基于三剪统一强度准则的厚壁圆筒自增强分析

基于三剪统一强度准则,考虑材料应变强化效应、包辛格效应、拉压异性及中间主应力的影响,采用双线性强化材料模型对厚壁圆筒进行自增强分析,得到了厚壁圆筒加载应力、残余应力和工作应力的解析解,提出了最佳自增强压力的计算方法,探讨了拉压比、强度准则变化参数的影响,比较了自增强处理和非自增强处理及双线性强化模型和理想弹塑性模型厚壁圆筒的应力分布差异。研究结果表明：厚壁圆筒的最佳自增强压力随半径比和强度准则参数的增大而增大;工作时的最大等效应力随半径比和强度理论参数的增大而减小,随拉压比的增大而增大;自增强等效应力的最大值在弹塑性分界面处,且应力沿壁厚的分布较均匀;与理想弹塑性模型相比,双线性强化模型所对应的弹塑性分界面半径和残余应力较小,且随着自增强压力的增大,两种模型的差值越来越大;等效应力随半径比的变化规律可为厚壁圆筒选择合理的壁厚提供一定的参考;自增强技术可改善厚壁圆筒工作时的实际应力分布,提高其极限承载能力。     

厚壁圆筒自增强理论与数值模拟对比分析

自增强处理技术能有效提高设备承载能力,在高压和超高压设备中具有广泛应用。在第三强度理论的基础上提出厚壁圆筒最佳自增强处理内压的简便计算公式,有助于设计人员快速确定最佳自增强处理内压。并利用有限元软件,建立了厚壁圆筒力学模型,对比自增强处理前后厚壁圆筒的应力分布,从分析结果可以看出,对于提高圆筒承载能力,自增强处理技术具有明显优势。同时,对厚壁圆筒有限元模型施加不同自增强处理内压,得到相同工作压力作用下不同自增强处理内压与厚壁圆筒最大应力值的关系曲线,从而确定厚壁圆筒的最佳自增强处理内压值。对比所推导的理论公式计算值,误差仅为6%,符合工程设计计算要求,可以在机械加工工程领域应用推广。     

厚壁圆筒自增强压力的优化分析

采用考虑材料应变强化效应和包辛格效应的双线性材料模型,建立了厚壁圆筒自增强理论模型。基于工作时的等效应力及周向应力,提出了最佳自增强压力的评定方法并给出了理论求解过程。采用有限元软件对自增强厚壁圆筒涉及的三个加载过程进行模拟分析,模拟结果与理论计算结果相吻合。由模拟结果得到了厚壁圆筒工作时的最大等效应力和最大周向应力与自增强压力的关系曲线,并采用直接加权组合法进行优化,得到了最佳自增强压力。研究结果为厚壁圆筒最佳自增强压力的求解提供了新思路,具有一定的工程意义。     

外压自增强圆筒的设计计算方法

基于特雷斯卡(Tresca)屈服条件,在导出外压圆筒弹-塑性应力解析解的基础上,建立了外压自增强圆筒基本理论,进而提出了相应的设计计算方法。结果表明,虽然外压圆筒的弹性及弹-塑性应力解析解与内压圆筒不同,自增强处理后的残余应力也不同,但外压与内压圆筒的残余应力的当量应力、操作压力引起的弹性应力的当量应力、总应力的当量应力及弹-塑性应力的当量应力均相等,从而导致外压圆筒自增强与内压圆筒自增强的许多结果在形式上一样。     

关于厚壁圆筒自增强容器的理论研究

基于第四强度理论的观点，推导出了确定厚壁圆筒自增强处理时最佳弹塑性界面半径的计算公式；并进一步推导出了经过自增强处理的压力容器的最大允许工作内压的公式，最后为工程实际提出了自增强厚壁圆筒最大工作压力的控制条件。其理论及公式具有一定的理论与实用价值。     

自增强液压缸缸筒理论计算与仿真分析

基于Mises塑流条件、有限元理论、Lame公式对自增强厚壁圆筒进行分析,得到加载应力、卸载应力、残余应力及工作应力的解析解,并推导出弹塑性界面半径公式。为了验证理论公式的准确性,首先借助有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了1/4径向横截面的平面应变轴对称自增强厚壁圆筒的结构模型,然后模拟了模型在加载、卸载、工作工况下缸筒壁应力的分布情况,最后从ANSYS中提取仿真数据到MATLAB进行数值模拟计算,通过有限元分析与理论计算,证明理论推导得出的自增强缸筒应力解析解与仿真分析结果是相符的。     

