黄土包气带水分绕流条件下核素迁移的数值模拟

本文针对包气带黄土-石英砂介质中出现的水分绕流现象,采用了剖面二维水流数值模式进行了模拟;利用黄土对^3H几乎不吸附的特点,采用^3H的野外迁移试验资料验证流场.随后模拟了^90Sr 在黄土包气带中的迁移,模拟过程中将源直接放在石英砂周围的黄土结点上.对^90Sr在包气带迁移的数值模拟结果显示了与实验结果相符的双峰现象,表明介质的差异可能是导致^90Sr浓度双峰现象的主要原因.     

237Np、238Pu、241Am和90Sr在包气带黄土、含水层和工程屏障材料中迁移行为的野外试验研究

本文介绍了^237Np、^238Pu、^241Am和^90Sr在包气带黄土、含水层和工程屏障材料(膨润土、水泥、变质水泥、水泥砂浆粉)中迁移行为的野外试验的方法和结果。在包气带黄土和工程屏障材料中的迁移试验是在天然和喷淋(15mm／d)两种条件下进行的，含水层迁移试验包括核素在用未扰动含水介质填装的组件试验与核素在未扰动含水介质中的示踪试验。经过3年试验，核素在天然条件下的包气带黄土中以及无论在天然还是喷淋条件下的工程屏障材料中，示踪剂未见明显迁移(即未迁移出示踪源层外)；在喷淋条件下，在包气带黄土中通过石英砂示踪源层^90Sr(质心)向下迁移2．7cm，通过示踪源层外边缘上的黄土向下迁移13cm(峰位)；^237Np、^238Pu、^241Am未见明显迁移。发现石英砂做示踪剂载体对黄土非饱和水有屏流作用，影响核素迁移，以石英砂和黄土做载体的对比实验证实了这一点。^90Sr、^237Np、^238Pu和^241Am在未扰动含水层介质示踪试验中经1023d未见明显迁移，仍在示踪源点。含水层组件试验中^238Pu和^241Am未见明显迁移，在组件8(面源)中，^237Np向后迁移0．95cm，^90Sr(质心)迁移4．7cm。试验结果还表明，核素在变质水泥和普通水泥中迁移(3年)规律未见明显差异。     

黄土包气带中锶淋溶迁移“双峰”分布机理

１　前言在中国辐射防护研究院（ＣＩＲＰ）和日本原子力研究所（ＪＡＥＲＩ）合作进行的低水平放射性废物浅地层处置安全评价方法研究过程中，发现ＣＩＲＰ野外试验场核素迁移试验坑的黄土包气带剖面上出现８５Ｓｒ“双峰”迁移分布现象。建立在弥散迁移理论基础上的溶质...     

基于广义积分变换法的放射性核素迁移计算

针对我国某铀矿尾库的风险评估需求,根据具体场地的水文地质条件,建立了包气带及饱和带中核素迁移的数学模型。在理论建模基础上,基于广义积分变换法对核素迁移方程进行求解,分析了铀尾矿库中²³⁸U、²³⁴U、²³⁰Th、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Pb在4种情景下的迁移规律。结果表明：广义积分变换法对于评估相对较复杂的地下污染物运移问题效果较好,尤其对于长时间尺度和污染物浓度非常小的情况,结果准确。进一步验证了较厚的包气带不仅能最低程度上减小核素在饱和带的迁移速率,而且浓度也低。吸附性能越强的介质,对核素迁移的阻滞作用越大。     

