轮轨两点接触的有限元分析

在轮轨单点接触计算分析的基础上,建立锥形踏面车轮的轮缘贴靠钢轨形成两点接触的计算模型,应用有限元参数二次规划法分析这一弹塑性接触问题。对不同载荷作用下的轮轨两点接触模型分别进行计算,得出了大量的轮轨接触状态、接触力的分布及变化规律。这些计算结果将有助于找到缓解钢轨侧磨和轮缘磨耗的方法。     

重载铁路不同磨耗阶段车轮与曲线钢轨的接触分析

应用轮轨型面测量仪在大秦重载线路上跟踪测量不同磨耗阶段的货车车轮和钢轨型面,并选取典型的轮轨型面,针对曲线轮缘贴靠位置,建立轮轨三维接触有限元模型,进行弹塑性计算分析。计算结果表明:在相同的载荷工况下,随着轮缘的磨耗,轮轨接触斑面积呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,初期车轮轮缘根部局部剧烈磨耗,逐渐扩大到整个轮缘剧烈磨耗,然后从III型面开始,轮缘和踏面磨耗均匀,轮缘磨耗进入相对稳定的磨耗阶段直至磨耗到限;在曲线位置处,各个磨耗阶段的车轮型面与磨耗稳定期钢轨型面相匹配时的等效应力均明显小于与标准钢轨相配合时的等效应力,而且磨耗后的钢轨型面能够显著改善轮缘贴靠时的应力分布情况,减小轮轨间等效应力,能相对减轻轮轨磨耗;综合考虑轮轨接触斑面积、等效应力的大小与分布情况,III型车轮型面的综合指标相对较优。     

冲角对低地板车辆轮轨接触状况的影响

针对城市轨道交通中低地板车辆车轮经常出现的轮缘严重磨耗现象,研究其轮轨接触状况,由于城市轨道交通中小半径曲线较多,存在较大的冲角,为研究冲角对轮轨接触状况的影响,利用轮轨型面测量仪测量运用中的70%低地板车辆车轮与钢轨型面,建立具有不同冲角的车轮与钢轨接触模型,在横向力与牵引力矩作用下应用非线性有限元法进行弹塑性接触计算,分析不同工况下的等效应力及接触斑的变化规律,研究冲角、横向力与牵引力矩对钢轨接触状况的影响。通过计算分析得出以下结论：具有不同冲角的轮轨接触斑形状几乎相同,踏面接触斑近似矩形,轮缘接触斑相对狭长,容易造成轮缘磨耗;冲角增大,轮缘接触斑相对踏面接触斑的超前值增大;随着冲角的增大,轮轨最大等效应力逐渐增大,磨耗功率增大,故在轮轨型面匹配和车辆结构设计中应尽量将轮轨冲角控制在1°以内。     

车轮踏面凹形磨耗对轮轨相互作用的影响研究

为了研究踏面凹形磨耗车轮的动力学行为,改进Kik-Piotrowski方法提出一种可考虑轮对摇头和轮轨多点接触的非Hertz接触模型,结合车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论计算具有实测踏面凹形磨耗车轮的CRH2高速动车组在钢轨上运行时的轮轨动态相互作用行为。计算结果表明,改进的Kik-Piotrowski方法可以很好地模拟磨耗车轮与钢轨的多点接触和非Hertz接触行为,轮轨法向力、轮轨蠕滑力以及接触斑形状都与CONTACT计算结果比较接近。对于踏面凹形磨耗的车轮,接触区域分布在车轮磨耗边缘的两个孤立位置,当接触斑从一个区域向另一区域转换时存在瞬时的两点接触。由于两点接触的过渡,接触区域在两个位置转换时造成的冲击效应并不明显。与无磨耗车轮的动力学响应对比,该类车轮踏面凹形磨耗对轮轨力的影响从总体上来说不大,对轮轨横向力的影响略大于对轮轨垂向力的影响,磨耗会增加轮轨垂向力和轮轨横向力的高频成分。     

