小尺寸四方相纳米钛酸钡的粒径可控制备

四方相纳米钛酸钡具有优异的铁电、压电、光致发光等诸多特性,而这些特性和应用范围均与其粒度有关,因此,可控制备所需粒径范围的四方相纳米钛酸钡尤为重要。选用氢氧化钡和钛酸丁酯为原料,研究了溶胶-凝胶法可控制备小尺寸四方相纳米钛酸钡的工艺,探讨了煅烧温度、反应物浓度、反应温度等工艺参数对纳米钛酸钡晶型和粒径的影响。结果表明,通过调控制备工艺参数,可以实现小尺寸四方相纳米钛酸钡的可控制备,且纯度高、分散性好。其中,煅烧温度和反应温度共同决定纳米钛酸钡的晶型,煅烧温度高于1000℃、反应温度低于(包括)60℃时,其晶型为四方相。煅烧温度、反应物浓度是影响纳米钛酸钡粒径的主要因素,煅烧温度越低、反应物浓度越小,其粒径越小。这些结果为小尺寸四方相纳米钛酸钡的粒径可控制备及其应用提供了重要参考。     

气溶胶溶剂萃取系统技术制备聚乳酸纳米颗粒

采用气溶胶溶剂萃取系统制备聚乳酸（PLA）微细颗粒.用扫描电镜考察了工艺参数温度(35～55℃)、压力(8～20 MPa)、PLA溶液浓度(0.1～0.5 g•ml^-1)及其流速(140～400 ml•h^-1)、PLA相对分子质量(M_w：10000～100000)对产品颗粒形貌及粒径的影响;采用X射线衍射谱仪分析了产品的结晶性能.结果表明,当M_w＝100000或PLA溶液浓度达到1 g•ml^-1时,产品为黏性薄膜,无法得到微球状颗粒产品,当M_w小于100000或PLA溶液浓度小于1 g•ml-¹时,产品为微球状颗粒,在本研究范围内,温度和压力是影响粒径的主要因素,升高压力、降低温度可显著降低PLA颗粒粒径.在20 MPa,35 ℃,PLA溶液流速为240 ml•h^-1、浓度0.1 g•ml^-1、相对分子质量M_w=10000条件下成功制备了粒径介于200～600nm 的PLA微球.XRD分析显示产品晶型几乎没有变化,但结晶度大大减小.     

超临界反溶剂过程制备灰黄霉素超细微粒

超临界反溶剂过程(SAS)是近年来提出的一种制备纳微米粉体的新方法。通过一套超临界反溶剂过程间歇式实验装置,以灰黄霉素、丙酮和二氧化碳系统为研究对象,实验研究了SAS过程参数对制备的微粒形态及其尺寸的影响。当操作条件为10 MPa,40℃,溶液浓度13.3 mg/mL和溶液流速1.5 mL/min时,制备了较为理想的灰黄霉素微粒,粒径分布均匀、形状基本呈球状;当8 MPa,42℃,溶液浓度15 mg/mL和溶液流速4.0 mL/min时,微粒粒径分布比较均一、主要呈细小针状。研究结果表明:采用丙酮作为有机溶剂,可制备出不同大小和形态的灰黄霉素超细微粒。这为改变灰黄霉素传统制剂做了前期准备工作,为制成可持缓释药物提供了可能性。     

基于超临界流体技术的四环素超细微粒制备

吸入式给药既要求药物微粒有合适的平均粒径,又要求粒径分布在较小的范围内。利用近两年提出的超临界流体膨胀减压过程,以四环素-水+乙醇-二氧化碳系统为研究对象,成功制备了适于吸入式给药的四环素超细微粒,系统分析了混合器压力和温度、溶液浓度及进液速率对微粒形态,粒径和粒径分布的影响。结果表明:利用超临界膨胀减压过程,以水和乙醇的混合溶液为溶剂,可制备出粒径在1～3μm的四环素超细微粒,且大部分微粒形态呈完好的球形;各影响因素对微粒粒径及其分布均有不同程度的影响,其中混合器压力和溶液浓度对微粒粒径及其分布的影响最明显,进液速率和混合器温度的影响较小。在研究操作范围内,较为理想的操作条件为混合器压力12MPa、温度60℃,溶液浓度15mg·mL-1,进液速度5mL·min-1。     