放射性核素迁移的包气带-饱和带耦合模拟研究

为了使地下水环评结果更加真实,通过试验和拟三维方法数值模拟开展包气带-饱和带耦合模拟工作。为进一步说明包气带对核素迁移的迟滞(延迟和滞留)作用,开展了不考虑包气带的模拟并与耦合模拟结果对比。结果表明:(1)由于包气带对核素迁移的迟滞作用,吸附性较强的Se-79、Pd-107、Cs-135和Sn-126迁移至潜水面处的浓度远小于泄漏的放射性液体核素浓度,所致公众食入年待积有效剂量已小于剂量限值0.1 mSv,只有吸附性较弱的C-14所致公众食入年待积有效剂量大于0.1 mSv,需进行耦合模拟;(2)C-14在对流作用下不断向下游迁移,在弥散作用下污染范围逐渐增大,在地下水稀释及衰变、吸附作用下浓度逐渐降低。通过耦合模拟得到的地下水中放射性核素所致公众食入年待积有效剂量小于剂量限值0.1 mSv;(3)包气带对核素迁移的迟滞作用使地下水中C-14的浓度大大降低、迁移距离明显变小:地下水中C-14峰值浓度在考虑包气带时为2.15 Bq/L,不考虑包气带时为9.4×10⁴ Bq/L;事故发生后第1、5和10年,考虑包气带时C-14迁移距离分别为1.5 m、4 m和4.2 m,不考虑包气带时分别为3 m、12 m和17 m。     

黄土包气带中放射核素迁移的现场试验

在中国辐射防护研究院野外试验场琥展了为期二年的包气带中＾３Ｈ、＾６０Ｃｏ、＾８５Ｓｒ和＾１３４Ｃｓ的迁移试验，在天然条件和人工喷啉条件下共进行了六组试验。通过期取样和直接测量两种方法测量了示踪核素的浓度分布；同时为配合迁移试验，同步开展了包气带中水分运行观测。     

黄土包气带中垂直裂隙导水机制研究

１　引言我国北方黄土高原不仅地域辽阔，而且具有大厚度包气带土层。这为中低水平放射性废物浅地层处置提供了可选的地质环境。包气带是浅地层的重要组成部分，水流又是核素在地层中迁移的载体。因此，包气带水流的特点必然是放射性废物浅地层处置安全评价研究的重要内容...     

核素在非饱和带中迁移的非平衡吸附数值模式--NESOR

本文将对流弥散方程与非平衡吸附关系式相结合,开发了核素在非饱和孔隙介质中迁移的二维非平衡吸附数值模式与计算机程序--NESOR,给出了NESOR中使用的吸附、解吸速率参数的计算方法.对中国辐射防护研究院(CIRP)野外包气带黄土试验场F坑85Sr两年的迁移试验资料和同步测得的黄土剖面的含水量资料,分别用NESOR模式及二维饱和-非饱和溶质迁移的平衡吸附模式FEMWASTE进行了模拟计算.结果表明:NESOR的模拟结果比FEMWASTE的模拟结果更接近试验实际.     

737原地浸出采铀工业性试验基地事故放射性废物释放及对地下水环境的影响

本文介绍原地浸出采铀方法的工艺流程及特点，讨论了我国原地浸出采铀工业性试验基地运行期间可能发生的几种事故及事故工况下放射性废物向环境的释放机制。通过对各类事故的分析，得出本工程的最大可信事故为地震造成的蒸发池废水泄漏事故。利用核素在包气带和饱水带中的迁移模式计算了各核素的峰值浓度分布，估算了事故剂量。最后分析了本采铀方法的推广应用前景     