钢轨磨耗对轮轨滚动接触关系的影响研究

钢轨廓形会随着磨耗的发展而发生明显改变,并对轮轨接触关系产生影响。以国内某客货共运干线铁路的小半径曲线为例,跟踪采集钢轨廓形,并测量通过该线路的客车和货车车轮廓形。对不同磨耗阶段的钢轨型面对应的轮轨共形接触和轮轨导向能力进行分析,并结合车辆-轨道动力学模型对多车轮条件下的轮轨接触位置分布特征和钢轨表面滚动接触疲劳损伤系数进行计算。结果表明:随着钢轨的不断磨耗,轮轨共形接触的概率先下降后上升,同时转向架导向轮对的轮轨导向能力先减弱后加强,而从动轮对的导向能力逐渐减弱。上股钢轨的轮轨接触宽度由25 mm扩大到45 mm,下股钢轨由27 mm扩大到45 mm,同时上股钢轨轨顶和轨距角处接触频率逐渐增加,轨肩位置处的接触频率逐渐减小。钢轨表面的累积滚动接触疲劳损伤系数先减小后增大,疲劳损伤区域逐渐向轨顶扩展,甚至达到轨顶外侧位置。     

地铁异常磨耗车轮与辙叉接触分析

针对地铁运营中出现的道岔心轨损伤问题,调查并测量了车轮型面和辙叉区轨头型面,发现运营3.1万km后车轮踏面发生异常磨耗,在踏面尾部出现凸台(或称假轮缘);在翼轨上存在沟槽磨耗。基于实测型面建立了车轮辙叉接触有限元模型,结合迹线法,分析了不同凸台高度的车轮分别与新辙叉、磨耗辙叉之间的接触几何关系和接触应力。对比分析结果表明,具有凸台的车轮异常磨耗对轮轨接触不利,会减小车轮与新辙叉的接触面积,增大轮轨接触应力。在轮对横移时,凸台磨耗会造成车轮与心轨薄弱处接触,易导致心轨损伤。采用镟修异常磨耗车轮或合理的闸瓦与车轮匹配关系,可消除或减缓车轮凸台形异常磨耗,从而避免道岔心轨损伤。     

混运模式下钢轨打磨廓形对客货车车轮磨耗的影响研究

针对当前铁路既有线通常采用客货混运模式的现状,以LM踏面客货车车轮分别与CHN60钢轨和打磨后钢轨进行匹配,分析不同匹配下的轮轨接触几何关系;考虑材料弹塑性以及车轮的惯性力,采用mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian方法建立三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型;基于2种不同的磨耗模型,研究混运模式下钢轨打磨对客货车车轮磨耗的影响。结果表明：钢轨打磨使得客货车的轮轨接触几何关系发生改变,打磨后的钢轨与客车车轮接触Mises应力减小,而与货车车轮接触Mises应力变化不大;同一钢轨分别与客货车车轮接触时,货车车轮的磨耗比客车车轮磨耗大;钢轨的打磨会降低轮轨接触斑内的牵引力从而降低车轮磨耗,这对于延长轮轨的使用寿命非常有利。     

混运模式下钢轨打磨廓形对客货车车轮磨耗的影响

针对当前铁路既有线通常采用客货混运模式的现状,以LM踏面客货车车轮分别与CHN60钢轨和打磨后钢轨进行匹配,分析不同匹配下的轮轨接触几何关系;考虑材料弹塑性以及车轮的惯性力,采用mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian方法建立三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型;基于2种不同的磨耗模型,研究混运模式下钢轨打磨对客货车车轮磨耗的影响。结果表明:钢轨打磨使得客货车的轮轨接触几何关系发生改变,打磨后的钢轨与客车车轮接触Mises应力减小,而与货车车轮接触Mises应力变化不大;同一钢轨分别与客货车车轮接触时,货车车轮的磨耗比客车车轮磨耗大;钢轨的打磨会降低轮轨接触斑内的牵引力从而降低车轮磨耗,这对于延长轮轨的使用寿命非常有利。     

基于有限元摩擦功计算的钢轨磨耗预测方法

轮轨磨耗问题影响列车运行的平稳及安全。为研究钢轨磨耗规律,基于轮轨接触的有限元计算模型,分析不同牵引或制动力及横移量等对轮轨接触的影响规律,提出有限元摩擦功计算方法,对地铁钢轨进行磨耗量及磨耗后型面预测,并探究车轮的通过次数对钢轨磨耗的影响。研究结果表明,根据功的物理意义,接触斑节点的摩擦功与摩擦力及相对位移直接相关;牵引或制动力及不同横移量作用下,轮轨接触斑的摩擦功均呈中部小、后部及两侧大的分布规律,这与接触斑上黏着区与蠕滑区的分布规律对应;在接触区间内,钢轨的累积磨耗量沿横向呈中间高两侧低的分布规律,磨耗深度随车轮通过次数的增加近似呈正比增加;运用摩擦功计算方法预测的钢轨磨耗量与实测结果基本相符,与标准型面数据的预测结果相比,采用磨耗后型面的有限元计算结果预测的钢轨累积磨耗量,与实测型面更加接近。     