纳米硫酸钡晶种法制备亚微米硫酸钡的工艺研究

使用硫酸钠、氯化钡和纳米硫酸钡晶种为原料,制备得到了亚微米级硫酸钡产品。通过使用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度仪等分析手段,系统研究了工艺条件对于产品硫酸钡颗粒的形貌、粒径及粒度分布的影响。实验结果表明:随着反应物浓度的增大,产物硫酸钡粒子的粒径逐渐减小,且粒度分布逐渐变窄;两种反应物同时加入的加料方式所得产品粒径较大且粒度分布较宽;反应温度的升高也会导致产物颗粒粒径增大、粒度分布变宽。将0.5 mol/L氯化钡溶液滴加入含有纳米硫酸钡晶种的0.5 mol/L硫酸钠溶液中,保持反应温度为40℃,可以得到粒径为260 nm左右的硫酸钡颗粒。     

高分子网络凝胶法制备纳米氧化锌的工艺控制

以乙酸锌[Zn(Ac)2]为原料,丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,N,'N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MABM)为网络剂,采用高分子网络凝胶法制备了纳米ZnO粉体,研究了其制备过程中反应物浓度、引发剂(NH4)2S2O8含量、溶液的pH值及备反应条件对纳米ZnO晶粒尺寸的影响.X射线衍射分析结果表明:纳米ZnO颗粒的平均晶粒大小随Zn2+起始浓度引发剂含量的增加而增加,随溶液pH值的增加而减小.确定了用高分子网络凝胶法制备纳米ZnO粉体的最佳工艺参数为:反应温度80℃;反应时间2h:干燥温度100℃:干燥时间4h.     

流化床一步制粒法的工艺优化

采用流化床一步制粒法制备工业压片颗粒,讨论了流化床设备工艺参数(进风风量、进风温度,喷雾速率和喷雾压力)对颗粒形成的(粒径分布和休止角)影响。结果表明,最佳实验条件为风机频率23~35 Hz,进风温度60℃,喷雾速率10 mL/min,喷雾压力1.5 MPa时,所得颗粒粒径分布最优,流动性最好。     

超临界水连续合成纳米氧化锌及其光催化性能

采用超临界水连续合成法制备了纳米氧化锌颗粒并对其光催化性能进行了研究。当反应温度为 385 ℃, 反应压力为25 MPa, 反应时间为40 s, 反应物Zn₂⁺和OH^-的浓度分别为0.075、0.3 mol/L时, 获得了粒径为30 nm的球形纳米氧化锌。以甲基橙溶液为光催化模型物,在紫外光照射下,所制备的纳米氧化锌对甲基橙的降解率可达到100%,并且纳米氧化锌的浓度和分散性对光催化效率有显著影响。     

纳米二氧化钛颗粒的超临界水热合成

利用四氯化钛溶液通过超临界水热合成法制备了纳米二氧化钛颗粒,采用X射线衍射(XRD),透射式电子显微镜(TEM)等手段表征了产物的大小、结晶度及形貌。研究了初始反应物浓度、初始溶液pH值对二氧化钛颗粒的大小、结晶度和形貌的影响,并对影响机理进行了讨论。结果表明:在所有的试验中均获得了纳米级的二氧化钛颗粒;在反应温度400℃、压力30 MPa、反应时间5 min、初始四氯化钛溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L的超临界水热合成条件下,合成了平均颗粒粒径为20 nm左右且结晶良好的二氧化钛颗粒,颗粒成椭球形或四边形;当四氯化钛溶液浓度由0.05 mol/L增加到0.1 mol/L,合成的二氧化钛颗粒尺寸变大,且椭球形颗粒数量减小,棒状的颗粒增加;当钛离子和氢氧根离子的浓度比[Ti~(4+)]/[OH~-]由1:0变为1:3,即pH值增加时,颗粒的粒径减小,颗粒的结晶度下降。     

亚临界水耦合冷冻干燥法制备芹菜素纳米分散体

在溶剂(亚临界水)-反溶剂(去离子水)体系下,利用溶剂反溶剂沉淀耦合冷冻干燥法,对芹菜素原料药进行了纳米化及改性,制备出了超细芹菜素颗粒及其水相分散体。系统地探究了反溶剂温度、亚临界水温度、反应压力、表面活性剂种类与浓度对造粒过程产生的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、质谱分析(MS)等手段对原料药和产物进行了对比分析。结果表明,当反溶剂温度为0℃,亚临界水温度为160℃、反应压力为5 MPa、表面活性剂γ-环糊精的质量分数为5%时,可得到粒径在20～30 nm范围内,分布均匀,稳定程度较高且具有较低结晶度的纳米颗粒。本文报道的芹菜素纳米颗粒制备方法,全程无有机溶剂参与,易于生物医用推广,为基于芹菜素的口服药物设计与开发提供了参考。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。