热-机械载荷下厚壁圆筒自增强压力优化分析

理论上推导了厚壁圆筒在内压及热载荷共同作用下的最佳自增强压力,并基于ANSYS的优化分析结果对理论解进行了验证。结果表明最佳自增强压力的理论解与数值解一致,最大误差不超过1%;另外,不考虑热载荷进行自增强后,会增大工作状态下厚壁圆筒内外壁应力差,降低结构的疲劳强度;工程上可根据本文解析解进行自增强处理,以提高厚壁圆筒的承载能力。     

厚壁圆筒自增强处理的数值模拟

弹塑性理论的自增强技术可以提高厚壁圆筒的承载能力,推导了厚壁圆筒在内压作用下的自增强压力,并基于ANSYS分析结果对解析值进行验证。采用三个载荷步加载,对厚壁圆筒的自增强处理过程进行了弹塑性有限元模拟分析,得出了不同阶段应力的分布规律。在弹性状态下,分析值与解析值误差小于0.4%,从而验证了模拟分析的可靠性。在分析过程中得到的一些值得注意的规律及图形可供工程设计时参考,也使得弹塑性理论公式中参数间的关系和变化规律更清晰。     

用实验—有限元法确定圆环中残余应力的分布

1 简介为提高高压圆筒的承载能力和疲劳强度,常采用自增强处理工艺,使简体内壁产生残余压应力。残余应力的无损检测方法有X射线法、磁测法、超声法等。X射线法和磁测法只能测定试件表面一薄层材料的残余应力,超声法也只能测定简单应力状态的构件(如螺栓的轴向拉力),而对于象厚壁圆筒经自增强处理后的残余应力,用该法测定十分困难。残余应力的     

高压聚乙烯生产用超高压管式反应器的强度计算

超高压管式反应器是属于一种受内压的厚壁圆筒。由于内部操作压力的不断升高,圆筒壁内的应力水平大大上升,到了一定程度,将会出现内壁面的应力达到和超过材料在操作温度下的屈服强度,而外壁面的应力可能仍处于较低的水平,这时材料的合理使用率是很低的。在这种情况下,当然也可以采用增加壁厚的方法来对付内压力的升高,但是这个方法的     

A comparative study of thermal and hydraulic autofrettage

Thermal autofrettage is a potential process to generate beneficial compressive residual stresses at and around the inner wall of a thickwalled cylinder for increasing its pressure carrying capacity. Due to its simplicity and inexpensive arrangement, it can compete with the conventional hydraulic autofrettage process. In this work, a comparative study of the thermal autofrettage and the hydraulic autofrettage is carried out. As the thermal autofrettage does not require hydraulic power pack, the process is more economical than the hydraulic autofrettage. The thermal autofrettage process is also studied for the thick-walled cylindrical vessels subjected to high thermal gradient with or without pressure and is compared with the hydraulic autofrettage. Comparison shows that for cylinders subjected to high thermal gradient without pressure, the thermal autofrettage is superior to the hydraulic autofrettage.     

Residual stress analysis of an external grooved thick-walled pressure vessel

Residual stress analysis of an autofrettaged thick-walled pressure vessel containing an external groove was described in order to calculate the stress concentration at the external groove. The autofrettage residual stress distributions of the external grooved thick-walled pressure vessel were simulated using an equivalent thermal loading from the analogy of thermal and autofrettage residual stress fields. Thermal stresses due to the simulated thermal loadings for various degrees of autofrettage overstrain level were computed using finite element methods. Very high stress concentration factors due to autofrettage loadings were obtained at the external groove root that contained a sharp root radius. Experimental measurement of residual stresses for a fully autofrettaged smooth thick-walled pressure vessel using an equivalent saw cut method resulted in very close agreement with the theoretical autofrettage residual stress distributions. The stress analysis results implied that the autofrettage residual stress concentration might cause a cracking problem at the external groove root of the thick-walled pressure vessel, indicating that lower autofrettage overstrain and a groove geometry change were desirable for enhanced durability.     

复合机械自紧技术研究

由于Bauschinger效应的影响，自紧厚壁管反向屈服现象普遍存在，使得内壁残余应力减少，厚壁管承载能力下降，因此，通过复合机械自紧技术，可消除Bauschinger效应，提高自紧厚壁管的弹性强度。本文在理论上和工艺上对复合自紧技术进行了研究，结果表明可大幅提高自紧 厚壁管的强度，这对自增强压力容器和管道设计具有指导意义。     

机械自紧工艺控制参量的实验研究

机械自紧技术在超高压容器和身管制造过程中得到广泛采用,但国内尚无完整的设计方法和工艺规范。采用实验方法来研究机械自紧问题,设计了自紧冲头,搭建由液压泵站提供动力的机械自紧实验装置,建立应变、冲头行程及推力测量系统。对厚壁圆筒试件进行机械自紧实验后,获得了冲头挤进过程中推力的变化数据,结合实验结果和经验公式归纳了机械自紧冲头推力计算公式,得到的推力与实验测量值的误差在±10%以内。测量了机械自紧过程中的重要工艺控制参量外表面应变、残余应变和冲头位移-外表面应变曲线。机械自紧后进行稳定化、机械加工对再屈服压力影响的实验。     