锥形踏面和磨耗形踏面轮轨弹塑性接触性能的比较

用有限元参数二次规划法分析轮轨的三维弹塑性接触问题,对锥形踏面和磨耗形踏面的机车车轮与标准轨道组成的轮轨系统分别进行计算,并将得出的轮轨接触状态、接触力及接触应力场进行了分析比较,指出了磨耗形踏面耐磨的根本原因。这一方法为轮轨型面的优化设计提供了新的思路。     

Multi-point contact of the high-speed vehicle-turnout system dynamics

The wheel-rail contact problems, such as the number, location and the track of contact patches, are very important for optimizing the spatial structure of the rails and lowering the vehicle-turnout system dynamics. However, the above problems are not well solved currently because of having the difficulties in how to determine the multi-contact, to preciously present the changeable profiles of the rails and to establish an accurate spatial turnout system dynamics model. Based on a high-speed vehicle-turnout coupled model in which the track is modeled as flexible with rails and sleepers represented by beams, the line tracing extreme point method is introduced to investigate the wheel-rail multiple contact conditions and the key sections of the blade rail, longer nose rail, shorter rail in the switch and nose rail area are discretized to represent the varying profiles of rails in the turnout. The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and turnout is simulated for cases of the vehicle divergently passing the turnout and the multi-point contact is obtained. The tracks of the contact patches on the top of the rails are presented and the wheel-rail impact forces are offered in comparison with the contact patches transference on the rails. The numerical simulation results indicate that the length of two-point contact occurrence of a worn wheel profile and rails is longer than that of the new wheel profile and rails; The two-point contact definitely occurs in the switch and crossing area. Generally, three-point contact doesn’t occur for the new rail profile, which is testified by the wheel-rails interpolation distance and the first order derivative function of the tracing line extreme points. The presented research is not only helpful to optimize the structure of the turnout, but also useful to lower the dynamics of the high speed vehicle-turnout system.     

Effect of the worn status of wheel/rail profiles on wheel wear over curved tracks

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The worn status of wheel/rail profiles could change the wheel-rail contact and influence the wear rates of the wheel and rail. Worn wheel profiles of...     

高速铁路钢轨预打磨型面优化分析

高速铁路的发展使钢轨磨损和滚动接触疲劳损伤日益受到重视。研究表明,预打磨后钢轨可有效延长服役寿命。为实现预打磨最佳廓形的选择,基于蒙特卡洛方法建立假设轮对横移量服从高斯分布的轮轨接触概率分析模型。据此,确定出列车运行时考虑轮对横移量的轮轨接触位置,并采用轮轨三维有限元模型计算得到相应接触应力的概率分布。结果表明,轮对横移量对最大接触应力值具有显著影响,横移量为10 mm、0 mm、8 mm时其值分别为1 712.6 MPa、1 362.1 MPa、448.7 MPa。亦发现虽然累积接触应力和平均接触应力均可作为衡量不同钢轨廓形力学性能优劣的指标,但二者的预测结果并不一致,如60 kg/m(CHN60)钢轨的平均接触应力,在轨距角附近(距钢轨中心线30 mm处内侧)的值4倍于踏面中心区域,相应的累积接触应力,在踏面的中心区域的值则接近10倍于轨距角附近。为综合考虑钢轨累积接触应力和平均接触应力对预打磨型面的影响,提出加权累积和平均接触应力,并以此作为钢轨预打磨廓形优化的评价指标。依据该指标对按照打磨工程经验设计的四条钢轨预打磨廓形进行评价分析,得到较优的钢轨打磨廓形。对制定钢轨廓形优化和打磨方法具有一定的工程参考价值。     

轮轨接触界面摩擦管理研究进展

列车向着高速与重载方向迅速发展,显著加剧了轮轨接触界面间的损伤。通过在轮轨接触界面进行摩擦管理能够有效地降低轮轨之间的磨损、显著提高列车的运行安全性以及降低运营成本。对轮轨接触界面摩擦管理研究现状进行综述,并介绍轮轨界面摩擦控制对轮轨作用力、黏着、磨耗、滚动接触疲劳以及振动与噪声影响的研究进展;展望了轮轨接触界面摩擦管理未来研究方向,即应针对不同应用环境和接触部位,研发合理的摩擦控制材料,以克服摩擦管理过程中对轮轨损伤及使用局限性等问题;应探究车轮踏面/轨顶面和轮缘/轨距面摩擦控制方式,严格控制摩擦材料喷涂量使两接触面不相互干扰,优化改进轮轨接触界面摩擦管理的最佳应用参数;应研发环境友好型的轮缘/轨距面润滑剂与车轮踏面/轨顶面摩擦控制剂,稳定调控轮轨接触界面的黏着特性。     

