increasing feed solution pH.When the three membranes were exposed to strong pHs(pH 1.5 and 13.5) for a longer duration(up to 6 weeks)it was found that the rejection capability and water flux of the membranes remained very similar throughout the duration,except for NF membrane with marginal decrement in phosphorus rejection.Adsorption study also revealed that more phosphorus was adsorbed onto the membrane structure at alkaline conditions(pH 10 and 13.5) compared to the same membranes tested at lower pHs(pH 1.5 and 5).In eonelusion,NF270 membrane outperformed Nf and NF90 membranes owing to its desirable performance of water flux and phosphorus rejection particularly under strong alkali solution.The NF270 membrane achieved 14.0 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1) and 96.5% rejection against 10 mg·L~(-1) phosphorus solution with a pH value of 13.5 at the applied pressure of 1 MPa.     

Green and feasible fabrication of loose nanofiltration membrane with high efficiency for fractionation of dye/NaCl mixture by taking advantage of membrane fouling

Loose nanofiltration membrane emerges as required recently, since it is hard for conventional nanofiltration membrane to fractionate mixture of dyes and salts in textile wastewater treatment. However, the polymeric membranes unavoidably suffer from membrane fouling, which was caused by the adsorption of organic pollutants (like dyes). Normally, the dye fouling layer will shrink membrane pore size, thus resulting in flux decline and rejection increase. It is thought that membrane fouling may be a double-edged sword and can be an advantage if properly utilized. Thereby, loose nanofiltration membranes were constructed here by a green yet effective method to fractionate dyes/salt mixture by taking advantage of membrane fouling without using poisonous ingredients. A commercially available polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane with high permeability was chosen as the substrate, and dyes were used to contaminate PAN substrate and formed a stable barrier layer when adsorption of dyes reached dynamic equilibrium. The resultant PAN-direct red 80 (DR80) composite membranes displayed superior permeability (~128.4 L m⁻² h⁻¹) and high rejection (~99.9%) to DR80 solutions at 0.4 MPa. Moreover, PAN-DR80 membranes allowed fast fractionation of dyes/sodium chloride (NaCl) mixture, which maintained a negligible dye loss and a low NaCl rejection (~12.4%) with high flux of 113.6 L m⁻² h⁻¹ at 0.4 MPa. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47438.     

应用膜技术精制荧光增白剂水溶液的工艺设计

本文对采用卷式纳滤膜作荧光增白剂水溶液的脱盐和浓缩的各种工艺过程进行了预测和比较。将含有1.0mol/L NaCI的0.14mol/L荧光增白剂水溶液浓缩到0.30mol/L再进行连续恒容脱盐,将NaCI浓度降低到0.102mol/L,然后将荧光增白剂水溶液和NaCI的浓度调节到0.25mol/L和0.085mol/L的目标浓度,这种方法所需的膜面积和排放水量都较小。工业运行试验表明该工艺与预测结果吻合良好。     

高通量聚醚砜纳滤膜的制备及对染料浓缩脱盐

以聚醚砜（PES）为膜材料,以嵌段式聚醚 Pluronic F127为添加剂,利用特制刮膜设备通过相转化法制备出高通量PES/Pluronic F127复合纳滤膜,并将其用于染料的浓缩脱盐。研究了添加剂含量、溶剂蒸发温度和蒸发时间对膜结构和膜性能的影响,考察了不同操作压力和操作温度下膜对染料的分离性能。扫描电镜 （SEM）、接触角、孔隙率数据和蛋白吸附测试结果表明,Pluronic F127改善了膜孔结构,提高了孔隙率,并且显著提高了膜的抗污染性能。纯水通量、截留率以及膜表面孔径表征结果表明,当Pluronic F127含量为3%、溶剂蒸发温度为90℃、 蒸发时间为18 s时,膜的分离性能最佳。在0.6 MPa下该膜对低分子量染料的截留率可达99.9%,且通量达到110.2 L·m^-2·h^-1,对NaCl的截留率仅为5.5%。在12 h的染料浓缩脱盐中,膜对染料的通量维持在较高水平且截留率始终保持在99%左右,具有良好的稳定性和抗污染性。