The overstrain of Thick-Walled cylinders considering the bauschinger effect factor (BEF)

An independent kinematic hardening material model in which the reverse yielding point is defined by the Bauschinger effect factor (BEF), has been defined for stainless steel SUS 304. The material model and the BEF are obtained experimentally and represented mathematically as continuous functions of effective plastic strain. The material model has been incorporated in a non-linear stress analysis for the prediction of reverse yielding in thick-walled cylinders during the autofrettage process of these vessels. Residual stress distributions of the independent kinematic hardening material model at the onset of reverse yielding are compared with residual stresses of an isotropic hardening model showing the significant effect of the BEF on reverse yielding predictions. Critical pressures of direct and reverse yielding are obtained for the most commonly used cylinders and a range of permissible internal pressures for an efficient autofrettaged process is recommended.     

Effect of optimum plastic depth on stresses and load-bearing capacity of autofrettaged cylinder

Autofrettage is an effective measure to even distribution of stresses and raise load-bearing capacity for (ultra-)high pressure apparatus. Currently, the research on autofrettage has focused mostly on specific engineering problems, while general theoretical study is rarely done. To discover the general law contained in autofrettage theory, by the aid of the authors’ previous work and according to the third strength theory, theoretical problems about autofrettage are studied including residual stresses and their equivalent stress, total stresses and their equivalent stress, etc. Because of the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone which is presented in the authors’ previous work, the equations for the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress are simplified greatly. Thus the law of distribution of the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress and the varying tendency of these stresses are discovered. The relation among various parameters are revealed. The safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for cylinders are obtained. According to the results obtained by theoretical analysis, it is shown that if the two parameters, namely ratio of outside to inside radius, k, and depth of plastic zone, kj, meet the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone, when the pressure contained in an autofrettaged cylinder is lower than two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent residual stress and the equivalent total stress at the inside surface as well as the elastic-plastic juncture of a cylinder are lower than yield strength. When an autofrettaged cylinder is subjected to just two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent total stress within the whole plastic zone is just identically equal to the yield strength, or it is a constant. The proposed research theoretically depicts the stress state of ultra-)high pressure autofrettaged cylinder more accurately and more reasonably and provides the reference for design of (ultra-)high pressure apparatus.     

Plastic depth and load-bearing capacity of autofrettaged cylinders

Autofrettage technology is usually adopted to even out and reduce stresses as well as improve the load-bearing capacity of a variety of cylindrical ultra-high mechanical apparatuses. The autofrettage of cylinders is theoretically investigated based on maximum shear stress theory or the Tresca criterion to establish the general law for autofrettage theory. The equation for the optimum plastic depth for a certain load and radius ratio is derived to ensure that the equivalent stress of the total stress does not exceed the yield limit and the absolute value of the equivalent stress of the residual stress at the internal surface likewise does not exceed the yield limit. Through this equation, a set of concise equations for total stress and residual stresses are obtained. The safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for cylinders are presented. Results show that, provided the pressure contained in a cylinder is equal to the autofrettage pressure, irrespective of k _j, the equivalent total stress, σ_e, equals the yield limit everywhere in the entire plastic zone, that is, σ_e is a constant. In the elastic zone, σ_e is always lower than the yield limit, but if k _j is outside the quasi-infinite area enclosed by the curves of the sense and possible plastic depth, then either compressive yield occurs or k _j is meaningless. The results based on the Mises criterion and Tresca criteria are compared.     

Transient thermal stress analysis of thick-walled cylinders

The study of thermal stresses on pressure vessels has a great significance from the theoretical and practical point of view due to their importance in many applications. This paper presents a complete analysis of thermal stresses within a thick-walled cylinder under dynamic internal temperature gradient. A complete evaluation of temperature and stress distributions, in a non-steady state, is obtained using a numerical model. In this model the temperature of the inside surface of the thick-walled cylinder is considered to change according to certain boundary conditions. The harmonic and periodic loading conditions are also studied.     

The design of pressure vessels subjected to thermal stress—IV Multilayer vessels

A theoretical investigation has been made of the design of multilayer cylindrical pressure vessels subjected to combined pressure and steady-state thermal stresses. The criterion used to pick the best design is that the maximum working stresses in the component cylinders are equal; this necessitates that all the cylinders have the same diameter ratio. The number and size of the components required for any given pressure and temperature difference may be determined with the aid of formulae and graphs presented.