Application of Semi-Hertzian Approach to Predict the Dynamic Behavior of Railway Vehicles Through a Wear Evolution Model

Wear prediction due to the wheel-rail interaction in a railway vehicle has a significant role in the view of running stability (critical speed), dynamic performance and maintenance scheduling. In this article, we have focused on the estimation of wear distribution on the wheel profile through co-simulation between the vehicle and the wear evolution models, built in the multi-body simulation (MBS) software ADAMS (VI-Rail) and MATLAB environments, respectively. As the shape of the contact patches varies from elliptical to non-elliptical depending upon the contact patch location on the rail and the wheel, the contact forces/stresses are calculated by using a combined formulation of semi-Hertzian approach with modified FASTSIM. The wear distribution is obtained using Archard’s wear model. The wheel profiles are updated after calculating the wear depth for a particular distance travelled by the vehicle. The dynamic behavior of the vehicle with the worn wheel profile is utilized to predict additional wear during a further fixed distance of travel and this profile updating and dynamic simulation process is repeated. The vehicle’s dynamic performance and passenger comfort are evaluated for various levels of wheel wear.     

[轮轨磨耗及预测]列车紧急制动过程中踏面温度分布及磨耗预测

列车紧急制动过程中踏面温度急剧升高导致车轮踏面的摩擦磨损机理与稳态运行时有显著差异。为了准确预测列车紧急制动过程中踏面磨耗,同时考虑踏面制动过程中车轮踏面与钢轨及闸瓦接触,基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了踏面制动过程热机械耦合有限元模型,综合考虑制动温升对车轮踏面力学性能、硬度及摩擦因数的影响,仿真得到了紧急制动过程中车轮踏面上温度分布、硬度分布以及接触应力分布,并利用轮轨动力学软件UM得到了紧急制动过程中轮轨接触斑形状以及轮轨蠕滑区相对滑移分布,在此基础上结合Archard磨耗模型对单次紧急制动结束后的踏面磨损深度进行了定量预测。结果表明：对于制动初速度为130 km/h、160 km/h两种工况,踏面最高温度分别达到了397.0 ℃和485.9 ℃,踏面最大累积磨损深度分别为5.90 μm和7.43 μm,与踏面制动实验对比发现,预测结果与实验结果磨损位置及形貌分布趋势一致。     

车轮辐板形状与轨距对钢轨波磨的影响

基于轮轨摩擦自激振动引起钢轨波磨的理论,建立不同的车轮辐板形状和轨距的轮轨系统有限元模型,使用复特征值法对轮轨系统的波磨发生趋势进行分析,研究车轮辐板形状和轨距对波磨的影响。结果表明:车轮辐板形状对轮轨系统摩擦自激振动存在影响,且直幅板车轮对钢轨波磨有一定的抑制作用;轨距对S形辐板车轮系统摩擦自激振动情况几乎没有影响;轨距对直辐板车轮系统摩擦自激振动存在影响,当选用特定轨距(1 430 mm)时,得到了一个未发生摩擦自激振动的直辐板车轮轮轨系统模型。     

Numerical analysis of rolling-sliding contact with the frictional heat in rail

Thermal damage caused by frictional heat of rolling-sliding contact is one of the most important failure forms of wheel and rail. Many studies of wheel-rail frictional heating have been devoted to the temperature field, but few literatures focus on wheel-rail thermal stress caused by frictional heating. However, the wheel-rail creepage is one of important influencing factors of the thermal stress In this paper, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact is developed using thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The effect of the wheel-rail elastic creepage on the distribution of heat flux is investigated using the numerical model in which the temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The moving wheel-rail contact force and the frictional heating are used to simulate the wheel rolling on the rail. The effect of the creepage on the temperature rise, thermal strain, residual stress and residual strain under wheel-rail sliding-rolling contact are investigated. The investigation results show that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of material near the rail contact surface during the rolling-sliding contact. Both the temperature and thermal strain of rail increase with increasing creepage. The residual stresses induced by the frictional heat in the surface layer of rail appear to be tensile. When the creepage is large, the frictional heat has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains of rail. This paper develops a thermo-meehanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact, and the obtained results can help to understand the mechanism of wheel/rail frictional thermal fatigue.