237Np、238Pu、241Am和90Sr近地表迁移行为及含超铀核素中低放废物处置安全评价方法研究

主要介绍在包气带黄土、含水层黄土和工程屏障材料(膨润土、水泥、变质水泥、砂浆粉)中,237Np、238Pu、241Am和90Sr迁移的野外试验、实验室模拟实验及工程屏障材料性能测定、黄土对核素吸附特性、化学形态等研究结果.在天然和喷淋两种条件下,237Np、238Pu和241Am在包气带、含水层和工程屏障材料的野外试验中三年时间基本未移动.喷淋条件下,野外试验中90Sr通过石英砂示踪源层其质心位置1 079 d向下迁移2.7 cm,在示踪源层外6 cm处黄土中90Sr浓度峰在1 215 d向下迁移13 cm左右.在包气带模拟实验中,90Sr、237Np、238Pu和241Am在1号柱中经1 073 d分别向下迁移9.8 cm、3.25 cm、0.5 cm和0.25 cm.在含水层模拟实验中,经970.5 d,90Sr、237Np、238Pu和241Am分别迁移16 cm,4 cm、0.2 cm和0.2 cm.野外对比试验验证,在包气带中核素通过踪源层黄土载体向下迁移的距离是通过石英砂载体的3.6倍多.在完全相同条件下,Br迁移速度比3H略快.包气带石英砂示踪源层处,核素浓度分布出现低谷现象.CIRP试验场地下水中,237Np以离子态(V、V1价)存在为主,238Pu主要由以Ⅳ价离子态存在.237Np不易形成真胶体.工程屏障材料、HA和FA的存在对核素化学形态有影响.     

Automatic fitting of Gaussian peaks using abductive machine learning

Analytical techniques have been used for many years for fitting Gaussian peaks in nuclear spectroscopy. However, the complexity of the approach warrants looking for machine-learning alternatives where intensive computations are required only once (during training), while actual analysis on individual spectra is greatly simplified and quickened. This should allow the use of simple portable systems for fast and automated analysis of large numbers of spectra, particularly in situations where accuracy may be traded for speed and simplicity. This paper proposes the use of abductive networks machine learning for this purpose. The Abductory Induction Mechanism (AIM) tool was used to build models for analyzing both single and double Gaussian peaks in the presence of noise depicting statistical uncertainties in collected spectra. AIM networks were synthesized by training on 1000 representative simulated spectra and evaluated on 500 new spectra. A classifier network determines the multiplicity of single/double peaks with an accuracy of 5.8%. With statistical uncertainties corresponding to a peak count of 100, average percentage absolute errors for the height, position, and width of single peaks are 4.9, 2.9, and 4.2%, respectively. For double peaks, these average errors are within 7.0, 3.1, and 5.9%, respectively. Models have been developed which account for the effect of a linear background on a single peak. Performance is compared with a neural network application and with an analytical curve-fitting routine, and the new technique is applied to actual data of an alpha spectrum.     

Dynamic Monte-Carlo modeling of thermal desorption of H2 from H irradiated graphite

Thermal desorption of hydrogen molecules from H⁺ irradiated graphite is studied using dynamic Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of this study is to understand the experimentally observed phenomena that the thermal desorption of H₂ from the graphite exhibits sometimes single desorption peak, sometimes double peaks, and even three desorption peaks under certain circumstances. The study result reveals that the fluence of pre-implanted H⁺, the concentration of trap sites, porosity, and mean crystallite volume are important parameters in determining the number of desorption peaks. It is found that low implantation fluence and high concentration of trap sites easily lead to the occurrence of single desorption peak at around 1000 K, and high implantation fluence and low concentration of trap sites favor the occurrence of double desorption peaks, with a new desorption peak at around 820 K. It is also found that small porosity of graphite and large crystallite volume benefit the occurrence of single desorption peak at around 1000 K while large porosity of graphite and small crystallite volume facilitate the occurrence of double desorption peaks, respectively, at around 820 and 1000 K. In addition, experimentally observed third desorption peak at lower temperature is reproduced by simulation with assuming the graphite containing a small concentration of solute hydrogen atoms.     

氚标记阿魏酸和咖啡酸的合成

阿魏酸(Ferulic acid)和咖啡酸(Caffeic acid)分别是川芎和宁麻的有效成份。它们有良好的升白和止血作用,为了在动物体内进行药代动力学研究工作,需要氚标记阿魏酸和咖啡酸。但是它们的化学结构都具有不饱和双键,易发生亲电加成反应,这就不利于直接利用氚-氢交换方法。因此采用交换和合成相结合的方法,直接氚标记它们化学稳定的中间化合物,再进一步合成半定位的氚标记阿魏酸和咖啡酸。     

Determination of the distribution of air and water in porous media by electrical impedance tomography and magneto-electrical imaging

Monitoring the distribution of water content is essential for understanding hydrological processes in the lithosphere and the pedosphere. The movement of water in unsaturated rock formations and in the vadose zone is influenced by different processes (mainly infiltration, evaporation, percolation and capillary flow) which may be rate determining depending on the actual conditions. The interdependence of these processes also strongly influences the transport and distribution of solutes in the pore space. In order to gain a better understanding of the movement and distribution of water in unsaturated media, systematic investigations with non-invasive or minimal invasive methods appear to be most suitable. Studies on the distribution of electrical conductivity can improve risk analysis concerning waste disposals in general and nuclear waste repositories in particular. Induced polarization and magnetic flux density determined with two highly sensitive accessories yield additional information and may allow for better discrimination of coupled flow processes. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) with 20 current injection and 48 voltage electrodes was used here to monitor the evaporation of tap water from a container filled with sand under laboratory conditions at 20 °C. The results are compared with data obtained by determining spectral induced polarization (SIP) of sand during desaturation in a multi-step outflow equipment. Infiltration processes and evaporation from sand saturated with 0.01 M CaCl₂ were determined by magneto-electrical resistivity imaging technique (MERIT). The results were obtained from a long-term experiment under controlled conditions.     

核素迁移模拟实验土柱中的水流状态

本文旨在从宏观上定量描述人工喷淋条件下模拟实验土柱中的水势分布状况,确定核素迁移是在非饱和条件下进行的。     

锶在包气带迁移的“双峰”分布机理探讨

本文通过砂柱实验 ,重现了淋溶条件下锶在黄土包气带迁移的“双峰”分布现象 ,并用离子竞争反应理论解释了这一现象     

Effect of low-temperature plasma on the degradation of omethoate residue and quality of apple and spinach

Dielectric barrier corona discharge was developed to generate low-temperature plasma(LTP) to treat apple and spinach samples contaminated with omethoate. Experimental results showed that,after 20 min exposure, the degradation rate of omethoate residue in apple and spinach was(94.55± 0.01)% and(95.55 ± 0.01)%, respectively. When the treatment time was shorter than 20 min,the contents of moisture, vitamin C and beta-carotene were not affected by LTP. Exploration of related mechanisms suggested that LTP might destroy unsaturated double bonds of omethoate and produce phosphate ion, eventually leading to omethoate destruction. It is concluded that appropriate dosage of LTP can effectively degrade omethoate residue in fruits and vegetables without affecting their quality.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极保护焊焊接件残余应力的中子衍射研究

利用中子衍射法对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）和钨极保护焊（TIG）焊接件开展了三维残余应力测量,并对残余应力分布规律进行了分析。结果表明：焊接件的纵向残余应力数值较大;FSW焊接件残余应力整体较TIG焊接件的小;FSW和TIG焊接件的残余拉应力最大值分别为101 MPa和174 MPa,FSW焊接件残余拉应力最大值较TIG焊接件的小;FSW残余拉应力最大值处于轴肩边缘,且前进侧峰值大于后退侧峰值;TIG焊接件残余拉应力最大值处于焊缝边缘。通过中子衍射实验获得的焊接件残余应力分布,将可用于焊接工艺的优化与焊接件的寿命预测。     

黄土包气带土壤水特征曲线研究

本文主要介绍在中国辐射防护研究院 (CIRP)野外试验场从地表到潜水位 2 8m深范围内 4 6个土芯样的水特征曲线的测量方法及测量结果。结果表明 ,场址包气带导水特征随深度变化明显 ,可将其分为 5个层带 ,并由测量结果推导出各层带土壤的非饱和渗透系数、比水容量及当量孔径分布等非饱和水动力学参数。测量得到的土壤水特征曲线与现场包气带剖面含水量和基质势动态观测结果符合较好。利用本文研究得出的参数 ,计算得到的试验场址包气带孔隙水流速与现场 3 H示踪试验得到的结果也符合较好。